Abstract: A device for dispersing a second phase in a first phase is provided, wherein gas inlet means are arranged at the bottom of a vessel. The outlet parts of these inlet elements have a varying distance to the bottom, this distance decreasing towards the center of the bottom. The distance of the outer outlet parts of the elements to the bottom, for those located near to the periphery, is from 15 to 40% of the diameter of the bottom.

Abstract: Apparatus for use in contacting a gas with a liquid comprises a pair of ported injector pipes onto which elastic sleeves having a series of slits therein are mounted by means of axially-spaced bands. The elastic sleeves expand as gas flows from the pipe to open the slits for discharging the gas into the liquid. The apparatus functions to maintain a desired gas flow rate irrespective of the accumulation of gas-liquid reaction products tending to block the slits.

Abstract: Apparatus for contacting a liquid reaction solution with a gas in separate reaction chambers within a single reaction vessel wherein the liquid reaction solution is continuously circulated between a first reaction chamber and a second reaction chamber within the reaction vessel but providing at least two side-by-side reaction chambers in open flow communication at their upper and lower ends with a gas supply means associated with each said chamber for introducing a gas in a finely divided form into the lower ends of each said chamber, and said gas supply means including flow control means whereby the rate of upward flow of gas in one of the chambers is greater than the rate of upward flow of gas in the other chamber so as to lower the density of the liquid reaction solution in the one chamber and provide continuous upward flow of liquid reaction solution and gas in the one chamber and downward flow of liquid reaction solution countercurrent to the flow of gas in the other chamber.

Abstract: A liquid chemical reactant is slowly sucked through capillary tubing into a closed partially evacuated reactor containing a second reactant, thus producing a gas, which is collected and dispensed by a vacuum pump. Simultaneously a small amount of air may be admitted into the reactor to displace the gas formed. Preferably the air enters through the reacting solution, cooling it and stirring it. The liquid reactant preferably is introduced in the immediate vicinity of the air entry. The liquid reactant stops flowing when the vacuum disappears and the reaction stops. The reaction may be automatically controlled by controlling the vacuum by means of a timed valve that bleeds air into the system.

Abstract: A device is provided which simulates heat transfer into a flexible pouch in which food or like product is cooked and sterilized. The simulator is a block of polymeric material having a thickness approximately that of a food pouch and a thermal diffusivity generally equal to or slightly above that of food product. A thermal sensor is disposed centrally within the block of polymer material and is connected to electrical leads extending externally of the retort to apparatus that records temperature change as a function of time. A plurality of simulators are placed at various regions in the retort, and the uniformity of the heat transfer under certain operating conditions is determined by measuring the heating rates of the several simulators. Operating conditions, such as flow rates or location of introduction of water, steam and air are changed until a sufficiently uniform heat transfer environment is achieved.

Abstract: A horizontal agitation bed type vapor phase polymerization apparatus for olefins provided on its lower curved surface with plural cells each having an opening facing on the polymerization reaction system and further having small holes formed in its side wall portion for feeding a starting olefin gas.

Abstract: A apparatus for the catalytic alkylation of an isoparaffin with one or more olefins. Reactant hydrocarbons are passed in contact with a liquid catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid in a reaction zone. The hydrocarbon phase is allowed to separate from the catalyst phase in a settling zone, and a portion of the hydrocarbon phase is cooled and reintroduced to the reaction zone in a separate stream from that of the feed hydrocarbons. The alkylation apparatus by which the process is carried out includes a vertical reaction vessel, which in a preferred embodiment is 2 to 6 feet in height, a settling vessel, means for fluid flow from the reaction vessel to the settling vessel, a conduit for fluid flow between the upper part of the settling vessel and the reaction zone, and means for cooling fluid in this conduit.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for making desired shapes of urea-formaldehyde suitable for use as insulation from urea-formaldehyde foam. Fluid urea-formaldehyde foam (A) is formed into discrete particles (A') in particle generator (10) which also partially cures particles (A'). After particles (A') are fully cured, they are blended with fluid urea-formaldehyde foam in mixing apparatus (11) which includes blending head (66) to produce mixture (C) which is a coherent mass. Mixture (C) is molded to the desired cross-sectional shape by molding conveyor (12). Cutter (132) cuts formed mixture (C) into the desired length. Thereafter oven (146) is utilized for fully curing the product which is then enclosed in a suitable packaging material.

Abstract: An apparatus useful for the preparation of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock and a strong acid, comprises a closed vessel, a draft tube, means connected to the inner walls of said vessel amd mounting said draft tube in a vertical position within said vessel, an agitator positioned within said draft tube, a shaft for said agitator mounted axially of said vessel and extending into said draft tube, an inlet conduit to said vessel for introducing a feed slurry (e.g.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating on demand a gaseous product from a liquid phase reaction of one reactant in the solid phase at ambient room conditions and another reactant in the liquid phase at ambient room conditions. The reactants preferably are iodine crystals, and liquid tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), with the gaseous product being hydrogen iodide. The liquid phase reaction, in the preferred embodiment, is 2I.sub.2 +C.sub.10 H.sub.12 .fwdarw.4HI+C.sub.10 H.sub.8, known per se. Preferably, THN is pumped from a reservoir to be sprinkled over the iodine crystals in another reservoir. Some iodine dissolves into the liquid THN, with the resulting solution then percolating through a reaction zone containing a heated, porous packing material. Heat is transferred to the solution, thereby promoting, i.e., driving the above reaction. The gaseous hydrogen iodide is then removed from the reaction zone; typically for direct use, for example, in a chemical laser.

Abstract: A novel vertical induced circulation reactor is utilized to carry out the oxidation of p-xylene and p-methyltoluate with air in the presence of a catalyst to produce p-toluic acid and monomethylterephthalate (MMT). A novel method for preparation of dimethylterephthalate (DMT) is provided wherein the p-toluic acid and MMT formed according to the invention are esterified by conventional means in the presence of methanol to produce p-methyl toluate and dimethylterephthalate (DMT), respectively, the p-methyl toluate being recycled to the reactor as a reactant stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to contact-making between a gas phase, at least one liquid phase, and at least one comminuted solid phase.The process uses a cell or compartment provided with at least one deflecting means such as the sloping wall 3 designed to impart an overall circulatory motion to the solid phase and with gas phase distributor 1, supplying this compartment with solid products, supplying this compartment with a liquid phase so as to cover entirely the solid when at rest, and feeding the compartment with the gas phase through the distributor 1 for the purpose of generating in said compartment a periodic pulsing stage consisting of gas-phase decompressions and layer contractions.The invention permits achieving an intimate contact between three distinct phases for the purpose of transfer(s) or of reaction(s) between these phases.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for producing singlet molecular oxygen, O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.). A nitrogen containing base such as NH.sub.3, diethylamine, ethanolamine, propylamine, triethylene diamine, phenethylamine, methyl amine, or dipropylamine is mixed with hydrogen peroxide. Chlorine gas is bubbled through the mixture which reacts therewith to produce singlet molecular oxygen. A preferred embodiment of the reaction is illustrated by the following example:2RNH.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O.sub.2 +Cl.sub.2 .fwdarw.O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.)+2RNH.sub.3 Clwhere RNH.sub.2 is an amine.The apparatus for producing the singlet molecular oxygen is a reactor vessel with the hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen containing base solution as a liquid mixture in the bottom thereof through which chlorine gas is bubbled. The vessel is maintained at a pressure range of 1 to 20 Torr, a temperature range of -30.degree. to 35.degree. C., a pH range of 7 to 12, and the O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA.

Abstract: An improved method and system for chemically digesting low level radioactive, solid waste material having a high through-put. The solid waste material is added to an annular vessel (10) substantially filled with concentrated sulfuric acid. Concentrated nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide is added to the sulfuric acid within the annular vessel while the sulfuric acid is reacting with the solid waste. The solid waste is mixed within the sulfuric acid so that the solid waste is substantilly fully immersed during the reaction. The off gas from the reaction and the products slurry residue is removed from the vessel during the reaction.

Abstract: An apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products comprises a horizontally split casing for molten heat carrier. At least one injector having a nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon starting products to the casing and at least one pipe for removal of pyrolysis products are mounted in the upper part of the casing. The apparatus also has means for supplying heat to the heat carrier. According to the invention, the injector is mounted in such a manner that the outlet section of its nozzle is spaced apart from the surface of the heat carrier at a distance which is sufficient for the formation of a hydrodynamic crater in this surface under the action of a jet of hydrocarbon starting products flowing from the nozzle. Means for supplying heat to the heat carrier is arranged within the casing in such a manner that heat is supplied directly within the heat carrier.

Abstract: Organic wastes, such as animal manure, are fed into an elongated digester tank at one end thereof in slurry form. The slurry slowly moves to the other end of the tank for subsequent disposal. During the residence time in the tank decomposition of the waste occurs yielding methane gas and carbon dioxide. A cover over the digester collects the gas generated. A heat exchange arrangement causes transverse stirring of the slurry as it passes through the tank enhancing the decomposition process. Scum suppressors on the surface of the slurry prevent interference with the formation and release of the methane gas. The settling of solids is controlled by the use of gas jets disposed along the bottom of the tank.

Abstract: A multi-stage reactor for the oxidation of alkyl aromatics, e.g. a mixture of p-xylene and methyl p-toluate in a liquid phase reaction mixture with oxygen-containing gases, e.g. air, under elevated pressure and at an elevated temperature in the presence of an oxidation catalyst is in the form of an elongated closed tank with a multiplicity of neighboring reaction chambers arranged successively from one end to the other end of the tank for containing the liquid reaction mixture at predetermined levels in each chamber. The reactor is provided with an oxidizing gas feed system for introducing an oxidizing gas into each chamber, feed means for introducing at least one alkyl aromatic reactant and an oxidation catalyst into at least one of the reaction chambers, a vapor-collecting conduit means in communication with each of said chambers for removing reaction gas from each of said chambers, and a discharge means for removing the oxidized product from the reactor tank.

Abstract: An apparatus for decomposing injurious substances to form non-injurious substances comprising a first reaction vessel, an injurious substance inlet connected to the first reaction vessel for supplying an injurious substance containing only one of an oxygen or hydrogen donor substance, and at least one further reaction vessel connected to the first reaction vessel. A mixing vessel connected to the at least one further reaction vessel is provided with the first reaction vessel, the further reaction vessel and the mixing vessel containing an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. Conduits may be provided between the first reaction vessel, further reaction vessel and mixing vessel, permitting circulation of the aqueous sodium carbonate solution. A feeding device is connected between the mixing vessel and the first reaction vessel for feeding the aqueous sodium carbonate solution therebetween and into association with the injurious substances supplied to the first reaction vessel.

Abstract: A novel reactor configuration is described for the conversion of wet-process phosphoric acid and anhydrous ammonia into an ammonium polyphosphate product having a high proportion of the total P.sub.2 O.sub.5 in the polyphosphate form. This novel reaction system, includes a first reaction stage comprising a jacketed free floating reaction tube having an inlet end which terminates inside the jacket and a second reaction stage comprising a vertically oriented reaction chamber equipped with an internal heat exchange coil and a sparger for injection of ammonia. A portion of the reactant ammonia which has been preheated in the heat exchange coil of the second reaction stage is injected into the first reaction stage via an injection tube which extends through the jacket into the inlet end of the reaction tube, said injection tube being sized to leave an annular space for fluid communication between the reactor tube and the jacket.

Abstract: An improved compact apparatus for gas-liquid contact and separation by precipitation of solids therein, which essentially comprises a splash separating section, a solid-gas-liquid contact section and a solid depositing section formed in a single reaction vessel, in which gas is blown into the vessel through a gas disperser having a gas outlet opened below the liquid surface in said solid-gas-liquid contact section and caused to undergo contact with the phase of a suspension forcibly circulated from said solid depositing section formed below said solid-gas-liquid contact section, whereby the precipitated solids are prevented from depositing the inner surface of the vessel and other attendant members.

Abstract: In a process for making chlorine electrolytically in which a build-up of nitrogen trichloride occurs in the bottoms of cooling apparatus, a method and apparatus is provided wherein the nitrogen trichloride is dissolved in an organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride, the chlorine removed, and the solution treated to destroy the otherwise hazardous nitrogen trichloride. The solvent is then separated and recycled to avoid environmentally undesirable waste products.

Abstract: A gas-liquid contacting apparatus for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas is provided which comprises a vessel for receiving therein a liquid aqueous absorbent in a continuous phase; gas sparger means having an opening means at one end thereof, the gas sparger means extending vertically from above the surface of the aqueous absorbent liquid and through the surface such that the opening means is positioned below the surface wherein the opening means comprises notch means formed in the side walls of the gas sparger means and an open end of the gas sparger means; air sparger means in the aqueous absorbent, below the gas sparger means; outlet means for the gas after it contacts the aqueous absorbent, the outlet means being located above the level of the aqueous absorbent; reactant inlet means into the vessel; aqueous absorbent inlet means into the vessel; and outlet means for the reaction products and spent aqueous absorbent.

Abstract: A solar heated anaerobic digestor is provided, adapted to utilize organic material capable of decomposing to produce methane gas and a liquid fertilizer. The sealed anaerobic digestor is wrapped with a layer of heat absorptive material followed by a series of abutting removable panels of insulative material. Insulative panels may be temporarily removed to expose the heat absorptive material to solar radiation and may be replaced when the solar radiation diminishes. A layer of transparent material wrapped in outwardly spaced relation around the insulatng panels is capable of transmitting solar radiation while providing protection against environmental elements. Additional heating means extending into the digestor provide auxiliary heat as required.

Abstract: Sodium bicarbonate is produced in an apparatus comprising a reactor system for the production of sodium bicarbonate which comprises a housing having a plurality of reaction zones being placed in sequence from a last zone to a first zone, each being in liquid and gas flow communication with each adjacent zone; carbon dioxide inlet means being disposed at the bottom of the last zone so that carbon dioxide introduced into said last zone moves upwardly through said zone, and is discharged through a gas-liquid separator at the top of said zone and is then introduced into the bottom of the next adjacent zone, until said gas reaches the top of the first zone where it is discharged through a carbon dioxide gas outlet; inlet means for feeding an ammoniacal brine or a mother liquor to be carbonated into the top of the first zone, counter-currently to the upward movement of the carbon dioxide gas in said first zone, wherein said brine or mother liquor is passed downwardly through said first zone and flows sequentially i

Abstract: A mixing device and method of mixing a liquid, vapor, or gas into a slurry of material in a vat in which the liquid, vapor, or gas is introduced into a stream of the slurry passing from the vat through a venturi at the diverging portion of the venturi, and in which the slurry with the entrained liquid, vapor, or gas is returned to the vat below an umbrella of a high velocity stream of slurry in the vat produced by an agitator so as to dissipate the heat of reaction between the two fluids.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for calcining calcium sulphate dihydrate in a calcination vessel in which the dihydrate is heated in the vessel to calcination temperature not only by heat applied to the exterior of the vessel but also by hot gas, especially hot gaseous combustion products, supplied into the interior of the mass of calcining material within the vessel. The supply of hot gas according to the invention can improve the production rate in both batch and continuous calcination operations without adversely affecting the product quality, by permitting increase in the heat input to the vessel without entailing the risk of vessel bottom burn-out.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an aromatic dicarboxylic acid by oxidizing a benzene derivative with molecular oxygen in the liquid phase in a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid as a solvent in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, wherein a starting material liquid e.g., a benzene derivative or a solution thereof in the lower aliphatic carboxylic acid, is fed into the liquid-phase reaction system in a uniformly dispersed state by being passed through a porous material causing the pressure of the starting material liquid just after passing through said porous material to drop more than about 1 kg/m.sup.2 in relation to the pressure of the starting material liquid just before passing through said porous material. The resultant aromatic dicarboxylic acid has high purity and has good color.

Abstract: A single-stage reactor in the form of two concentric tubes and, one acting as a central stack and the other as a wall of reactor, widening out towards the top; a gas diffuser at the bottom of the stack, enabling gas to be injected into the liquid column above the diffuser, while a vesicle remover is located in the upper part of reactor; pipes and for feeding in the reagents, and a pipe for forcing back the gaseous phase at the top of reactor; a connection inclined by over 45.degree. to an extension of the horizontal and establishing direct communication between the bottom of reactor and a decanting chamber; and a vertical degassing tube located between connection and decanting chamber.Application of this arrangement to the reaction between finely divided aluminum, hydrogen and at least one olefin having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, at a temperature of from 100.degree. to 200.degree. and a pressure of 30 to 200 bars, in a perfectly homogeneous medium for the preparation of alkylaluminums.