Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating an aqueous flow colonised by cells by applying a pulsed electric field, in which a colonised aqueous flow is subjected to an electric field of an intensity of 1 to 30 kV/cm, and to its application to destroying protozoa, in particular free living amoebas. It also concerns a method for destroying protozoa.

Abstract: The general purpose of this invention is to provide an improved apparatus and method of preserving the vulnerable area of a railroad cross tie near the interface of the tie and the tie plate. To attain this purpose the invention provides a thin preservative-bearing gelatinous material that is placed between the cross tie and the tie plate either at the time of the original laying of rail or during any subsequent relaying. No extra equipment is needed and only a negligible amount of labor is required to simply place the gelatinous material on the adzed surface of the cross tie prior to the mounting or remounting of the rail. The presence of the gelatinous material poses absolutely no resistance to the subsequent driving of the spikes into the tie and is thin enough so as not to pose any rail alignment problems. The use of the gelatinous material relies on the moisture found under the tie plate to leach the active ingredients out of the material and help diffuse them throughout the adjacent section of wood.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for sterilizing or disinfecting a surface, which comprise applying an electrostatically-charged aerosol of a disinfecting solution onto said surface and allowing said aerosol to remain in contact with said surface for a time sufficient to achieve the desired degree of sterilization or disinfection.

Abstract: A method for sanitizing a food processing environment includes the preparation of an aqueous ozone was solution for use in sanitizing food contact surfaces and food processing work stations. During preparation of an ozone wash solution, ozone off-gas is collected from the aqueous ozone solution. The ozone off-gas is then introduced into an ambient of the food processing environment. The introduction of the ozone off-gas can be carried out in conjunction with the application of the ozone wash solution to food contact surfaces. Additionally, the ozone off-gas can be introduced at relatively high concentrations for application to food processing equipment and food contact surfaces or, alternatively, the ozone off-gas can be diluted to relatively low levels for introduction into the ambient air of a food processing facility.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for exposing liquids to X-rays, which, seen in the direction of flow, comprises an intake chamber (16), an X-ray chamber (18) and a discharge chamber (20). The X-ray chamber has X-ray sources (36) which are either aligned in rows and/or stacked parallel to the flow (14). The device is designed as a channel with open top (10), and a containment wall (24) is provided across the direction of flow (14), between the intake chamber and the X-ray chamber. The containment wall (24) is sized so as to cover part of the channel cross-section, while the lower edge of the containment wall (24) is located at a distance of the channel base (12). The outlet opening (22) thus formed is so sized that, in case of a flow rate increase and starting from a flow rate of 1 m/sec, the liquid accumulates in front of the outlet opening (22), resulting in the liquid level in the intake chamber (16) being higher than in the X-ray chamber (18).

Abstract: An approach for sterilizing microorganisms at a target object employs a flashlamp system including means for generating pulses of light, and for deactivating microorganisms within the target object by illuminating the target object with the pulses of light having been generated; a photo-sensitive detector positioned so as to receive a portion of each of the pulses of light as a measure of an amount of light illuminating the target object, for generating an output signal in response thereto; and a control system, coupled to the flashlamp system and the photo-sensitive detector, for determining, in response to the output signal, whether the pulses of light are sufficient to effect a prescribed level of deactivation of microorganisms at the target object.

Abstract: A method for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts and similar organisms comprising irradiating water with ultraviolet light in doses of from about 1 mJ/cm2 to about 175 mJ/cm2.

Abstract: In a circulation system of treatment-object water (waste water), a water treating apparatus and a pH adjuster are provided. A carbon fiber that can collect at least microorganisms is disposed in the water treating apparatus. The carbon fiber is immersed in the treatment-object water, and potential is applied to the carbon fiber. Further, pH of the treatment-object water is adjusted by the pH adjuster in a direction in which adsorption of microorganisms in the treatment-object water to the carbon fiber is facilitated. As a result, the microorganisms are strongly attracted and adsorbed to the carbon fiber.

Abstract: Containers, methods and systems for treating blood or blood component products; whereby the containers are adapted to contain blood products and the containers have connected thereto respective information/identification chips for use in maintaining information about the blood products which may be contained within the containers and whereby the information/identification chips are adapted for having information written to and read from the information/identification chips including the writing of information to an information/identification chip that the respective blood product was subjected to a pathogen inactivation process.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for sterilizing biological materials to reduce the level of one or more biological contaminants or pathogens therein, such as viruses, bacteria (including inter- and intracellular bacteria, such as mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, nanobacteria, chlamydia, rickettsias), yeasts, molds, fungi, single or multicellular parasites, and/or prions or similar agents responsible, alone or in combination, for TSEs. These methods involve the use of stabilizer mixtures in methods of sterilizing biological materials with irradiation.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for sterilizing biological materials to reduce the level therein of one or more active biological contaminants or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria (including inter- and intracellular bacteria, such as mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, nanobacteria, chlamydia, rickettsias), yeasts, molds, fungi, prions or similar agents responsible, alone or in combination, for TSEs and/or single or multicellular parasites. These methods involve the use of flavonoid/flavonol stabilizers in sterilizing biological materials with irradiation.

Abstract: An anticorrosive, penetration enhancing composition for cleaning decontaminating and rinsing includes electrochemically activated (ECA) water as the decontamination agent. The anticorrosive decontamination composition has, as the anticorrosive agent, a compound or mixture of compounds capable of inhibiting corrosion of various metals used in sterilization decontamination and rinsing systems and objects such as medical instruments. Preferred anticorrosive compounds include phosphates, azoles, and sulfates. Other additives, including wetting agents, are added to reduce the surface energy of the ECA water. This reduced surface energy permits the ECA water to penetrate into objects of complex design thus permitting complete decontamination of the treated object.

Abstract: Pulsed ultraviolet light is used to address contamination by various microorganisms in different materials provided to people or animals, including food, water, and blood by transfusion.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing a medical device includes placing the device in a multi-chambered compartment having at least a first and a second chamber and an removable interface between the two chambers, where there is no opening on the interface. The interface is adjusted so that a device too big to fit into the first or second chamber can be sterilized in a bigger chamber formed by the first and second chamber. A sterilant is introduced into the chamber to sterilize the medical device. Plasma may be optionally be introduced to enhance the sterilization.

Abstract: A method is provided for rapidly determining whether a load of equipment to be sterilized in a sterilization chamber absorbs, adsorbs, condenses, or decomposes significant amounts of germicide vapor or gas, such as hydrogen peroxide. The initial slope of the curve of a plot of ln(c/co) versus time is determined, where c is the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and co is the maximum concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The initial slope is determined in the first 100 seconds after the maximum in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. If the initial slope is approximately 0.016 sec−1 or less, the load is acceptable. If the initial slope is significantly steeper than 0.016 sec−1, the load absorbs, adsorbs, condenses, or decomposes significant amounts of hydrogen peroxide. If the slope of the curve is steep, the system can abort the sterilization run before significant amounts of hydrogen peroxide have been absorbed, adsorbed, or condensed.

Abstract: Decontamination is achieved by producing an activated cleaning fluid mist using a decontamination apparatus having a source of a cleaning fluid, a mist generator having an input flow of the cleaning fluid and an output flow of a mist of the cleaning fluid at substantially one atmosphere ambient pressure, and an activator positioned to activate the mist of the cleaning fluid to produce the activated cleaning fluid mist wherein atoms of the cleaning fluid are activated. The activated cleaning fluid mist is contacted to a location to be decontaminated.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for precisely controlling a light treatment of a treatment system for treating a product. In one implementation, a method for use with a fluid treatment system using light comprises the steps of: estimating a particular velocity of moving particles within a fluid flowing through a treatment chamber of the fluid treatment system using pulses of light as a light treatment, the fluid flowing at a mass flow velocity, the treatment chamber and the fluid being transmissive to at least 1% of light having at least one wavelength within a range of 170 to 2600 nm; and setting a flash rate of the pulses of light based on the particular velocity in order to optimize the light treatment. Furthermore, in preferred implementations, the light treatment is for the deactivation of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungus and other pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for sterilizing biological materials to reduce the level therein of one or more biological contaminants or pathogens, such as prions, responsible for the disease states known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in mammals. These methods involve sterilizing biological materials with irradiation.

Abstract: The invention discloses particulate catalysts and, more specifically, particulate catalysts for use in heterogeneous photo-assisted Fenton reactions. Immobilisation of metal ions on a compatible particulate support provides an improved catalysts that avoids both the pH-dependency and the need for catalyst recovery. In particular, ferrous or ferric ions are employed.

Abstract: A method and system for sterilizing an article is provided that includes use of a low frequency (LF) gas discharge plasma. The method includes placing the article in a vacuum chamber and evacuating the vacuum chamber to a predetermined pressure. Gas or vapor species are introduced into the vacuum chamber, and a low frequency plasma is generated within the vacuum chamber, the low frequency plasma having a frequency of from 0 to approximately 200 kHz. The low frequency plasma is maintained for a time period sufficient to substantially remove gas or vapor species from the article. The sterilization system includes a vacuum chamber coupled to a vacuum pump and a vent, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The sterilization system further includes a second region within the vacuum chamber, the second region including a region between the first and second electrodes, and a first region within the vacuum chamber, the first region being in fluid communication with the second region.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing the interior of a diffusion restricted area by introducing a sterilant in a chamber, condensing the vapor, reducing the pressure in the chamber to revaporize the condensed vapor, and maintaining the device in the chamber until the device is sterilized. The sterilant has a vapor pressure less than the vapor pressure of water and is preferably hydrogen peroxide. The pressure in the chamber while maintaining the device in the chamber may be held constant, varied, or increased. Plasma may additionally be introduced into the chamber to improve the rate of sterilization.

Abstract: A sterilization container for sterilizing, storing and transporting instruments is formed of a liquid crystal polymer, such as a wholly aromatic polyester. The container is strong yet has thin walls so that condensation is minimized. Suitable polymers include wholly aromatic polyesters such as: polybenzoate-naphthalate; polybenzoate-terephthalate-bisphenol-isophthalate; polybenzoate-terephthalate-ethylene glycol; and polynaphthalate-amino terephthalate.

Abstract: An apparatus for sterilizing an article using capillary discharge atmospheric pressure plasma is disclosed. The apparatus includes a power supplier providing a potential to the apparatus, a plasma generating head, a gas supplier providing a sufficient amount of working gas to the plasma generating head, and a body including a handle and coupled to the plasma generating head and the gas supplier. The plasma generating head includes, a metal electrode receiving the potential, a dielectric having at least one capillary therein coupled to the metal electrode, and a shield body surrounding at least a portion of the metal electrode except for the capillary.

Abstract: A process is described for evacuating a reactor, in which at least one object is sterilized by means of Low pressure plasma. The reactor must be evacuated from atmospheric pressure to plasma discharge pressure. At least two separate, successive evacuation stages are hereby provided. In the first. evacuating stage and a possible further evacuation stage, the reactor is brought down step by step to a reduced intermediary pressure. In the last evacuation stage the reactor is evacuated to the plasma discharge pressure. For each evacuation stage it is advantageous to provide a separate vacuum chamber, to each of which the reactor is corrected. This brings with it the advantage that the entire amount of gas does not need to be transported through one single pump or a single set of pumps.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating an aqueous flow colonised by cells by applying a pulsed electric field, the intensity of the field being less than 1 kV/cm. It also relates to the application of this method to eliminating Legionella and to a method for destroying Legionella.

Abstract: A device and method are disclosed, with which fluids can be treated, in particular, with which their properties can be improved. The device and method use a Klein-type field coil, through which the water to be treated is fed. According to the invention, at least one Klein-type double-coil is arranged around a through-flow pipe (3), through which the water to be treated is passed.

Abstract: A photochromic material which undergoes a change in appearance when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the UVC band provides a visual indication of the degree of sterilization achieved by a UV emitting device. The photochromic material is placed either on the UV source or in or adjacent the sample being sterilized. The photochromic material is formulated to undergo a certain degree of change in appearance when it has been exposed to a level of UV which corresponds to effective sterilization of the sample being sterilized. An optional reference card bears a color or opacity reference for comparison with the exposed photochromic material.

Abstract: A method and system for sterilizing an article is provided that includes use of a low frequency (LF) gas discharge plasma. The method includes placing the article in a vacuum chamber and evacuating the vacuum chamber to a predetermined pressure. Gas or vapor species are introduced into the vacuum chamber, and a low frequency plasma is generated within the vacuum chamber, the low frequency plasma having a frequency of from 0 to approximately 200 kHz. The low frequency plasma is maintained for a time period sufficient to substantially remove gas or vapor species from the article. The sterilization system includes a vacuum chamber coupled to a vacuum pump and a vent, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The sterilization system further includes a first region within the vacuum chamber, the first region including a region between the first and second electrodes, and a second region within the vacuum chamber, the second region being in fluid communication with the first region.

Abstract: A method for treating agricultural products for insects, microorganisms, and other infestations is disclosed. An aspect of the method entails reducing or increasing the air pressure associated with the agricultural product, then introducing one or more treatments to the agricultural product. One treatment may comprise heat, and the heat may be in the form of steam or heated air. A second treatment may comprise electromagnetic radiation, in the form of microwave energy or high frequency waves.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing the interior of a diffusion restricted area by introducing a sterilant in a chamber, condensing the vapor, reducing the pressure in the chamber to revaporize the condensed vapor, and maintaining the device in the chamber until the device is sterilized. The sterilant has a vapor pressure less than the vapor pressure of water and is preferably hydrogen peroxide. The pressure in the chamber while maintaining the device in the chamber may be held constant, varied, or increased. Plasma may additionally be introduced into the chamber to improve the rate of sterilization.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing a device, includes the following steps: contacting the device with liquid sterilant outside or inside a sterilization chamber at a first pressure, placing the device in the chamber before or after the contacting step, and decreasing the pressure of the chamber to a second pressure below the vapor pressure of the liquid sterilant. At least the decrease in pressure below about the vapor pressure of the liquid sterilant occurs at a pumpdown rate of less than 0.8 liters per second, calculated based on the time required to evacuate the chamber from atmospheric pressure to 20 torr when the chamber is empty and dry.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of decontaminating surfaces on a living creature. A beam of electrons is generated with an electron beam generator operating in the range of about 40 kv to 60 kv. The beam of electrons exit the electron beam generator through an exit window. The surfaces on the living creature are irradiated with the beam of electrons. The beam of electrons are of an energy sufficient to decontaminate the surfaces without damaging living tissue.

Abstract: This invention relates to the method of non-invasively fortifying eggs with iodine as a dietary supplement without compromising the structural integrity of the egg. The eggs are placed in a solution comprising iodide or iodate salts of alkali or alkali earth metals at an effective concentration for a duration of between a few seconds to a few days. Iodine then passes through the egg shell to the interior of the egg until an adequate internal iodine concentration of iodide or iodate salts is produced.

Abstract: A method of sterilization of a container is provided whereby a cold plasma is caused to be disposed near a surface to be sterilized, and the cold plasma is then subjected to a pulsed voltage differential for producing energized ions in the plasma. Those energized ions then operate to achieve spore destruction on the surface to be sterilized. Further, a system for sterilization of a container which includes a conductive or non-conductive container, a cold plasma in proximity to the container, and a high voltage source for delivering a pulsed voltage differential between an electrode and the container and across the cold plasma, is provided.

Abstract: A method of enhanced sterilization with improved material compatibility. The following enhancements have been made. First, repeated venting, evacuation, and plasma treatments can be performed in the pre-plasma stage. Second, a lower power level can be used in the post-plasma stage than in the pre-plasma stage. Third, after the post-plasma stage, the chamber can be held at atmospheric pressure or sub-atmospheric pressure for a period of time after venting, before re-evacuating the chamber, rather than evacuating after the chamber is vented to atmospheric pressure or sub-atmospheric pressure. Any of the three enhancements may be used separately, and it is not necessary to practice all three enhancements to obtain at least some of the benefits of enhanced sterilization with improved material compatibility.

Abstract: A prefabricated medical implant made of polymeric material having increased wear resistance without substantially changing its ductility and other physical properties is described. The implant is formed by a method including the steps of heating a sealed, packaged, prefabricated implant, having a reduced oxygen atmosphere, to an elevated temperature below its annealing point at a predetermined rate and held at that temperature for a predetermined time. After this time the packaged implant, while being maintained in a predetermined temperature range, is irradiated with a predetermined amount of gamma radiation. After irradiation, the implant is permitted to cool at a predetermined rate. Thermal conductive and thermal insulation containers are also provided for holding the packaged implants during the process.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing an elastomeric article such as a glove includes an enclosure having a gas-filled interior, a support that receives the elastomeric article thereon and supports the elastomeric article within the enclosure, and a source of a gaseous cleaning agent which introduces a gaseous flow of the gaseous cleaning agent into the interior of the enclosure to contact the elastomeric article. The cleaning agent dislodges particulate contaminant from the elastomeric article and entrains the particulate contaminant in the gaseous flow as it passes by the elastomeric article. The source of the gaseous cleaning agent comprises a nebulizer source of a vaporized cleaning material, and a weakly ionized plasma source disposed within the interior of the enclosure and proximate to the article support location to create a weakly ionized plasma in the ambient atmosphere adjacent to the article support location.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for significantly increasing the solubility and dispersibility of consumer products such as food products, botanicals, cosmetic ingredients and medical products is disclosed. The method involves applying a continuous stream of oxygen-containing, i.e., OX gas to a material in a sealed chamber. The continuous stream of OX gas is prepared in an OX generation cell, which contains a means for generating the OX gas at a pressure less than 20 lbs/in2 using, for example, one or more of the following: corona discharge, high frequency electrical discharge, ultraviolet light, x-ray, radioactive isotope and electric beam. The apparatus contains: (a) a chamber; (b) a vacuum pump coupled to the chamber; (c) an OX generation cell, wherein the OX generation cell contains an OX generator capable of generating OX at a pressure less than 20 lbs/in2.

Abstract: A gaseous blend of Ox and a method for significantly reducing the biological load on consumer products such as food products, botanicals and cosmetic ingredients is disclosed. The gaseous blend of Ox consists at least in part of O3. The method involves applying a continuous stream of oxygen-containing, i. e., Ox, gas to a material at a predetermined temperature, pressure and relative humidity. The continuous stream of Ox gas is prepared in an Ox generation cell, which contains a means for generating the Ox gas at a pressure less than 20 lbs/in2 using, for example, one or more of the following: corona discharge, high frequency electrical discharge, ultraviolet light, x-ray, radioactive isotope and electric beam.

Abstract: A method of sterilizing liquid is performed by providing a vibrationally stirring apparatus having a vibration generating unit containing a vibration motor (14), a vibrating rod (7) operationally connected to the vibration generating unit, vibration vanes (10) fixed to the vibrating rod, and vibration vane fixing members (9) for fixing the vibration vanes to the vibrating rod, wherein the vibration vane (10) has a surface made of sterilizing metal and the vibration vane fixing member (9) is made of magnetic field generating material; submerging the vibration vanes and the vibration vane fixing members in the liquid (LIQ) taken in a treatment tank (13); and vibrating the vibration vane at an amplitude of 0.1 to 15.0 mm and at a vibrational frequency of 200 to 1000 times per minute by the vibration generating unit to cause vibrationally stirring of the liquid, thereby sterilizing the liquid.

Abstract: A method for sterilizing a device, includes the following steps: contacting the device with liquid sterilant outside or inside a sterilization chamber at a first pressure, placing the device in the chamber before or after the contacting step, and decreasing the pressure of the chamber to a second pressure below the vapor pressure of the liquid sterilant. At least the decrease in pressure below about the vapor pressure of the liquid sterilant occurs at a pumpdown rate of less than 0.8 liters per second, calculated based on the time required to evacuate the chamber from atmospheric pressure to 20 torr when the chamber is empty and dry.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for significantly reducing the biological load on consumer products such as food products, botanicals, cosmetic ingredients and medical products is disclosed. The method involves applying a continuous stream of oxygen-containing, i.e., Ox, gas to a material in a sealed biological burden reduction chamber.

Abstract: A process and equipment for plasma sterilization in which articles in a sterilizing chamber are taken through at least one combination sterilizing cycle. The articles to be sterilized may include the interior of a vessel or chamber. In that case, the vessel or chamber itself may serve as a sterilizing chamber and connects to the plasma generating chamber. Each combination sterilizing cycle includes a pulsed treatment with gaseous antimicrobial agent, removal of the gaseous antimicrobial agent, and a plasma treatment. The pulsed treatment includes one or more pulse-vacuum cycles, each pulse-vacuum cycle includes the steps of evacuating the sterilizing chamber and exposing the article to the gaseous antimicrobial agent with a predetermined pressure profile during a predetermined time. The gaseous antimicrobial agent is preferably carried in a gas mixture with a nonreactive carrier gas. In one embodiment, the predetermined pressure is pulsed. In another embodiment, it is ramped.

Abstract: A system of deactivating microorganisms in water involves illuminating the microorganisms using at least one short-duration, high-intensity pulse of broad-spectrum polychromatic light. The system includes a watertight housing having an inlet port and an outlet port for the flow water. A tubular light source for deactivating microorganisms and a tubular baffle for directing the water flow are positioned within the watertight housing. Waters enters the inlet port and flows between the watertight housing and the tubular baffle in one direction, around the end of the tubular baffle and back through the center of the tubular baffle in a second direction exiting the outlet port. In one embodiment, the inlet and outlet ports are positioned at the same end of the watertight housing. In a another embodiment, the inlet port is at the end of the watertight housing and the outlet port extends radially from the tubular baffle through the side of the watertight housing.

Abstract: The invention involves a method for sterilizing biological tissues. The invention also includes sterilized biological tissues.

Abstract: Wear resistance and oxidation resistance of polymer material or a polymer component for bioimplantation are improved by packaging a polymer object in a sealed gas impermeable package substantially free of oxygen, irradiating the package with penetrating radiation to an extent sufficient to effect a desired substantial level of cross-linking within the polymer, and warming the packaged object while maintaining an elevated hydrostatic pressure to cause gases released during irradiation to recombine, stabilizing the material against subsequent oxidative change. The pressure stabilization terminates active sites, substantially eliminating free radicals. When applied to finished parts, the process simultaneously hardens and sterilizes the parts without degrading mechanical properties or dimensions. When applied to bulk material or unfinished parts, the part may be subsequent machined or otherwise finished, and sterilized by any conventional means.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and apparatus for treating hazardous biological wastes. According to one exemplary method, a biological waste material is placed into a chamber and a vacuum is applied to the chamber. After the pressure within the chamber is sufficiently reduced, water vapor is introduced into the chamber and electromagnetic radiation energy is applied to produce a plasma. In one particularly preferable aspect, the chamber is allowed to reach a static condition before the water vapor is introduced. In this way, the water vapor is able to equally distribute itself throughout the volume of the chamber so that an equally distributed plasma can be produced upon application of the electromagnetic radiation energy.

Abstract: Articles which it is intended to sterilize are placed into a confined volume and are subjected to neutral species of an electrical discharge while maintaining the volume glowless and substantially field free by interposing a barrier between the articles and the discharge, the barrier being transparent to neutral species and opaque to charged species emanating from the discharge.

Abstract: In order to completely sterilize all of the surfaces of a medical instrument on which biofilms are apt to form, the device is immersed in a container containing an antibiotic solution in a manner wherein all of the contaminated surfaces are forced into intimate contact with the antibiotic solution. A first current is applied to a first electrode disposed at one end of the container to establish a first current flow about the exterior of the instrument between the first electrode and a second distal electrode which is either proximate or in direct contact with an end portion of the device. A second current is passed between a third electrode which is either in electrical contact with a part of the instrument that is not immersed in the antibiotic solution, or immersed in the solution has been forced into the interior of the device, and the second electrode via a second current path which extends through the interior of the instrument.

Abstract: A method for prevention of cryptosporidium oocysts and similar organisms in water by irradiating the water with ultraviolet light in a range of 200 to 300 nm in doses of about 10 mJ/cm.sup.2 to 175 mJ/cm.sup.2.