Abstract: A gravimetric method for determining the iodine adsorption number of carbon black is disclosed. The concentration of an accurately weighed iodine solution is determined by titrating with a standardized titrant and determining the concentration of the iodine solution by the weight of the standardized titrant needed to reach the titration endpoint. An appropriate amount of accurately weighed iodine solution is mixed with an accurately weighed amount of carbon black, and the mixture is equilibrated. The concentration of the resulting supernatant is determined by determining the weight of the standardized titrant needed to reach the titration endpoint. The iodine adsorption number is then determined based on the gravimetrically determined concentrations of the solutions. Preferably, the method is semi-or fully automated, and an apparatus for accomplishing the same is disclosed.

Abstract: A gravimetric method for determining the iodine adsorption number of carbon black is disclosed. The concentration of an accurately weighed iodine solution is determined by titrating with a standardized titrant and determining the concentration of the iodine solution by the weight of the standardized titrant needed to reach the titration endpoint. An appropriate amount of accurately weighed iodine solution is mixed with an accurately weighed amount of carbon black, and the mixture is equilibrated. The concentration of the resulting supernatant is determined by determining the weight of the standardized titrant needed to reach the titration endpoint. The iodine adsorption number is then determined based on the gravimetrically determined concentrations of the solutions. Preferably, the method is semi-or fully automated, and an apparatus for accomplishing the same is disclosed.

Abstract: Titration apparatus includes two cells that receive and contain liquids and are transparent to light. A liquid having an unknown characteristic and mixed with an indicator that is optically responsive to a titrant is disposed in the cells. Light is transmitted through each cell to separate photosensors. The photosensor signals are compared and a titrant is added to one of the cells in known-volume increments until the difference between the signals reaches or exceeds a prescribed threshold. The characteristic of the liquid is calculated from the quality of known concentration titrant added in order to reach or exceed the prescribed threshold.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for automatic microbatch reaction including a reactor having a reaction chamber, such as a 1.5 milliliter plastic centrifuge tube having a conical bottom. An automatically actuated injection valve is used to inject less than 1 milliliter of a sample into the reaction chamber. One or more automatically actuated reagent valves are used to introduce respective pressurized reagents into the reaction chamber to process the sample. The volume of the reagent(s) introduced into the reaction chamber is less than 1 milliliter and controlled by the on time of the respective reagent valve. The automatically actuated valves are controlled by a computer based timer. A sensor positioned in the chamber, such as a pH electrode, can be used to analyze the processed sample in place or the processed sample can be analyzed by flowing it from the reaction chamber through a flow-through detector, such as a flow-through spectrophotometer.

Abstract: A system and method for quantitative analysis of a solution to determine the concentration of a chemical species in the solution. The system includes a reaction vessel; a source of at least one liquid reagent for reacting with the chemical species being tested for; a conduit leading from the reagent source to the reaction vessel; pneumatic pressure for forcing the reagent through the conduit; controls for controlling the amount of reagent added to the reaction vessel; and a detection device for detecting reaction between the reagent and the chemical species.

Abstract: In a new method for the titrimetric determination of the contents in a chemical solution, wherein a quantity of a reaction component, corresponding in each case to the change of a certain physical-chemical magnitude or a value derived from that, is added to a reaction component and this added quantity is so regulated that it will be a function of the prior and/or predetermined magnitude change or changes and the already added total quantity of one of the reaction components. In the method mentioned, the minimum quantity added is not allowed to fall below a predetermined percentage, e.g., 1.0 percent, or even 0.5 to 0.1 percent, of the already added quantity. The apparatus for performing the method therefore contains devices operable to regulate the quantity to be added as a function of the magnitude change and the already added total quantity of one of the reaction components. Potentiometric titration is the most important area of application of the new determination method.

Abstract: A differential conductivity sulfate monitor for determining the sulfate concentration of a fluid sample by monitoring the cation conductivity of the fluid sample before and after sulfate has been removed therefrom. The cation conductivities of the fluid sample before and after sulfate has been removed are compared to establish a differential conductivity, and the differential conductivity is used to calculate the sulfate concentration in accordance with a known relationship between a conductivity differential and the sulfate concentration of a fluid sample.

Abstract: An analytical method for determining by potentiometric titration formaldehyde in an electroless copper plating bath, which comprises using a hydroxylamine salt such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride as the titrant and using a silver electrode as the indicator electrode. This method can determine free formaldehyde in low concentration which takes part in the plating reaction.

Abstract: An analyzer for natural gas to determine the existence of and concentration of wanted and unwanted sulfur compounds and odorizing agents.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining various types of trace nitrogen having a measuring system which includes, a reaction section with a catalyst for reduction, an acidic gas removal section with a solid alkaline substance, heating sections for heating the reaction section and the acidic gas removal section, a coulometric titration section, and at least one distillation system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatic end-point detection in tripolyphosphate sequestration of hardness are disclosed. A desired approximate 1:1 molar ratio of the hardness elements calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) to sodium tripolyphosphate in a wash water solution is achieved by adding to the wash water solution sodium tripolyphosphate at a preselected rate as the electrical conductivity of the wash water solution is monitored.

Abstract: An autotitration method for electrochemically determining the concentration of a substance (S) contained in a fluid, which is arranged to flow past a generator electrode (2) and downstream thereof a detector electrode (3), said substance being capable of reacting with a species which is generated electrochemically at the generator electrode, the non-reacted portion of said species being detected electrochemically at the detector electrode. According to the invention the generator electrode current (i.sub.gen.) is controlled in response to the ratio between the detector electrode current (i.sub.det.) and the generator electrode current so as to maintain said ratio (i.sub.det. /i.sub.gen. or i.sub.gen. /i.sub.det.) at a pre-determined value (N'). Either of said currents (i.sub.gen. or i.sub.det.), which is a function of the concentration of the substance to be determined, is then measured.The invention further discloses a device for carrying out this autotitration method.

Abstract: A continually repeated chemical analysis of a process stream sample is effected by interposing the sample in a flow of titrant, flow of which is interrupted only to permit the interposition of the sample in the line of flow. A holding zone or chamber, e.g. a chromatographic column receives and holds titrant until the interposed sample in the column is titrated. Reaction product eluted from the column is detected.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring a chemical characteristic of a liquid such as its hydrogen ion activity or pH value. A disposable cassette having a reference and indicating electrode therein utilizes the same solution to first calibrate the device and then as an electrolytic bridge from the liquid sample to the reference electrode. The solution has the properties of a buffered pH and also provides a stable electrochemical environment around the reference electrode. In one embodiment, a volume of a liquid sample is placed into a capillary tube and the open end of the tube is then placed over the indicating electrode immersed in the solution. The electrical potential between the indicating electrode and the spaced reference electrode in the electrolyte solution provides a measurement of the pH value of the liquid when compared to the calibration potential previously measured without the liquid sample contacting the indicating electrode.

Abstract: A method for the automatic, electro-chemical determination of the end point of titration utilizing an initial, continuous addition of the titrant, up to a predetermined value, followed by a step-by-step addition with a resting time inserted therebetween for stabilization of the solution is disclosed. As the titrant is being added to the bath sample in constant volume units, a measured value is formed after every such addition. The difference to the preceding measurement is determined and the three consecutive differences of greatest magnitude are utilized in a mathematical formula for calculating the end point. The titration ceases when the greatest difference lies between two lesser values.

Abstract: This invention concerns an analysis reactor.This reactor is characterized by the fact that it comprises a generally cylindrical body open at the bottom and surrounded by two annular chambers, an upper one containing an inlet pipe and opening into the reactor through a number of radial apertures and a lower one inside which a cooling agent circulates, the cylindrical body ending at the bottom in a base containing a drainage hole with a device to plug this hole. The reactor body also contains an overflow pipe below the upper chamber.This invention also concerns the use of such a reactor to analyse a sample in powder form.

Abstract: Apparatus of high sensitivity and accuracy for detecting and measuring very low levels of chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and nitrates in high pressure, high temperature feedwater present in once-through and supercritical boilers, nuclear reactors and cogeneration systems. A sample of feedwater at 350.degree. F. and above is maintained near atmospheric boiling point in a vented chamber where volatile gases, mainly carbon dioxide, are removed by venting. The effluent from this chamber passes through a flow-type conductivity cell, is cooled to 20.degree.-40.degree. C. and flows upward through a hydrogen exchange resin bed at a flow rate of approximately 250 and 1,000 ml/min and higher. Subsequent reboiling of the condensate in a reboil chamber with the help of a small orifice valve through which a part of the hot feedwater sample passes provides constant temperature control of the condensate at or near atmospheric boiling and at a constant level prior to flow through another flow-type conductivity cell.

Abstract: Quantitative determination of a particular type of volatile material in a liquid is determined by first transferring the desired volatile, suppressing other volatiles if necessary, to a liquid of known conductivity, such as deionized, degassed water. Transfer is through a gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable membrane. Then the electrical conductivity of the water to which the volatile material has been transferred is determined. Continuous stream processing is feasible. An instrumental assembly suitable for this determination is provided.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring the pH of a sample source is disclosed. The apparatus has a sample chamber to which fluid is fed from the sample source for pH monitoring. An automatic rinse and buffer standardization system automatically, periodically standardizes the apparatus against a buffer solution of known pH.