Abstract: A method for separating ammonia and sulfides from a sour water stream is disclosed. The stripping of a sour water stream where it is stripped to create a sour water stripper overhead gas and then contacted with an alkali hydroxide in order to separate ammonia and make an alkali sulfide.

Abstract: A method for producing methanol and dimethyl ether using the air as the sole source of materials is disclosed. The invention relates to a method for producing methanol by removing water from atmospheric air, obtaining hydrogen from the removed water, obtaining carbon dioxide from atmospheric air; and converting the carbon dioxide under conditions sufficient to produce methanol. Thereafter, the methanol can be dehydrated to produce dimethyl ether or further processed to produce synthetic hydrocarbons, polymers, and products derived from them.

Abstract: A safe, economical and predictable process for producing ammonia from a urea solution, preferably where only a small amount of ammonia is required, (i.e. for SCR denitrification for small boilers, flue gas conditioning to enhance precipitator efficiency and/or alleviate plume problems, SNCR and the like), using an ultrasonic processor to cause “cold boiling” of portions of such solution and produce gaseous ammonia.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a system for stripping volatile compounds such as ammonia from liquids. Part of the ammonia is stripped from the liquid in a system having a shunt through which liquid such as e.g. fermented biomass can be diverted in the form of a side stream in liquid contact with a main fermentor(s). The stripper system is connected to an evaporator. In the evaporator aqueous liquid is heated at a pressure below atmospheric pressure whereby vapor is developed at a temperature below 100° C. The vapor from the evaporator is directed to the liquid medium containing ammonia and this results in ammonia being stripped from the liquid and transferred to the vapor phase. The vapor phase is condensed in a first condenser at a low pressure, and the liquid thus obtained is further treated in a stripper unit at a higher pressure.

Abstract: A substantially anhydrous solid or liquid chemical adduct formed by reacting hydrogen peroxide, and a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium dinitramide and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: One embodiment of a method of operating a NOx abatement system comprises: introducing an exhaust stream to an ammonia generator in a normal flow direction, adsorbing NOx from the exhaust stream in the ammonia generator, diverting the exhaust stream around the ammonia generator, introducing hydrogen to the ammonia generator in a direction opposite the normal flow direction, and generating ammonia within the ammonia generator.

Abstract: A system and method for generating, purifying, and using ultra-pure ammonia on-site, such as at a semiconductor manufacturing facility. The system includes an ammonia generation system configured to generate ammonia including carbon dioxide, water, and other impurities. A purification system is provided with the generation system in the manufacturing facility and is linked to the output of the generation system. The purification system processes the effluent from the ammonia generation system to remove substantially all of the carbon dioxide, water, and other impurities to produce an outlet stream of ultra-pure ammonia. The system further includes a point of use system provided at the same manufacturing facility to utilize the outlet stream of ultra-pure ammonia.

Abstract: A method of recovering ammonia by the distillation of an aqueous solution containing ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide. The distillation is conducted using a distillation apparatus having at least its portion which comes into contact with the aqueous solution made of an alloy 1 or alloy 2. The alloy 1 contains 3% by weight or more of molybdenum, 15% by weight or more of nickel and 15% by weight or more of chromium. The alloy 2 contains 1% by weight or more of molybdenum, 9% by weight or less of nickel and 20% by weight or more of chromium. The use of the alloy 1 or alloy 2 prevents the corrosion of the distillation apparatus and enables the stable recovery of ammonia for a long period of time.

Abstract: A method of ammonia production for a selective catalytic reduction system includes producing a first exhaust flow and a second exhaust flow. The first exhaust flow has a higher NOx concentration than the second exhaust flow. The method also includes directing a portion of the second exhaust flow to a reformer. The method further includes combining the portion of the second exhaust flow directed to the reformer with the first exhaust flow upstream of an ammonia-producing catalyst.

Abstract: A basic copper salt selected from basic copper carbonate, basic copper sulfate, basic copper acetate, basic copper citrate, and basic copper nitrate is manufactured by contacting copper metal with an aqueous solution having ammonia; an acid selected from carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, or citric acid; and oxygen, under conditions where the copper metal is converted to the basic copper salt; and then recovering the basic copper salt. The most economical embodiment is where the ammonia is present in the aqueous solution is in an amount between about 6.7 g/l and about 15 g/l calculated as NH3, and the pH of the composition is between 8 and 10, and the temperature of the composition is between 25° C. and 100° C. The method is particularly useful if the basic copper salt is basic copper carbonate. The basic copper carbonate produced has the formula: (CuCO3)x(Cu(OH2)y, where y is 1 and x is between 0.1 to less than 1; or where y is 1 and x is 1, or where y is 1 and x is between 0.

Abstract: Microchannel devices and method of use are disclosed wherein a reaction microchamber 52 is in thermal contact with a heat exchange channel 61. An equilibrium limited exothermic chemical process occurs in the reaction microchamber 52. Sufficient heat is transferred to the heat exchange channels to substantially lower the temperature in the reaction microchamber 52 down its length to substantially increase at least one performance parameter of the exothermic chemical process relative to isothermal operation. Optionally, an endothermic reaction occurs in the heat exchange channel 61 which is sustained by the exothermic chemical process occurring the exothermic reaction chamber. Both the reaction chamber 52 and the heat exchange channel 61 can be of micro dimension. Catalyst 75 can be provided in the microchamber 52 in sheet form such that reactants flow by the catalyst sheet.

Abstract: A device for producing ammonia from urea pellets includes a pellet dispensing device, a pellet accelerator, a pellet shooting channel, and an ammonia reactor having a chamber or zone for shooting in urea pellets and a pellet deflector arranged on an end of the shooting path. The device further includes a urea pellet evaporation device and a hydrolytic catalytic converter. The urea pellets are removed from the reservoir in a regulated number/quantity by a dispensing device and transported to the accelerating device, where the pellets are moved from the pellet shooting channel into the ammonia reactor, where they are broken down into small pieces by impacting a pellet deflector at the end of the shooting path. The pieces are converted into a gas mixture containing ammonia and isocyanic acid by means of a urea evaporation device. The isocyanic acid is subsequently converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: There is provided a nitrogen treating method capable of treating nitrogen compounds efficiently. The method is a nitrogen treating method of treating nitrogen compounds in for-treatment water by electrolysis and performs a first treating step of producing ammonia from the nitrogen compounds in the for-treatment water by electrolysis using a cathode and an anode between which a cation exchange film is interposed so as to define a cathode reaction region and an anode reaction region, and a second treating step of removing the ammonia in the for-treatment water treated in the cathode reaction region by the first treating step.

Abstract: Silazanes and/or polysilazanes are prepared by ammonolysis reaction in liquid anhydrous ammonia by introducing at least one halosilane into the ammonia. In addition to the silazane and/or polysilazane, an ammonolysis by-product also results. A substantially more efficient process is disclosed for treating the by-product through the addition of a liquid, namely water, or a solution comprising a strong base, or an aqueous acid solution. The process may be employed for more efficient, economical recovery of ammonia from such waste stream solutions of ammonia halide, or acids thereof for use as recycle in the further production of silazanes and polysilazanes, and/or for producing a less hazardous, more readily disposable salt residue thereof.

Abstract: A method for removing oxygen from ammonia at low temperature is described. In one embodiment, oxygen contaminated ammonia is contacted with a getter material that includes iron and manganese that sorbs oxygen to yield ammonia that is substantially oxygen free. In one embodiment, the process of contacting ammonia with the getter material takes place at about 25° C. In another embodiment the weight ratio between iron and manganese is about 7:1. In another embodiment, the getter material is dispersed on an inert support of specific surface greater than 100 m2/g. In one embodiment, impure ammonia is contacted with getter material including iron and manganese that sorbs oxygen and with a drying agent that absorbs water to yield deoxygenated anhydrous ammonia. In yet another embodiment, an apparatus consisting of a gas inlet, gas purification chamber and gas outlet that deoxygenates ammonia when charged with getter material that includes iron and manganese is described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the absorptive separation of NH3 and CH4 from a gas under high pressure, which at least contains NH3, H2, N2 and CH4, using a high-boiling, physically acting and regenerable solvent which contains homologues of alkylene glycol-alkyl-ether and which also may contain water, the absorbed components NH3, H2, N2 and CH4 being separated from the laden solvent in at least two further process steps at different pressure rates, thereby withdrawing at least one NH3-rich and at least one CH4-rich gas fraction from the solvent. This process is particularly suitable to be incorporated as unit in an ammonia production plant.

Abstract: A process for the heterogeneous synthesis of chemical compounds such as methanol and ammonia through catalytic conversion of the respective gaseous reactants that are made to pass through a first (2) and a second (3) reaction zone connected in series with each other, in which they react in pseudoisothermal conditions, distinguishes itself in that in the first reaction zone (2) the gaseous reactants are made to flow through a fixed mass of an appropriate catalyst in which a plurality of substantially box-like, plate-shaped heat exchangers (21), arranged side-by-side and crossed by a heat exchange operating fluid, is dipped.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the selective decomposition of hydrazine in a hydrazine/substituted hydrazine/water mixture. A catalyst chosen from the group consisting of nickel supported on silica/alumina, the nickel-nickel oxide mixture supported on silica/alumina and rhodium supported on carbon is introduced into this mixture and then the mixture is heated at a temperature of between 60° C. and 120° C.

Abstract: A process for distillative removal of ammonia from solutions (I) which include a lactam and ammonia comprises effecting said removal in a distillation apparatus (a) at an absolute pressure of less than 10 bar.

Abstract: Apparatus, materials, and methods for removing ammonia from fluid using metal hydroxides (e.g. zinc hydroxide) and metal cation loaded media (e.g. zinc loaded ion exchange resins); the metal hydroxides and metal cation loaded media may be regenerated with a weak acid (pKa between 3 and 7). Alternatively, ammonia is removed from fluids by using H2SO4 and ZnSO4 and metal cation loaded media; the metal cation loaded media may be regenerated with H2SO4 and ZnSO4; the ammonia containing H2SO4 and H2SO4 may be concentrated as necessary to form (NH4)2SO4.ZnSO4.6H2O (ammonium zinc sulfate hexahydrate) crystals. These crystals are removed from the mother liquor and heated to temperatures exceeding 200° C. releasing NH3 and H2O vapor upon the decomposition of the crystals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pozzolanic admixture containing ammonia-laden fly ash, method for making the pozzolanic admixture and method for controlling ammonia gas (NH3) emission from cementitious slurries using the pozzolanic admixture. The associated hypochlorite and ammonia reaction produces monochloramine and chloride salts at relatively low concentration levels harmless to concrete and concrete applications. The resulting monochloramine and chloride salt products are stable and do not dissipate into the air, thereby, eliminating odorous emission that is produced from cementitious slurry containing untreated ammonia laden fly ash.

Abstract: The invendon relates to a method for the production of a salt-free aqueous hydroxylamine solution by distilling an aqueous solution of an hydroxylammonium salt and a base in a plate column having at least two mechanical plates. The invention is characterized in that packings or structured packings are placed above at least one of the plates of the plate column along the cross section of said column.

Abstract: Process and system to produce nearly oil free ammonia using a rotary compressor with liquid injection from a separator tank where the liquid in the tank includes oil and liquid ammonia. The level of oil in the compressed ammonia leaving the separator is much lower than in conventional separators with coalescing elements, because the temperature is lower and there is less oil departure in oil vapor form.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the application of beat to remove ammonia compounds from fly ask, thereby making the fly ash a marketable product is disclosed. The method includes the steps of providing an amount of fly ash wherein at least a portion of the amount of fly ash comprises particulates having ammonia compounds affixed to the particulates, and exposing the fly ash to flowing air having a temperature of at least 1,500° F. (815 ° C.) such that the fly ash is maintained in the flowing air until the fly ash reaches a temperature of at last 900° F. (482 ° C.).

Abstract: A method for removing ammonia from fly ash employs water mist (a water fog) or a flowing warm humid air stream to rid the fly ash of ammonia. Ozone alone or with other co-oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide are also used to rid fly ash of ammonia.

Abstract: A process for purifying ammonia removing impurities contained in a crude ammonia which comprises contacting a crude ammonia with a purification agent comprises: a manganese oxide (1), and at least one kind of metal oxide (2) selected from vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, stannic oxide, zirconium oxide, bismuth oxide, niobium oxide and tantalum oxide as an effective component; wherein a ratio between a number of manganese atom and a number of the entire metallic atoms of the effective component is 80 to 99%; and preferably further contacting with a synthetic zeolite. The purification agent enables to remove a slight amount of impurities such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture to an extremely low concentration, and any repeated reproduction of the purification agent does not reduce the capability of removing impurities in crude ammonia, and the longevity of the purification agent was remarkably elongated than the conventional purification process.

Abstract: Regenerable gas purifier materials are provided capable of reducing the level of contaminants such as oxygen and moisture in a hydride gas stream to parts-per-billion levels or sub-parts-per-billion levels. The purifier materials of this invention comprise a thin layer of one or more reduced forms of a metal oxide coated on the surface of a nonreactive substrate. The thin layer may further contain the completely reduced form of the metal. In one embodiment, the total surface area of the thin layer is less than 100 m2/g.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for extraction of oil and hydrocarbons from crushed hydrocarbonaceous solids, such as oil shale, involving the pyrolyzing of the crushed solids with liquid hydrocarbon and syn gas rich in hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Crushed hydrocarbonaceous solids are treated with liquid hydrocarbon and hot syn gas at an elevated temperature in a rotary kiln where the crushed solids are cascaded into the hot syn gas for sufficient time to strip the volatile liquids and gases found in the solids, removing the vaporized liquids, enriched syn gas and spent crushed solids from the kiln, fractionating the vaporized liquids and enriched syn gas into the desired fractions. The enriched syn gas is particularly suited for use in combined-cycle electricity generation and in the preparation of various by-products. The process efficiently recycles heat and energy to reduce harmful atmospheric emissions and reliance on external energy sources.

Abstract: A dielectric barrier discharge apparatus and module for perfluorocompound (PFC) abatement. The apparatus includes a housing, first dielectric tube disposed in the housing, a second dielectric tube disposed in the first dielectric tube, and at least one electrode disposed in the housing. By this arrangement, a first cooling gas passage is formed between the housing and the first dielectric tube, a PFC passage is formed between the first and second dielectric tubes, and a second cooling gas passage is formed in the second dielectric tube. When the applied voltage for the electrodes is greater than a breakdown voltage, high energetic electrons generated in the PFC passage can ionize or dissociate the PFC to be removed. Meanwhile, cooling gas is introduced to the cooling gas passage for cooling the electrodes. A dielectric barrier discharge module composed of a plurality of dielectric barrier discharge apparatuses is provided to promote the capacity of the treatment of PFC gases.

Abstract: A process for the combined production of ammonia and urea of the type comprising an ammonia synthesis reactor (2), a urea synthesis reactor (5) and a urea recovery section (21) stands out for the fact of submitting at least a part of a flow comprising carbamate in aqueous solution coming from the urea recovery section (21) to a partial decomposition treatment, to obtain a flow comprising ammonia and carbon dioxide in vapor phase and a flow comprising diluted carbamate in aqueous solution, which is fed together with a gas flow comprising hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, preferably obtained by hydrocarbons steam reforming, and a flow comprising ammonia coming from the ammonia synthesis reactor (2) to a carbamate synthesis section (3), where ammonia and carbon dioxide are caused to react, to obtain a flow comprising carbamate in aqueous solution and a gas flow comprising hydrogen and nitrogen.

Abstract: A process for the continuous preparation of hydroxylammonium salts by catalytic reduction of nitrogen monoxide by means of hydrogen in a dilute aqueous solution of mineral acid in a plurality of reaction stages connected in series comprises

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pozzolanic admixture containing ammonia-laden fly ash, method for making the pozzolanic admixture and method for controlling ammonia gas (NH3) emission from cementitious slurries using the pozzolanic admixture. The associated hypochlorite and ammonia reaction produces monochloramine and chloride salts at relatively low concentration levels harmless to concrete and concrete applications. The resulting monochloramine and chloride salt products are stable and do not dissipate into the air, thereby, eliminating odorous emission that is produced from cementitious slurry containing untreated ammonia laden fly ash.

Abstract: A method including evaporating aqueous solutions containing ammonia, adding an acid to the evaporated vapor flow to form an ammonium salt, and condensing the vapor flow to form a liquid containing the salt. By this method the ammonia formed into a salt is not present as an inert gas layer which would impede condensation on the condenser surfaces.

Abstract: A process is provided for the separation of ammonia (I) from mixtures (II) containing ammonia (I) and an amide (IV) selected from the group consisting of a lactam (IVa), an oligomer (IVb) and a polymer (IVc) with amide groups in the main chain, said amide (IV) having been obtained by reacting educts (III), selected from the group consisting of nitrites (IIIa), amines (IIIb), amino nitrites (IIIc) and amino amides (IIId), with water, wherein

Abstract: A process for distillative removal of ammonia from solutions (I) which include a lactam and ammonia comprises effecting said removal in a distillation apparatus (a) at an absolute pressure of less than 10 bar.

Abstract: A method for removing ammonia from fly ash employs water mist (a water fog) or a flowing warm humid air stream to rid the fly ash of ammonia. Ozone alone or with other co-oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide are also used to rid fly ash of ammonia.

Abstract: Commercial grade ammonia is purified for use in production of semiconductors by initially passing the liquid ammonia through a liquid phase oil separation system. This removes the vast majority of the impurities. The filtered liquid ammonia is then passed through a vaporizer which quiescently forms ammonia vapor and prevents entrainment of impurities within the ammonia vapor. The vapor passes through a vapor filtration system and subsequently to a bubble column. The bubble column is designed so that the bubbles are small enough and travel at a rate which ensures that any entrapped particle within the bubble will have time to migrate to the surface of the bubble and thereby pass through the liquid phase. The collected vapor is directed through subsequent vapor filters and is collected. If anhydrous ammonia is desired, the ammonia vapor is collected upstream of the bubble column.

Abstract: Process and system to produce nearly oil free ammonia using a rotary compressor with liquid injection from a separator tank where the liquid in the tank includes oil and liquid ammonia. The level of oil in the compressed ammonia leaving the separator is much lower than in conventional separators with coalescing elements, because the temperature is lower and there is less oil departure in oil vapor form.

Abstract: A method of filling a sealed elastomer chamber (2, 6, 8) with gas is provided, wherein the chamber is filled with the gas chemically produced by thermal decomposition of a gas producing material (12, 14, 16) inside of the chamber itself using a usual means of a high frequency electromagnetic heating. This method is easier than a conventional gas filling method by charging a compressed gas from outside of the chamber to obtain a desired internal pressure in the chamber, and makes it possible to fill more than two sealed elastomer chambers individually with gas at one time.

Abstract: Gas flow is controlled to a feed gas consuming device depending on whether a contaminant gas is present. In one embodiment, hydrogen gas flow from a hydrogen gas generator to a hydrogen consuming device, such as a fuel cell, gas chromatograph or a flame ionization detector, is terminated when there is chemical contaminant breakthrough in the hydrogen gas flow. The apparatus relates to the use of a sensor for detecting a predetermined concentration of a chemical contaminant such as ammonia. In one embodiment the apparatus terminates the gas flow when a concentration of ammonia in the gas flow corresponds to a breakthrough (e.g., approximately in the range of 2.0% or greater). The apparatus prevents the ammonia-contaminated hydrogen from disabling such a hydrogen consuming device that would have otherwise received the contaminated gas flow.

Abstract: Process for the separation of a hydroxylammonium salt solution from an aqueous reaction mixture comprising solid catalyst particles by means of filtration, wherein cake filtration through an asymmetric filter is applied, the asymmetric filter comprising at least two layers having different pore diameter, at least one layer being a filter layer, the pore diameter of the filter layer being between 0.1 and 10 &mgr;m and the thickness of the filter layer being 10 to 1000 &mgr;m.

Abstract: Commercial grade ammonia is purified for use in production of semiconductors by initially passing the liquid ammonia through a liquid phase oil separation system. This removes the vast majority of the impurities. The filtered liquid ammonia is then passed through a vaporizer which quiescently forms ammonia vapor and prevents entrainment of impurities within the ammonia vapor. The vapor passes through a vapor filtration system and subsequently to a bubble column. The bubble column is designed so that the bubbles are small enough and travel at a rate which ensures that any entrapped particle within the bubble will have time to migrate to the surface of the bubble and thereby pass through the liquid phase. The collected vapor is directed through subsequent vapor filters and is collected. If anhydrous ammonia is desired, the ammonia vapor is collected upstream of the bubble column.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the decontamination of fluid ammonia are described. Liquid or gaseous ammonia is purified of contaminants by passage through an adsorbent bed, the contaminants accumulating in the bed. A portion of the purified ammonia discharged from the bed is decomposed to hydrogen and nitrogen. The hydrogen is used to regenerate an adsorbent bed which has accumulated sufficient contaminants to reduce its ability to further decontaminate incoming ammonia satisfactorily. Preferably there are a plurality of interconnected adsorbent beds, with some being operated for ammonia decontamination while others are being regenerated, with their operations being reversed as needed to maintain a continual production of decontaminated ammonia from the plurality of beds. Computers or other controllers can be used to control such bed operations and interchanges. Internal production of hydrogen makes the system self-contained and no addition of hydrogen is needed.

Abstract: A method for removing nitrogen oxides from a lean flue gas. The method is carried out by: a) treating the flue gas in an electrical gas discharge, b) passing the thus treated flue gas over a basic storage material to store the nitrogen oxides in the form of nitrates and release of the treated flue gas to the environment, and c) regeneration of the storage material after depletion of its storage capacity by removing the storage material from the flue gas stream and treating it was a reducing regenerative gas stream while forming ammonia.

Abstract: An ammonia generating method characterized by generating ammonia by the contact hydrolysis of urea by contacting at 200° C. or more an aqueous solution of urea with a contact hydrolysis catalyst containing at least one selected from the group consisting of hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates of alkaline metals as the main component, and a combusted exhaust gas processing method using the ammonia generated by the method.

Abstract: A process is provided for recycling heterogeneous waste including the initial step of subjecting the heterogeneous waste to pyrolysis to produce a synthesis gas stream comprising at least carbon monoxide and hydrogen and a molten pyrolysis product stream having a variable composition comprising at least a mineral material and a metallic material. The molten pyrolysis product stream is converted to a plurality of commercial grade solid materials. Likewise, the synthesis gas stream is also converted into at least one commercial grade chemical.

Abstract: A process for producing an ammonia-containing gaseous product from aqueous ammonia including the steps of transporting concentrated aqueous ammonia from a source location to a location of use remote from the source location, vaporizing a portion of ammonia from the aqueous ammonia to produce an ammonia-containing gaseous product and a dilute aqueous ammonia remainder, and transporting the dilute aqueous ammonia remainder to a return location, is disclosed.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the plasma-catalytic production of ammonia. A gas stream containing nitrogen and water vapor is passed through an electrical gas discharge in the discharge space of which is arranged a catalyst which contains a catalytically active component of at least one metal which can be titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, manganese or copper on a support.

Abstract: An improved process for ammonia recovery is provided for the recovery of substantially pure ammonia for use in industrial processes. In this improved method, specific raw materials and/or specific materials of construction are used. Overall efficiency and operational cost savings are increased as a result of the process of the present invention.

Abstract: This patent describes technology for generating ammonia from urea. The method is based on the hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of urea and/or biuret by heating under pressure to form a mixture of ammonia, carbon dioxide and water. The gas mixtures produced are useful for supplying ammonia at controlled pressure and rate of flow for many industrial applications without the risks and hazards associated with the transportation and on-site storage of ammonia, thereby providing a significant safety advantage over present industrial practice.