Abstract: A device with a pouch having a pouch wall with an inner side and an outer side, the pouch wall defining an interior of the pouch. A plurality of electrodes embedded in the pouch wall with at least one electrode partially exposed within the interior of the pouch. The plurality of electrodes generate plasma within the interior of the pouch in response to application of an voltage to the plurality of electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multi-stage plasma reactor system with hollow cathodes for cracking carbonaceous material with each stage comprising: hollow cathodes and hollow anodes cooled by recycling cooling medium or refrigerant; working gas inlet(s); inlet(s) of carbonaceous material and carrier gas as feedstock; reaction tubes in connection with the anode or cathode, in addition, the reactor system also comprises: at least one inlet(s) of quench medium located lower portion of last one of the reaction tubes; and at least one outlet(s) of quenched products and gases located on bottom or lower portion of last one of the reaction tubes, wherein chambers are formed between the first hollow cathode or the hollow cathode used as the reaction tube of any stage and the anode so as to generate plasma gas and/or electric arc therein, generated plasma gas jet fully contacts and efficiently mixes with the carbonaceous material and carrier gas as feedstock and/or volatiles caused by pyrolysis within or nearby highest temperature re

Abstract: A liquid stream is transformed into a vapor and liquid medium, then plasma state is generated in the medium, which generates various high-energy particles causing a number of physical and/or chemical effects, then the vapor and liquid medium is condensed back into an output stream of liquid. Liquid feedstock (e.g. water) is nebulized using pressure drop and/or acoustic waves within a chamber, then an electric field exceeding the breakdown voltage threshold of the nebulized medium is applied to the medium, thus igniting plasma state. At the exit of the chamber, the nebulized medium is transformed back into liquid state. Liquid treatment with plasma state applications are thus enabled with high versatility and control in igniting and maintaining a plasma state at a cost-effective level of energy consumption.

Abstract: A system employs a closed electrolyzer vessel into which water is circulated, and an electrode plate assembly is immersed to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Only water is used as the electrolyte fluid. An air injector in the water return line injects air bubbling for enhanced dissociation of water. The electrode plate assembly is formed by one or more unit stacks of 7-plates each, including two outer cathode plates, a middle anode plate, and spaced inner plates. The generated gases are maintained in a stable condition by an electromagnetic coil assembly that separates the hydrogen gas from oxygen gas. The system can obtain 180% reduction in fuel usage in a vehicle engine, and 20 times reduction in carbon exhaust. It can obtain a 500% increase in fuel efficiency in an electrical power generator.

Abstract: An arrangement for charging a substrate reservoir for boats or underwater boats when traveling at the surface, comprising an energy source which is either a propulsion system driven with fossil fuels or a nuclear-powered propulsion system, and a DC current generator operated therewith; a reservoir tank for distilled or deionized water; an electrolyzer for conversion of the water from the reservoir tank with the DC current from the energy source to hydrogen and oxygen; a chemical reactor for production of a high-energy form of the substrate having an extensive ?-conjugated system by chemical reaction by means of hydrogen; and a storage means for the high-energy form of the substrate produced in the reactor.

Abstract: A non-thermal, repetitively-pulsed gliding discharge reactor includes a high-voltage power source configured to provide a pulsed high-voltage potential; a gas inlet; a liquid sorbent inlet; a product outlet; a plurality of first electrodes connected to the high-voltage power source; a plurality of second electrodes that are grounded; and a trough; the plurality of first electrodes being separated from the plurality of second electrodes by a discharge region.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for supplying municipal solid waste (MSW), and/or other types of solid waste comprising both organic waste material and inorganic waste material, into a plasma gasifier reactor (PGR) in which the solid waste is to be processed.

Abstract: An apparatus for growing nano-clusters includes a pair of electrodes separated by an electrode pair spacing and a field generation module that generates a corona discharge across the electrodes. The corona discharge generates an electromagnetic field near the electrodes. A voltage potential across the electrodes is a medium voltage. The field generation module includes a medium voltage module that generates a medium voltage waveform, which is transmitted to the electrodes to generate the corona discharge. The field generation module includes a broad frequency generation module that generates a broad spectrum of frequencies within the medium voltage waveform. A raw material feeder module feeds particles of a raw material through the electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field with the broad spectrum of frequencies is operative to separate at least a portion of the raw material fed through the electromagnetic field into free atoms.

Abstract: A renewable energy storage system that stores renewable energy, includes: an electrical power generator that converts renewable energy into electrical power; an electrical storage device that stores the electrical power; a hydrogen production device that produces hydrogen using the electrical power from the electrical power generator and/or the electrical power stored in the electrical storage device; a hydrogenation device that adds the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production device to the unsaturated hydrocarbon; a saturated hydrocarbon storage device that stores the saturated hydrocarbon produced by the addition of the hydrogen to the unsaturated hydrocarbon; an unsaturated hydrocarbon storage device that stores the unsaturated hydrocarbon; and an unsaturated hydrocarbon supply controller that controls the supply of unsaturated hydrocarbon stored in the unsaturated hydrocarbon storage device to the hydrogenation device.

Abstract: A device for treating gases using surface plasma, including: at least one dielectric substrate (3) having two opposite main surfaces, at least one first electrode (5), and at least one second electrode (6) being respectively deposited on the two opposite main surfaces of said substrate, said first and second electrodes being connected to the two terminals of an electric power supply source (4); at least one catalytic support (7) independent from the dielectric substrate and from said electrodes, and integrating a catalyst.

Abstract: A plasma gliding arc discharge reactor is described. The reactor may include a housing having a plurality of divergent electrodes, a power supply connected to the electrodes, which delivers pulsed power to the reactor, and a nozzle that directs a mixture of a carrier gas and a liquid to a region between the divergent electrodes, thereby generating plasma in the region. The nozzle can include a first inlet for receiving the carrier gas, a second inlet for receiving the liquid and a mixing chamber that is configured to mix the carrier gas and the liquid prior to being directed to the region.

Abstract: Process for converting biogas to a gas rich in methane comprising the steps of: mixing a carbon dioxide-comprising biogas with steam to form a mixture comprising carbon dioxide, methane and steam; electrolysing the mixture comprising carbon dioxide, methane and steam in a high temperature solid oxide electrolyser cell unit, to obtain a gas comprising mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide; catalytically converting hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide to methane in one or more methanation steps to obtain a gas rich in methane.

Abstract: An apparatus for growing nano-clusters includes a pair of electrodes separated by an electrode pair spacing and a field generation module that generates a corona discharge across the electrodes. The corona discharge generates an electromagnetic field near the electrodes. A voltage potential across the electrodes is a medium voltage. The field generation module includes a medium voltage module that generates a medium voltage waveform, which is transmitted to the electrodes to generate the corona discharge. The field generation module includes a broad frequency generation module that generates a broad spectrum of frequencies within the medium voltage waveform. A raw material feeder module feeds particles of a raw material through the electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field with the broad spectrum of frequencies is operative to separate at least a portion of the raw material fed through the electromagnetic field into free atoms.

Abstract: A reactor for reforming a hydrocarbon, and associated processes and systems, are described herein. In one example, a reactor is provided that is configured to use non-equilibrium gliding arc discharge plasma. In another example, the reactor uses a vortex flow pattern. Two stages of reforming are described. In a first stage, the hydrocarbon absorbs heat from the wall of the reactor and combusts to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water. In a second stage, a gliding arc discharge is use to form syngas, which is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. The heat generated by the combustion of the first stage transfers to the wall of the reactor and heated products of the second stage mix with incoming hydrocarbon to provide for partial recuperation of the reaction energy.

Abstract: An electric plasma arc apparatus and method produces nitrogen compounds, solely using ambient air extracted in proximity to the apparatus. The nitrogen compounds are brought into contact with a water processing system, forming nitrate on-site. Hydrogen sulfide present in the water processing system is removed, and the production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is eliminated by introducing nitrate into the system, whereby denitrifying microorganisms, using the nitrate, outcompete the sulfate-reducing bacteria for the available carbon nutrients, thus preventing the SRB from producing hydrogen sulfide. Nitrate ions generated in the water processing system which contains the denitrifying microorganisms can enhance oil recovery by means of microbial enhanced oil recovery mechanisms.

Abstract: An apparatus performs radical treatment by electric discharge. The radical treatment apparatus includes an electrode unit having a gas flow path that blows gas onto treatment water and an electrode member that generates the electric discharge at a leading edge in order to generate a radical from the gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for using hydrogen. The method is characterised in that water from a sea water or other source if first preheated using solar energy and next subjected to a heating step in order to obtain steam which is transformed into water plasma at a low temperature, followed by the decomposition of the plasma by hydrolysis using electrodes and the subsequent separation of the hydrogen and oxygen obtained. The hydrogen is then transported to the location at which water is to be generated, the hydrogen undergoes oxidation and the energy therefrom is recovered, with water being regenerated for direct use.

Abstract: In a reaction chamber, which constitutes a component of a process installation for obtaining foodstuffs or foodstuff components, biological products in harvested form that are whole or in pieces are subjected to pulsed electric fields as they pass through said reaction chamber, said electric fields forming pores in the cell walls so as to irreversibly open the latter, thus making the content of the cells more easily accessible. This is achieved by electrode groups, which can be energized to a high voltage and are located in the wall of a longitudinal passage of the reactor through which the process material is moved past grounded electrodes located in an opposing longitudinal wall area. Each electrode group is connected to an electric energy accumulator such as for example, a Marx generator, by means of a switch, in order to rapidly establish electric fields of multiple directions between the charged and the grounded electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid introducing plasma system including a plasma chamber in which a plasma is produced, a plasma generator device which creates the plasma in the chamber, and a spouting device for linearly ejecting a liquid in a linear jet to thereby introduce the liquid into the plasma chamber is disclosed. The plasma system is capable of supplying an ultra-small volume of sample liquid to the plasma while reducing consumption of electrical power required for generation of the plasma.

Abstract: An apparatus for synthesizing a single-wall carbon nanotube array, includes a reactor, a local heating device, a gaseous carbon supplier, and a reactant gas supplier. The reactor includes a reaction zone receiving a catalyst. The local heating device is configured for focusing heat at reaction zone and/or the catalyst. The gaseous carbon supplier is configured for introducing gaseous carbon into the reactor from an upstream position of the reaction zone. The reactant gas supplier is configured for introducing a reactant gas containing a carbon source gas into the reactor.

Abstract: A plasma gliding arc discharge reactor is described. The reactor may include a housing having a plurality of divergent electrodes, a power supply connected to the electrodes, which delivers pulsed power to the reactor, and a nozzle that directs a mixture of a carrier gas and a liquid to a region between the divergent electrodes, thereby generating plasma in the region. The nozzle can include a first inlet for receiving the carrier gas, a second inlet for receiving the liquid and a mixing chamber that is configured to mix the carrier gas and the liquid prior to being directed to the region.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing at least one item in a chamber, comprising the steps of: disposing the at least one item in the chamber; pumping the atmosphere from the chamber until the atmosphere of the chamber has a pressure of less than ten torr; adding water vapor and ozone to the chamber; and generating electrical discharge in the chamber, such that the electrical discharge produces OH radicals from the water vapor and the ozone so as to contribute to sterilization of at least part of the at least one item.

Abstract: An energy conversion system includes a water-containing vessel with a transparent sidewall. Energized carbon rods are fed into the vessel such that the carbon rods are immersed in the water. The carbon rods are juxtaposed sufficiently that electrical arcing occurs between them, causing decomposition of some water molecules into constituent hydrogen and oxygen gas. Photon emissions resulting from the arcing are collected by photovoltaic cells placed around the sidewall of the vessel. The hydrogen gas is cooled by passing it through a water reservoir which also provides a source for water in the vessel. The cooled hydrogen gas may be used to fuel an internal combustion engine. Byproduct heat from the arcing reaction may be utilized in a Stirling engine or radiated from the system. As the carbon rods become depleted during arcing, additional rods are fed through conductive sleeves into the vessel by linear actuators.

Abstract: A plasmatron-catalyst system. The system generates hydrogen-rich gas and comprises a plasmatron and at least one catalyst for receiving an output from the plasmatron to produce hydrogen-rich gas. In a preferred embodiment, the plasmatron receives as an input air, fuel and water/steam for use in the reforming process. The system increases the hydrogen yield and decreases the amount of carbon monoxide.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for converting methane to methanol by partial oxidation comprises a source of methane, a source of oxygen, and a capillary tube having an outflow end and an inflow end communicating with the sources of methane and oxygen. An anode is positioned proximate to but spaced from the capillary tube. A voltage source negatively biases the capillary tube relative to the anode. A plasma jet flows from the outflow end of the capillary tube. The methane partially oxidizes into methanol in a reaction zone in the plasma jet. A collector receives the methanol in the plasma jet for subsequent condensation, separation and purification.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization, wherein the chamber temperature is set at less than 39° C. throughout, and containers with temperature-sensitive products can be efficiently sterilized without the temperature-sensitive products showing a significant loss of activity or degradation.

Abstract: A process for the production of a clean burning combustible gas by flowing a liquid through an electric arc. The electrodes have several configurations. The invention prevents the production of carbon dioxide in the gas thereby reducing its presence when combusted and exhausted to about half that associated with gasoline exhaust; increases the cost efficiency of the process by eliminating secondary chemical reactions; and increases the life of the electrodes. The chemical structure of the combustible gas is composed of stable magnetically bonded clusters of conventional molecules and atoms that are fully detectable via peaks in conventional mass spectrometric detectors, yet such clusters remain unidentifiable by the computer search among all known molecules, and have no infrared signature other than those of the conventional molecules constituting the clusters. The liquid which is flown through the arc also acquires the chemical structure of magnetically bonded clusters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel self-sustaining method for the clean production of a clean burning liquid fuel called MagneFuel, which method is based, first, in the production of a combustible gas via submerged electric arcs between carbon-base electrodes from crude oil, oil-base, or water-base liquid waste and then passing the combustible gas via a high pressure pipe into a tower for the catalytic liquefaction, whereby the sum of the heat output in the production of the combustible gas and that for its catalytic liquefaction is sufficient for the process to be self-sustaining, that is, capable to produce its own electricity. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of meaning of the claims.

Abstract: In order to sterilize previously washed containers in an evacuable reactor, a low pressure plasma is generated by a high frequency generator. A microwave generator is also and can be switched on for drying the container before the plasma is ignited.

Abstract: Reactors for the total recycling of contaminated liquid waste, which produce a clean burning combustible gas, usable heat, and solid precipitates. Different embodiments include the efficient recycling of automotive antifreeze and oil waste, a new method for the production of a fuel from crude oil, for desalting seawater and for recycling biologically contaminated liquid waste, such as town sewage, into a clean burning combustible gas, nutrient rich water useful for irrigation, and solid precipitates useful for fertilizers.

Abstract: A plasma tube is provided in which water vapor, carbon dioxide, molecular nitrogen and a simple hydrocarbon are excited to ionization to emit electromagnetic frequency spectra for exciting electron orbitals of biological tissue. The anode end of the tube is shielded by a cylindrical shield electrically connected to the anode, while a reflector and a transversely polarized magnetic piece direct the spectral emissions adjacent the cathode towards the skin of a person. The tube is pulsed to ionization in a pulse waveform that comprises the frequency domain of biological electrochemistry. In this manner the molecular architecture of a cell is excited to promote the cell growth process.

Abstract: In an exhaust gas processing apparatus for an internal combustion engine, supply power is fed to a corona discharge tube via a short-pulse high-repetition switching element to produce a corona. A harmful substance in exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine is removed by the corona. An MAGT (MOS Assisted Gate-Triggered Thyristor) is used as the short-pulse high-repetition switching element. Thus, the life of the switching element is increased and a high purification performance is achieved even at the time of start of operation when the temperature of exhaust gas is low.