Abstract: An efficient process to produce calcium thiosulfate (CaS2O3) from lime, sulfur and oxygen is described. By selecting appropriate process conditions such as mole ratios of lime to sulfur, temperature and pressure of the reaction process and the oxidation conditions, including rate and duration, the concentration of byproducts in the resulting suspension can be reduced to about 2% by weight or less. The solid particulate dispersion in the suspension tends to form a slimy solid suspension that is hard to filter if not treated properly. The suspension then can be acidified and treated with a flocculent. This agglomerates the solids into a floc that filters with ease. The resulting calcium thiosulfate is a clear liquid with concentrations achievable up to 29%.

Abstract: An oxygen-containing blowing device for use in a wet flue gas desulfurizer for removing SO2 from combustion exhaust gas by wet desulfurization includes a fluid reservoir for an absorbing fluid equipped with a delivery pipe for discharging the absorbing fluid so that its discharge end is open in said fluid reservoir, and an oxygen feed nozzle for injecting an oxygen-containing gas disposed in the area of the discharged stream in the discharge end of the delivery pipe.

Abstract: A gas siphon type reactor (10) is used to carry out a three phase chemical reaction under pressure, such as the reduction of uranyl nitrate to uranous nitrate by hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst made up of platinum on a silica carrier. The control of the pressure in the reactor (10) is provided by regulating the liquid and gas flow rates from a high-pressure separator (52), into which the liquid and the gas leaving the reactor (10) are routed. The liquid in the reactor (10) is tapped from a lateral branch pipe (32) fitted with a filter (36) and emerging in the upper area (30), behind a profiled wall (34).

Abstract: An improved recirculating tank reactor incorporating the advantages of a fixed catalyst includes a monolithic honeycomb catalyst positioned within the tank in such a manner so as to provide an adjacent bypass passageway. Internal flow activation means are provided for recirculating the reactant liquid within the tank in such a manner that it sequentially flows through channels in the catalyzed honeycomb substrate and around the substrate through the bypass passageway.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor (10) for chemically transforming reactants to generate a desired product, having a hollow, elongated, vertically oriented reactor housing (12) for confining the reaction and an unobstructed collection path (18) below the reaction zone for funneling the residue of the process to an exit port (32). A central gas inlet (22) proximate the bottom of the reaction zone within the housing directs gas parallel to the vertical axis of the housing to maintain the raw materials in suspension. A plurality of individually controlled peripheral gas jets (24) positioned at least two elevations along the elongated dimension of the reaction housing (12), and located circumferentially around the housing (12) at each elevation, introduce gas at an angle to promote mixing of the entrained materials in suspension. The clog-free collection path (18) below the reaction zone funnels the residue of the process to an exit port (32) where it is continuously removed by a screw feeder (34).

Abstract: A sulfuric acid production vessel is provided that oxidatively processes elemental sulfur or elemental sulfur-bearing materials to produce sulfuric acid. The vessel maximizes sulfuric acid production from elemental sulfur-bearing materials by enhancing solids retention of unreacted elemental sulfur by an associated settling device. The vessel may be operatively linked to one or more additional vessels in which the elemental sulfur-bearing material, or portions thereof are subjected to further processing, and thus further increase the yield of sulfuric acid produced.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrate includes supplying hydrate producing substance in a gas state into an aqueous phase in a hydrate producing vessel, thereby providing the hydrate producing vessel having a gaseous phase including the hydrate producing substance and the aqueous phase, and spraying water including methane dissolved therein into the gaseous phase containing the hydrate producing substance in the hydrate producing vessel, thereby reacting the water and the hydrate producing substance to produce hydrate.

Abstract: An improved process, such as a microbiological or enzymatic process, and apparatus, such as an apparatus for producing a cellular product, comprising introducing a gaseous feed stream of at least one gas of low solubility into an aqueous medium containing a microorganism capable of converting said gaseous feed stream to a cellular product, entraining the gas in the aqueous medium, stirring the gas-entrained aqueous medium so that the gas is retained within the reactor for a time sufficient for the microorganism to convert the majority of the gas to product.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst feeding system fortank containing solid catalyst mixed with a carrier fluid. The tank system comprises a cylinder tank and a float (1) slidable in the cylindertank, and the catalyst mixture is fed into and dosed out of the cylinder tank on one side of the float. The cylinder tank is provided with a radar level gauge (8) for determining the position of the float (1) in the cylindertank. By means of the radar level gauge, the position of the float and thus the dosing of the catalyst can be measured reliably.

Abstract: A multi-stage loop reactor, employed in various gas-liquid or gas-liquid-solid chemical reaction systems, which comprises a reactor body, draft tube(s) inside the reactor body, and a gas distributor at the bottom of draft tube. The draft tube can include one or more sections. The multi-stage loop reactor of the present invention has a higher mass transfer rate because the different phases are well mixed throughout the reactor, and the gas bubbles are distributed evenly everywhere. The reactor of this invention can be extensively applied in various gas-liquid or gas-liquid-solid reaction processes including the oxidization process, hydrogenation process, hydrocracking process, coal liquification process, fermentation process, hydrocarbon processing process, and biological treatment of waste water, etc.

Abstract: Regenerator vessel provided with means to supply catalyst particles, means to supply an oxygenate gas, means to discharge regenerated catalyst, means to discharge combustion gases from the vessel and means to separate entrained catalyst from the combustion gases, which vessel also comprises, in use, a fluidised bed zone of catalyst at its lower end, wherein in the fluidised bed zone a vertically extending partition, which partition is provided with one or more openings, is present dividing the fluidised bed zone in a dense phase fluidised bed zone and a fast-fluidised bed zone, the dense phase fluidised bed zone provided with the means to supply catalysts and the fast-fluidised bed zone provided with the means to supply an oxygenate gas at its lower end.

Abstract: A new method of silane abatement is achieved. The novel silane abatement system comprises a water-filled chamber within an outer chamber. An air intake is located in one upper portion of said outer chamber and an exhaust output is located in another upper portion of the outer chamber. A silane gas intake pipe runs into the outer chamber and has its output under water in the water-filled chamber. A drain is connected through a valve at a bottom portion of the water-filled chamber. Many safety features are built into the wet abatement system, including temperature and water level sensors, water sprinklers, and means for shutting off air supply, exhaust, and silane intake. Waste silane gas is bubbled into a water-filled chamber. The waste silane gas is reacted with oxygen in water in the water-filled chamber whereby SiO2 precipitates are formed and wherein the SiO2 precipitates settle to a bottom surface of the water-filled chamber.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a sparger system provided for appropriately feeding reactant streams to fluidized bed reactors of hydrocarbon partial oxidation processes that are retrofitted to selectively recover and recycle unreacted hydrocarbons. As a result of the sparger system, the reactor productivity and selectivity is enhanced while employing only two spargers. Also, the capital cost required for retrofitting existing sparging equipment is minimized, while at the same time, the desired fluidization and catalyst oxidation characteristics are achieved without the formation of flammable mixtures within the sparging system.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for atomizing a fluid is disclosed. The processes and apparatuses are useful for atomizing a feed oil for a fluid cat cracking (FCC) or other suitable process.

Abstract: A delivery system for generating a sparging gas containing catalyst particles and delivering them to a flame zone of a combustion reaction is disclosed. A catalyst mixture receptacle for the delivery system includes a floating ball check valve on an air inlet to an inlet tube of the receptacle which is spaced from a vertical wall of the receptacle. A secondary splash chamber having an opening smaller than the body of the chamber is also included between the main body of the receptacle and the sparging gas outlet for the receptacle to reduce the opportunity for catalyst mixture in liquid form to reach the sparging gas outlet. An enrichment circuit is disclosed including a controller, pump, and a one-way check valve for adding additional sparging gas to a flame zone of a combustion process in times of added load. The receptacle may be mounted with a vibrator, such as the pump, to increase the consistency of the bubbles in the sparging process.

Abstract: An improved recirculating tank reactor incorporating the advantages of a fixed catalyst includes a monolithic honeycomb catalyst positioned within the tank in such a manner so as to provide an adjacent bypass passageway. Internal flow activation means are provided for recirculating the reactant liquid within the tank in such a manner that it sequentially flows through channels in the catalyzed honeycomb substrate and around the substrate through the bypass passageway.

Abstract: A sparger includes a conduit for conducting an oxygen feed, a nozzle connected to the conduit for passage of the oxygen feed from the conduit to the outside of the sparger, the nozzle including an orifice and a shroud, and insulation surrounding the conduit and also the shroud substantially the full length of the shroud. A method is provided for producing acrylonitrile via propane ammoxidation, comprising introducing propane and ammonia feeds into a fluid bed of a fluid bed reactor, and introducing an oxygen feed into the fluid bed through at least one insulated and jacketed sparger nozzle for reacting with at least one of the propane feed and ammonia feed in the presence of a fluid bed catalyst.

Abstract: In a glass melter, a precious metal insert is used to protect a gas bubbler from corrosion at the orifice of the bubbler through which gas is injected into the melt. The use of a precious refractory metal insert at the bubbler orifice prevents the attack of molten glass on the bubbler. The precious metal is chosen from the refractory group of metals and the platinum group of metals. Preferably the precious metal from the platinum group is platinum or one of its alloys or one of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium. The precious metal from the refractory group is preferably chromium.

Abstract: This invention provides a PCB decomposition reactor which can decompose PCB efficiently. In this PCB decomposition reactor, an injector for injecting a mixture of water and sodium hydroxide into a reaction vessel is connected to the lower part of the reaction vessel. An outlet pipe for withdrawing the fluid treated within the reaction vessel is connected to the sidewall of the reaction vessel. The other end of the outlet pipe is connected to a cyclone for separating sodium carbonate from the treated fluid. A discharge pipe is connected to the top of the cyclone, so that the treated fluid from which the precipitated sodium carbonate has been removed is discharged therethrough. A downcomer for the separated fluid is connected to the bottom of the cyclone, so that the precipitated sodium carbonate and some fluid containing it are discharged therethrough. The lower end of the downcomer is connected to an injector, which has connected thereto a feed pipe for feeding a mixture of PCB and mineral oil.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for generating a mixture of phosphine and diluent gas(es). A hydrolysable metal phosphide, preferably magnesium phosphide, is released directly into liquid water under an atmosphere of gas inert to phosphine and in a free-flowing particulate form, composed of loose metal phosphide particles. The generated mixture of phosphine and inert carrier gas, e.g. CO2, is used as such or is diluted into a gas mixing chamber with air to a concentration below the ignitability limit before being used in fumigation. Using argon as a carrier gas the phosphine mixture is suitable for semiconductor doping.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of starting up a loop reactor system, which method includes heating a reaction mixture present in the loop reactor system with the heat of reaction of at least one exothermic reaction occurring in the loop reactor system. The method of the invention makes possible an inexpensive, reliable and simple start-up of loop reactor systems, since the heat liberated when carrying out an exothermic reaction is utilized for heating the reaction mixture present in the loop reactor. Use of the method of the invention makes it unnecessary to switch heat exchangers over from coolant to heat transfer media such as steam. Since the method of the invention is able to heat up the reaction mixture in the loop reactor system more rapidly than in conventional methods, the number and the amount of by-products formed by secondary reactions during the start-up phase is reduced.

Abstract: A wet flue gas desulfurizer wherein sulfur dioxide is absorbed into a slurry and an oxygen-containing gas is blown into the slurry to oxidize sulfites present in the slurry is characterized in that a slurry oxidation tank is equipped with a return pipeline for returning a portion of the slurry to a position at or near the bottom of the slurry oxidation tank, and the oxygen-containing gas is blown in at the discharge end of the return pipeline so as to divide the oxygen-containing gas finely by the action of the slurry returned through the return pipeline.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed reactor for ammo-oxidation or oxidation and an ammo-oxidation or oxidation process using the reactor. The reactor comprises a vessel, a sparger for supplying and dispersing a gas containing an organic material, and a distributor for supplying and dispersing an oxygen-containing gas, the sparger comprising a header and a plurality of dispersion pipes connected laterally to the header, the dispersion pipes each having a plurality of orifices, wherein the hole size of an orifice farthest from the header is larger than the hole size of an orifice nearest the header, and the hole size of one orifice is larger than or equal to the hole size of adjacent orifice that is nearer the header than the one orifice.

Abstract: A continuous stirred tank reactor is paired with a bubble column reactor to enhance conversion in a continuous process, e.g. hydrogenation, wherein a gaseous reactant is mixed with a liquid. The continuous stirred reactor is fitted with a specialized impeller system to circulate the liquid and enhance contact of the liquid with reactant gas carried over from the bubble column.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for optimal operation of a slurry bubble column containing a suspension of solid particles in a liquid, characterized in that a gas phase containing the reactant(s) required for the production of the desired products is injected in the form of bubbles close to the lower extremity of the reactor and at least a portion of the liquid fraction and optionally of the solid fraction of the suspension is recirculated, drawn off from close to one extremity of the reactor and reintroduced close to the other extremity of the reactor, with a liquid flow rate U.sub.l in the reactor which is at least equal to and preferably greater than the sedimentation rate U.sub.s of the solid particles. The invention also concerns an apparatus for optimal operation of the process. Finally, the invention concerns the use of the process and apparatus in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Abstract: A method for efficiently providing supplemental oxygen to a reaction mixture which is oxidized by or otherwise uses air, wherein the reaction mixture is agitated to create one or more stationary vortices, oxygen is injected into the reactor vessel at a stationary vortex, and air bubbles are circulated within the reaction mixture in the reactor vessel and outside the stationary vortex or vortices into which the oxygen is injected.

Abstract: An air sparger assembly for a flue gas desulfurization wet scrubber agitation tank that eliminates the need for a mixer and reduces the amount of piping required. The air sparge pipes are arranged to be concentric with the agitation tank. A single main header provides air to the air sparge pipes. The discrete location of the air discharge holes in the sparge pipes utilizes the buoyant energy of the oxidation air to mix the slurry in the agitation tank.

Abstract: A wet flue gas desulfurization system for removing sulfur dioxide present in flue gas by absorption into an absorbent slurry includes an absorption tower having at a bottom thereof a tank for holding an absorbent slurry; a circulating pump for feeding the absorbent slurry within the tank to a flue gas inlet section in an upper part of the absorption tower and bringing the absorbent slurry into contact with flue gas; and a slurry preparation compartment provided on one side of the tank of the absorption tower and separated from a flue gas passage section by a partition wall having its lower end submerged below a surface of the absorbent slurry, whereby an absorbent and water constituting the absorbent slurry are directly introduced into the slurry preparation compartment.

Abstract: In the method for the chemical reaction of gaseous educts, the educts are brought to reaction in a phase contact apparatus 1 in the presence of a catalytically active corrosive liquid. This corrosive liquid is delivered hydropneumatically in an intermittent cycle in the circuit from a sump vessel 4 connected to the lower end of the phase contact apparatus 1 to a supply vessel 9, connected to the upper end of the phase contact apparatus (delivery cycle), from which the corrosive liquid drains through the phase contact apparatus 1 and a connecting line 11 connected at its lower end and then collects in the sump vessel 4 (drainage cycle).

Abstract: Hydrocarbon liquid products are filtered and removed from a three phase hydrocarbon synthesis slurry comprising gas bubbles and particulate catalyst solids in a hydrocarbon liquid, by circulating the slurry through a gas disengaging downcomer immersed in the slurry to a filtration zone external or internal of the reactor, and then back into the slurry in the reactor. The gas disengagement densifies the slurry which is passed across the filtration surface under high flow conditions, to reduce solids build up on the filter as filter cake. Circulation through the filtration zone occurs by gravity and hydrostatics due to slurry density differences. The downcomer may also be a gas and solids reducing downcomer.

Abstract: A reversibly deactivated, particulate catalyst in a hydrocarbon synthesis slurry is rejuvenated by circulating the slurry from a slurry body through (i) a gas disengaging zone to remove gas bubbles from the slurry and increase its density, (iii) a downcomer which feeds the gas reduced, dense slurry into the bottom of a rejuvenating tube and applies a positive hydrostatic pressure to the tube, (iii) a catalyst rejuvenation zone in which a catalyst rejuvenating gas, which also acts as a lift gas, contacts the catalyst in slurry to form a catalyst rejuvenated slurry and, (iv) back into the slurry body. Removing gas bubbles prior to rejuvenation improves the rejuvenation efficiency and the downcomer reduces the amount of rejuvenation gas required to maintain slurry circulation through the tube.

Abstract: This invention relates to a flue gas treating system including a desulfurization apparatus for bringing flue gas into contact with a calcium compound-containing slurry so as to cause sulfur dioxide present in the flue gas to be absorbed into the slurry, oxidizing the slurry having undergone contact with flue gas, and subjecting the oxidized slurry to solid-liquid separation so as to obtain gypsum as a by-product; a waste water treating apparatus for treating part of a first filtrate produced during solid-liquid separation of the slurry having undergone contact with flue gas in the desulfurization apparatus; and solid-liquid separation device for subjecting sludge produced in the waste water treating apparatus to solid-liquid separation independently of the slurry having undergone contact with flue gas, wherein a solid material separated from the sludge by the solid-liquid separation device is incorporated into the gypsum and all of a second filtrate produced during solid-liquid separation of the sludge by the

Abstract: An apparatus to mix a slurry mixture with an oxidization air within a reaction tank of a wet scrubber spray tower of a flue gas desulfurization system for a furnace. The apparatus improves the contact between forced oxidization air and slurry mixture within the reaction tank.

Abstract: A method and a device for wet desulfurization of flue gas to remove a sulfur dioxide(SO.sub.2) contained in flue gas discharged from thermal power stations and boilers are disclosed. In the method the device with a gas layered sieve plate for wet desulfurization of flue gas, an absorbing liquid improves reacting conditions by effecting it own circulation without using additional power due to the structural characteristics possessed by the device and flue gas is treated very satisfactorily thanks to high gas-liquid contact efficiency. In order to minimize power consumption and the size of the device but promote desulfurization to an unusual degree, an absorber is divided into an upper froth layer and a lower liquid layer by a single-stage gas dispersing plate with a large number of gas ejection holes bored therein.

Abstract: Especially for use in disinfecting water by bubbling in a gas such as ozone, novel apparatus having an inlet and an outlet for liquid and which defines a flow path therebetween, the path including, in succession, a downward flow zone and an upward flow zone, the zones being separated by a wall beneath which there is a gap for the flow between the zones, wherein the upward flow zone includes a perforate baffle, adjacent to the gap, such that there is substantially laminar flow throughout that zone.

Abstract: A photocatalytic oxidation and ozone catalyst system utilizes ultraviolet light and ozone in the treatment of waste and wastewater to destroy pathogens and to break down most hydrocarbons and other chemicals into non-hazardous forms. The wastewater enters the system for initial treatment and is also pumped through the venturi loop and is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ozone interacts at the venturi before the ultraviolet light is being used as a catalyst by the ultraviolet light to break apart the double bonds of ketones, aldehydes, esters, and carboxylic acids. Following initial treatment, the wastewater is pumped into the pressurized ozone enhancement vessel where vapor oxidation of the polluting chemicals occurs. The enhancement vessel comprises a liquid spray component and a series of ozone resonator plates having ozone distribution manifolds that spray the wastewater with ozone. The plates have angular channels formed therein through which the wastewater passes.

Abstract: The invention discloses a wet process flue gas desulfurization apparatus and method for use with a tank oxidation system. The apparatus comprises: an absorption tower having a slurry containing a calcium compound which is supplied to the bottom tank, a circulation pump for feeding the slurry in the tank into a flue gas inlet in an upper part of the absorption tank to be in contact with flue gas, and air feed means for feeding air for oxidizing into the tank, thereby absorbing and oxidizing sulfur dioxide in the flue gas by the slurry to obtain gypsum as a byproduct, wherein a vacuum type belt filter is disposed along an outer surface of a side wall of the absorption tower, and part of the slurry that is discharged from the circulation pump is led into the belt filter to be dehydrated, thereby separating and recovering gypsum.

Abstract: A wet type flue gas desulfurization apparatus in which desulfurization of flue gas is carried out through gas/liquid phase contact of flue gas with an absorbent slurry. More particularly, disclosed in a combined absorption tower comprising an absorbent slurry liquid tank, a thickening tank serving for concentration by settling of a reaction product slurry formed through the reaction of the absorbent and SO.sub.

Abstract: Phosphine is generated by the reaction of water with a metal phosphide formulation. In one embodiment, the formulation is within a housing closed by a membrane which is permeable to water and phosphine. A water-containing gas flows across the membrane and water from the gas permeates into the housing to react with the phosphide, producing phosphine which also permeates through the membrane to enter the gas flow. Two membranes may be used to close the housing, one permeable to water, the other permeable to phosphine. A blanking plate and phosphine absorber may be included to control the phosphine production. In a second embodiment, pellets of a phosphide formulation are transferred, periodically, from a hopper to a chamber containing water. The transfer is effected by a disc member mounted below the hopper and above the chamber. The disc member has at least one aperture in it, within which pellets are transported from the hopper outlet to an inlet port of the chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods useful for introducing feedstock to a chemical reactor are disclosed. The methods and apparatus employ a novel baffle system to mitigate the effects of unwanted momentum components transferred to the reactor liquid mass from the introduced feedstock. Resid hydrotreating processes employing these methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A reactor having one or more reactant inlets to which spargers are affixed and one or more reactant inlets each having an injection jet is presented. Reactants are introduced into the reactor through the spargers and jets under conditions in which a three dimensional cyclonic character is created in a well mixed reaction zone. This, together with the energy with which the reactants are introduced into the reaction zone, facilitates both macromixing and micromixing phenomena. The reactor is particularly useful for reacting chlorine and propylene to obtain allyl chloride.

Abstract: An automated cold vapor mercury assay system includes a sample inlet, a storage chamber of predetermined volume for storing a sample of material to be analyzed, a reaction chamber having first and second inlet ports and an outlet port, a reducing agent reservoir, a transport liquid reservoir, a distributor coupled to the sample storage chamber and movable between a first position connecting the storage chamber to the sample inlet and a second position connecting the storage chamber to the reaction chamber, analyzer apparatus coupled to the outlet port of the reaction chamber structure, and controller structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the alkylation of an olefin with an isoparaffin using sulphuric acid as a catalyst. In this process, a finely-dispersed emulsion of isoparaffin and sulphuric acid is prepared first, in a separate emulsion preparation zone. This preparation is carried out by injecting the isoparaffin into the acid through a set of nozzles, thereby allowing the isoparaffin to "scavenge" at high speed through the acid and thus to form an extremely homogeneous emulsion. This makes it possible to achieve proper mixing without need of impellers or other similar mixing devices that usually call for substantial maintenance and operating costs. Then, the emulsion that was so prepared and which forms an already "finished" phase per se, is fed into a reaction zone which is separate form the emulsion preparation zone and in which the olefin is injected preferably at a plurality of points and in directions perpendicular to the emulsion flow.

Abstract: A reactor for conducting a continuous multi-phase catalytic reaction such as the conversion of syngas to higher hydrocarbon fuels. Gaseous reactants are introduced via a gas-permeable plate into a slurry which includes the product and a finely divided catalyst. The liquid product is separated from the remainder of the slurry by means of a filter unit including a filter member. A pressure differential is established across the filter member by means of a constant level device within the filter unit which maintains a level of filtrate within the filter unit below the level of the slurry. The slurry is maintained in a constant state of agitation by the introduction of the gaseous components as a steam of bubbles. Fluctuations in the pressure differential across the filter member prevent the filter member from clogging and the gas spaces above the filtrate and the slurry are in communication.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a simultaneous multiple chemical synthesizer comprising a number of reaction vessels wherein each vessel has a filter in the bottom portion thereof, a number of needles wherein each needle is connected to an aspiration injection line of a reaction mixture and a gas supply line in connection with each reaction vessel and each needle does not touch the resin contained in the reaction vessel, a number of arms which are horizontally and vertically movable and hold the respective needles, a bubbling gas line and a waste discharge line in connection with each reaction vessel, wherein each line is connected to the bottom portion of each reaction vessel, a number of purging means which move synchronously with said waste discharge lines, and means for washing the portions of the needles and purge means which contact with the reaction reagents.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment of an effluent containing an organic chlorine compound in the presence of a porous iron type metallic article and hydrogen peroxide thereby effecting oxidizing decomposition of the organic chlorine compound, operated by a procedure which comprises causing the organic chlorine compound having hydrogen peroxide incorporated preparatorily therein to be circulated through a closed vessel having the porous iron type metallic article disposed therein thereby effecting oxidizing decomposition of the organic chlorine compound and then simultaneously circulating and aerating the effluent containing the organic chlorine compound under the condition of keeping the upper part of the closed vessel in an opened state thereby effecting oxidizing decomposition of the organic chlorine compound or causing the gaseous phase stagnating in the upper part of the vessel to be introduced into the effluent.

Abstract: In systems in which air is introduced into a liquid as a source of oxygen, additional oxygen added independent of the feed air enhances the oxygen content of the liquid source significantly than if the same amount of additional oxygen were combined with the feed air.

Abstract: In its simplest sense, the present invention provides a method for improving the contacting of plural, distinct phases in a vertically disposed vessel containing distinct fluid phases by injecting a stream of dispersed distinct phases together into the phases contained in the vessel at a sufficient velocity to force the fluid in the vessel to circulate downwardly through a central region in the vessel and upwardly in the annular region surrounding the central region.

Abstract: A process for turbulently flowing together reactants in uniform proportions in a reactor vessel. A process for producing ethylbenzene by reacting ethylene and benzene in the presence of a catalyst in a reactor vessel from which useful heat generated by the reaction is transferred to a heat transfer medium flowing through the reactor and in which the reaction occurs in a relatively short time period. In one embodiment, polyethylbenzenes produced in the reactor vessel are not recycled into the vessel. A reactor for a reaction of reactant materials that are uniformly and turbulently mixed together.

Abstract: Slurry bubble columns equipped with downcomers which have high efficiency gas disengagement means fitted on top of the slurry liquid reaction mixture comprising an inverted channel having a gas vent extending out of the apex of the inverted channel and a liquid by-pass pipe extending from the side of the inverted channel at a point below the apex to under the liquid level and emptying into the downcomer. The inverted channel is fitted to the top of said downcomer and the bottom edge of which inverted channel is in contact with the surface of the slurry mixture in the slurry bubble column reaction zone. Improved catalyst distribution and circulation, mass and heat transfer results from catalyst in gas-lean slurry flowing through the liquid by-pass tubes in the inverted channel and flowing into and down the downcomer to the bottom of the bubble column reactor.