Abstract: Flaky mica pigments coated with metal oxides are prepared by oxidizing vaporizable metal carbonyls to metal oxides with oxygen at an elevated temperature in the presence of mica flakes which are kept in motion. The amount of carbonyls introduced into the reaction zone does not exceed 5% by volume of the amount of other gases introduced.The coated mica pigments are employed as pigments in surface coatings, plastics and glasses.

Abstract: A fluidized bed has an aperture plate which is inclined to the horizontal, to cause excessively large or dense particles to migrate to a collection point from which they may be removed from the particulate mass. Disruption of fluid flow through the aperture plate due to settled out particles is thus avoided. Preferably the aperture plate is made of a material which has the same permeability as the fluidized mass, thus inherently providing flow regulation necessary for even fluidization above the slope plate. To make investment casting molds, a gravity "rainsander" device is coupled with a fluidized bed. When slurry used in the mold making process drips from a pattern it falls into the fluidized bed thereby converting the errant drops into particulate balls which are conveniently removed.

Abstract: A process for coating a particulate insulating material, e.g. alumina, with a uniform layer of a valve metal. The particles are exposed to a gaseous nitrogen compound, or to nitrogen gas together with hydrogen and a volatile halide of the valve metal. It is thought that nitrogen provides nucleation of the surface for subsequent metal deposition. The coated powder may be used in the fabrication of electrolytic capacitor anodes.

Abstract: An apparatus for granulating and/or coating particles in a spouted bed having a cylindrically shaped enclosure surrounding and extending upward from a downwardly converging frustoconical structure connected to a gas flow conduit. A downwardly inclined flange extends from the walls of the cylindrical portion to overlap the top of the frustoconical part defining an annularly extending gap therebetween for allowing finished granules to exit therethrough.

Abstract: A device for introducing a gaseous flow stream in an apparatus for granulating and coating particles in a spouted bed including a flow directing structure located between the spouted bed containing portion of the device and the gaseous flowstream feeding portion. The flow directing structure directs the gaseous flow stream in the upward direction for preventing contact and agglomeration of particles in the vicinity of walls of the device.

Abstract: A method of pretreating coal fly ash is presented having an essentially monomolecular partial coating of under 100 angstroms thickness for obtaining improved compatibility with organic polymers and resins. The partial coverage is selected from the long-chain organic group including organotitanates, organofunctional silanes and stearic acids, with the former being preferable. The amount of chemical pretreatment compound required is preferably from 0.01 to 0.09 parts, per 100 parts of coal fly ash.

Abstract: The composite material, which is a solid porous carrier, whose pores are filled with a polymer, a polyolefin having the molecular weight not less than 300,000, the degree of pore filling with said polymer being at least 4 percent of the total volume of the pores, in which the ratio of the carrier mass to the mass of the polymer is 50-99.5:50-0.5. The method of producing said composite material consists in precipitation, from the gas phase, of a complex organometallic catalyst consisting of a compound of a transition metal and of an organic compound of a metal in the 2nd or 3rd group of the Periodic Table, inside the pores of a solid porous carrier, and in polymerization of olefins from the gas phase on said catalyst, precipitated in the pores of the solid porous carrier, at a temperature of 50.degree.-165.degree. C. and a pressure of 1-60 atm. The composite material is characterized by high mechanical strength (compression strength reaching 100-200 kg/sq.cm) high frost resistance, and hydrophobic properties.

Abstract: To prepare a colored pigment which has a metallic luster and consists of a metallic core whose surface is at least partially covered with an iron oxide, iron pentacarbonyl is oxidized with oxygen in a fluidized bed of the metallic cores at above 100.degree. C. The amount of iron pentacarbonyl vapor introduced into the fluidized bed must not exceed 5% by volume, based on the total gases introduced into the fluidized bed over the same period of time.

Abstract: Bleaching compositions containing coated or encapsulated bleaching agents, methods for employing these coated agents, as well as methods for preparing these encapsulates are disclosed. These compositions and methods are utilized to effectively bleach colored fabrics and textiles in both hot and cold water with minimal pinpoint damage to the fabric colors. The encapsulates have excellent storage properties and release of the active component at both hot and cold temperatures.

Abstract: Process for stabilizing particles of peroxygenated compounds by coating by means of a solid coating agent comprises applying a coating agent which contains at least one boron compound from metaboric acid, orthoboric acid and tetraboric acid.

Abstract: A uniform mixture of refractory metal carbide, binder metal and a pressing aid is achieved by fluidizing the mixture.

Abstract: An economical, low temperature, closed loop, thermal decomposition process is provided for producing a controllable mixture of heterogeneously and homogeneously nucleated ultrahigh purity polycrystalline silicon suitable for use in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and photovoltaic solar cells.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for thermally decomposing silicon containing gas for deposition on fluidized nucleating silicon seed particles is disclosed.Silicon seed particles are produced in a secondary fluidized reactor by thermal decomposition of a silicon containing gas. The thermally produced silicon seed particles are then introduced into a primary fluidized bed reactor to form a fluidized bed. Silicon containing gas is introduced into the primary reactor where it is thermally decomposed and deposited on the fluidized silicon seed particles. Silicon seed particles having the desired amount of thermally decomposed silicon product thereon are removed from the primary fluidized reactor as ultra pure silicon product.An apparatus for carrying out this process is also disclosed.

Abstract: Capacitive electrical heating of a fluidized bed enables the individual solid particles within the bed to constitute the hottest portion thereof. This effect is achieved by applying an A. C. voltage potential between dielectric coated electrodes, one of which is advantageously the wall of the fluidized bed rejection zone, sufficient to create electrical currents in said particles so as to dissipate heat therein. In the decomposition of silane or halosilanes in a fluidized bed reaction zone, such heating enhances the desired deposition of silicon product on the surface of the seed particles within the fluidized bed and minimizes undesired coating of silicon on the wall of the reaction zone and the homogeneous formation of fine silicon powder within said zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to the coating of particles for use, for example, as inoculants in the metallurgical field.A fluidized bed of metallic-particles (e.g. Fe/Si, Fe/Mn of size range 50 .mu.m to 3000 .mu.m or higher) is contacted with a wash-coat comprising a suspension of a non-dispersible ceramic powder in a sol (e.g. a suspension of Al(OH).sub.3 powder in a boehmite sol). Subsequent controlled drying and firing produces a ceramic coating on the particles which has good adhesion and thermal stability and whose thickness and density can readily be controlled.

Abstract: Bleaching compositions containing a chlorine bleaching agent coated with a silicate bound, hydrated, soluble salt containing an N--H chlorine accepting compound are described. Such compositions exhibit decreased localized dye attack of colored fabrics.

Abstract: Fuel, fertile material and/or absorber material containing particles for fuel and/or absorber elements in nuclear reactors are coated by a process comprising introducing thermally cleavable gases in the reaction space heated to above 1000.degree. C. of a fluidized bed unit with the help of a gas inlet nozzle cooled with a cooling medium and having an elongated inlet tube, decomposiing the cleavable gases after leaving the nozzle, depositing the decomposition products on fuel, fertile material or absorber particles present in the fluidized bed and bringing these coated particles into fuel elements or absorber elements. The cooling medium is solely gaseous and only the portion of the inlet tube for the nozzle tips of the gas inlet nozzles within the axis are cooled and the heat glow penetrating from outside is reduced by heat insulation. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also described.

Abstract: Electrostatographic carrier materials having low bulk densities and high magnetic permeabilities are obtained by impregnating low density porous silicaceous particles with a magnetic or magnetically-attractable transition metal or metal oxide thereof. The low density magnetic composite carrier particles are prepared by the thermal decomposition of transition metal carbonyls in the presence of the silicaceous particles with a suitable suspending medium. Air and moisture are excluded from the reaction vessel and the contents are heated with agitation so that the carbonyl boils and the mixture is refluxed until the temperature rises to that of the suspending medium whereupon impregnation of the silicaceous particles with elemental metal and/or metal oxide is complete. The mixture is cooled, the beads washed, air-dried, and recovered. When mixed with toner particles the aforementioned carrier materials experience significantly reduced toner impaction levels.

Abstract: A portion of the feed gas is supplied in a pulsating fashion to a fluidized ed reactor containing the articles to be coated mixed with fluidizing particles. The pulse frequency is between 1 and 10 Hz. A continuous flow of a portion of the total gas supply at a rate insufficient to produce turbulence in the bed is provided to facilitate control of the pulsing frequency and reduce the energy necessary for the pulsating gas stream. The gases fed to the reactor are a coating gas and a carrier gas, the flow containing the coating gas including a portion of the carrier gas. Either the pulsed flow or the continuous flow may consist entirely of carrier gas. The fluidizing particles are preferably of the same material as the articles to be coated and are typically of a grain size between 2 and 3 mm.

Abstract: A powdered sodium percarbonate composition is provided which exhibits significantly improved percarbonate stability during storage. The sodium percarbonate is stabilized by a phosphate containing compound such as sodium tripolyphosphate or sodium orthophosphate. The powdered sodium percarbonate composition is useful as a powder bleach and preferably comprises a separation resistant bleach composition in the form of a plurality of particles, substantially each particle including sodium carbonate, sufficient sodium percarbonate to provide from about 1 to about 6 weight percent available oxygen, and sufficient of the phosphate containing stabilizer to retard decomposition of the percarbonate.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the mixing of relatively small amounts of liquid or liquefied additive with relatively large amounts of solid granular material comprising: forming, in a conduit, a continuous pneumatic- or gravity-borne stream of solid granular material; passing an inert gas stream through a constricting orifice to maintain sonic velocity flow conditions therein; concurrently introducing a stream of said liquid or liquefied additive into said inert gas stream in said constricting orifice under conditions such that combined stream sonic velocity flow conditions are maintained; and introducing the resulting combined liquid or liquefied additive and inert gas streams into said conduit to effect addition of said liquid or liquefied additive to said solid granular material.

Abstract: Additive products for use in the washing of textiles are provided comprising an organic peroxy bleach precursor on a non particulate solid substrate that can be added to conventional inorganic persalt containing detergent liquors to enhance their bleaching performance particularly at temperatures of 70.degree. C. and below.

Abstract: According to the invention, the method for applying a polymer coating onto the surface of a solid filler comprises deposition of a complex organometallic catalyst, containing a compound of a transition metal and an organic compound of a metal of the second or third groups of the periodic system, on the surface of the solid filler and liquid- or gas-phase polymerization of olefins at a temperature of 50.degree. to 170.degree. C. and a pressure of 1 to 60 atm on said catalyst deposited on the surface of the solid filler. The deposition is carried out in two stages. The first stage is gas-phase deposition of the first component of the catalyst, i.e. a compound of a transition metal, on the surface of the solid filler. The second stage is gas- or liquid-phase deposition of the second component of the catalyst, i.e. an organic compound of a metal of the second or third group of the periodic system.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a treatment bed with a fluidized, circulating medium comprises a fluidization container having intake means for a fluidization agent and means for vibration in the longitudinal direction comprises a fluidization grid consisting of a plate having a plurality of vents arranged in rows alternating with a plurality of rectilinear unvented strips, the strips being parallel to the vertical plane containing the direction of the vibrations.

Abstract: A process for the production of granular sulfur in a rotating drum in which molten sulfur at a temperature within the range of about 110.degree. to 160.degree. C. is sprayed in a contact zone onto a bed of moving sulfur particles and a continuous curtain of said particles and resulting particles are passed to a cooling zone prior to discharge. A countercurrent flow of substantially inert cooling gas at a temperature in the range of about 10.degree. to 50.degree. C. and containing not more than 8% by volume oxygen is introduced to the cooling zone and a portion or all of said cooling gas is passed through the contact zone. The contact and cooling zones can be formed in a single rotating drum and separated from each other by a retaining ring or formed in separate vessels.Discharge particles from the cooling zone are separated according to size and undersized particles are recycled as fines to the contact zone at a ratio of 4:1 to 2:1 of fines to product granules.

Abstract: Apparatus for suspending particles in a fluidized bed within a coating chamber where the particles are coated with a substance contained in a reactant gas introduced into the chamber by means of a centrally arranged nozzle extending upwardly from the coating chamber floor. Levitating gas for suspending the particles in the fluidized bed is introduced into the chamber from around the centrally arranged nozzle and generally parallel with the chamber base to promote particle circulation through the fluidized bed and minimize deposition within the chamber in one species of the apparatus, the nozzle is supported upon a movable probe which forms a closure for an opening in the chamber base through which coated particles are unloaded.

Abstract: A method for improving calcium carbonate by causing calcium carbonate particles to undergo contact reaction with an acid gas capable of reacting with calcium carbonate for finely uniformizing the calcium carbonate particle size and, at the same time, coating the surface of the calcium carbonate particles with the calcium salt of the acid of the acid gas.

Abstract: Urea granules are prepared by spraying an aqueous urea solution having a urea concentration of 70-99.9% by weight on to fluidized urea nuclei in the form of droplets having a mean drop diameter of 20-120 .mu.m at a temperature at which the water is evaporated from the solution sprayed on to the nuclei and urea crystallizes on the nuclei to form granules having a desired size.

Abstract: Apparatus useful for spray coating discrete particles, such as pharmaceutical tablets, with liquid coating compositions which are essentially free of organic solvents, the apparatus having at least three spaced spray nozzles mounted on a spray manifold having a conical surface design which is located within a vertically disposed two-zone coating chamber, having a gas inlet at the chamber base adapted to project the particles to be coated through a coating zone for recirculation through a drying zone.

Abstract: Urea granules having a desired size are produced in a fluidized bed formed in a vertical cylindrical vessel which is partitioned into an upper compartment and a lower compartment by means of a funnel shaped partition having numerous holes through which the lower compartment is connected to the upper compartment, by: (A) feeding urea solid seed particles into the upper compartment; (B) atomizing and injecting upward a liquid containing a material to be incorporated onto the urea seed particles into the upper compartment through a nozzle having a top thereof located just above a center of the bottom of the funnel-shaped partition; (C)-(1) upwardly blowing a number of streams of an inert gas having a temperature of from 50.degree. to 98.degree. C. into the upper compartment through the holes of the funnel-shaped partition; (C)-(2) blowing upward a stream of an inert gas having a temperature of from 30.degree. to 120.degree. C.

Abstract: Broadly, finely divided material or particles which are readily carried in or by a gaseous or vaporous fluid are caused to impinge upon solid polyolefin particles to maintain fluidized during contacting by use of a gaseous or vaporous material carrying said particles. In one embodiment, carbon black reactor smoke at a suitable temperature is employed to fluidize a bed of finely divided polyolefin, e.g., polyethylene, thus producing particles of plastic containing carbon black pigment. In this embodiment, off gas from the fluidized zone, preferably on separation from entrained solids, is burned in a wet pellet dryer in which carbon black from a carbon black reactor effluent is processed. Recovered solids can be returned to the fluidized operation. The carbon black-impregnated polyolefin product is recovered from the fluidized bed.

Abstract: In the production of elemental silicon by chemical vapor deposition on a particulate seed bed, the continuous generation of seed particles for use or recycle is achieved by the maintenance of a separate, subsidiary reaction zone at a temperature which favors breakage of product particles; while a higher temperature, favorable for deposition, is maintained in the principal reaction zone. The separate reaction zones may be established in separate reactors, or in a single reactor.

Abstract: Additive products for use in the washing of textiles are provided comprising an organic peroxy bleach precursor on a non particulate solid substrate that can be added to conventional inorganic persalt containing detergent liquors to enhance their bleaching performance particularly at temperatures of 70.degree. C. and below.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to formation of polycrystalline silicon by the fluid bed process wherein seed crystals of silicon are entered into the reactor from the bottom thereof and by means of a pressurized feed, the product being removed from the reactor through a tube entering the reactor at its bottommost portion. The removed product passes through a closed line by gravity into a closed vessel, the vessel being movable to a crystal puller apparatus without handling or exposure. The closed line is also tapped, as desired, to remove product on-line for test during operation so that the system can be immediately shut down when improper product is detected without excessive loss of pure polycrystalline silicon. The polycrystalline silicon is fed from the transfer vessel to a melt from which crystals are to be pulled via an intermediate reservoir. The silicon is transferred from the vessel to the reservoir under pressure to prevent contamination thereof.

Abstract: A carrier bead is disclosed having a core and at least an outer coating of polytetrafluoroethylene or fluorinated ethylene propylene. Use of these fluoropolymers as carrier coatings results in extremely long carrier life and overcomes problems that have heretofore plagued the commercialization of a magnetic brush development system for a plain paper electrostatic copying apparatus.

Abstract: An insulating magnetic toner useful as a one component developer for electro-photography consisting essentially of a ferro-magnetic material, a resin and a charge controlling agent. The preferred toner mixture has an average particle size in the range from about 7 to about 30 .mu.m and is substantially free of particles having a size smaller than 1 .mu.m. The toner is preferably prepared by mixing a ferromagnetic material, a resin and a charge controlling agent, heat kneading, cooling and then granulating the mixture to form fine particles, contacting the pacticles with a hot gas of a temperature higher than the toner softening point and lower than 500.degree. C to fuse particles smaller than about 1 .mu.m to larger particles, cooling and selecting the particles of an average particle size of about 7 to about 30 .mu.m.

Abstract: Bleaching compositions containing coated or encapsulated bleaching agents, methods for employing these coated agents, as well as methods for preparing these encapsulates are disclosed. These compositions and methods are utilized to effectively bleach colored fabrics and textiles in both hot and cold water with minimal pinpoint damage to the fabric colors. The encapsulates have excellent storage properties and release of the active component at both hot and cold temperatures.

Abstract: Fuel, fertile material or absorber material containing particles for high temperature fuel elements are coated in a fluidized bed by heating the particles and fluidizing through carrier gas preheated to the desired temperature. The coating gas, having a higher velocity than the carrier gas causing fluidizing, is blown into the fluidized particle bed from one or more nozzles from above counter to the flow of the carrier gas. The nozzles end above the fluidized layer.

Abstract: Improved peroxyacid bleaching particles comprising an inner core of a solid peroxyacid compound and as a coating a surfactant compound. Methods of making and using such particles and compositions containing such particles are also described.

Abstract: Preparation of ureaform granules. A concentrated aqueous solution of a urea-formaldehyde condensate is mixed with a catalyst which at normal temperature effects virtually no acid condensation, but a elevated temperature releases sufficient strong acid to effect the acid condensation in a few seconds. The mixture of solution and catalyst is sprayed over solid ureaform particles maintained in spaced interrelationship and at such a temperature that the catalyst is decomposed and effects acid condensation, whereby the sprayed particles are coated with a layer of ureaform and dried.

Abstract: Granular calcium hypochlorite particles having a core of calcium hypochlorite encapsulated in a plurality of layers of calcium hypochlorite are produced from an aqueous slurry of calcium hypochlorite by spraying a pumpable and sprayable slurry of calcium hypochlorite particles onto suspended particles of solid calcium hypochlorite above a moving bed of said particles. The solid particles coated with the slurry are heated to simultaneously evaporate and remove water from the slurry whereby said particles are coated with a layer of solid calcium hypochlorite.A portion of the moving bed of coated articles is removed from the spraying zone and further processed, if desired. In one embodiment the coated articles, with or without sizing, are dried to produce granular particles having the desired moisture content.

Abstract: A bleaching assistant in the form of granulated particles for use in or with a washing and bleaching composition is provided which comprises:(a) 50-85% by weight of a bleaching activator for percompounds selected from the group consisting of N-acyl and O-acyl compounds and carbonic acid esters;(b) 2-25% by weight of a stabilizing agent for percompounds e.g. organic phosphonic acids or ethylenediaminetetraacetate;(c) 7-30% by weight of a nonionic surface-active compound having a melting point of at least 35.degree. C.

Abstract: The specification discloses a process for packaging stain remover in individualized gelatine capsules whose exterior surfaces are treated with a solution of a water insoluble plastic material, specifically from about 5 to about 20 parts of post chlorinated polyvinyl chloride per 100 parts of finished solution, in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent selected from the group consisting of chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Particulate peroxygen compounds selected from alkali metal percarbonates, perpyrophosphates, pertripolyphosphates and peroxymonosulphates are stabilized by coating the particles with a mixed salt selected from sesquicarbonate having the formula Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3.NaHCO.sub.3.2H.sub.2 O and mixed compounds obtained by crystallization of sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate of formula Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4.nNa.sub.2 CO.sub.3 where n is a number from 0.3 to 3.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing .alpha.-Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the form of acicular particles substantially free from occluded boils or cavities, and containing from 0.2 to 2% by weight of SiO.sub.2, and having a mean axial ratio between 6 and 8, and an intrinsic coercive force of 320 - 370 Oe. An aqueous solution of FeSO.sub.4. 7H.sub.2 O is treated with alkali, in the presence of air, thus forming acicular .alpha.-FeOOH, which is then dehydrated, reduced at Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 under fluidizing conditions, and oxidized to .gamma.-Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 at 200.degree.-350.degree. C under fluidizing conditions. The formation of the acicular .alpha.-FeOOH is carried out at a yield of 0.5-2.5 kg of ferric Fe per hour per m.sup.3 of reactor; the reaction product is filtered and washed and the .alpha.-FeOOH particles are coated with 0.2-2% by weight of SiO.sub.2, from an aqueous suspension of .alpha.-FeOOH brought to a temperature ranging from 50.degree. to 90.degree. C, adding Na.sub.2 SiO.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solubility stable bleaching formulation in the form of an encapsulated core. The core comprises particles of tabular habit diperisophthalic acid (DPI) in admixture with particles of inorganic salt substantially more water-soluble than the diperisophthalic acid. The bleaching formulation maintains a high rate of solution in water after storage under conditions of temperature fluctuation.

Abstract: A balanced closed cycle silicon refinery has been developed for producing electronic silicon from industrial grade silicon. Impurities comprising approximately 1% of the industrial grade silicon are removed during the refinery process to produce the purified silicon, while only a relatively small percentage of make-up chemicals are added to the system. In the refinery, hydrogen chloride is reacted with the impure silicon in a halide reactor to provide trichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen. The trichlorosilane and/or silicon tetrachloride are purified to remove the impurities, and then reacted with the hydrogen from the halide reactor in a fluidized bed reactor to produce the purified silicon and an effluent comprised of unreacted trichlorosilane, silicon tetrachloride, hydrogen, and the by-product hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: Granular peroxybleach activated detergent compositions are disclosed containing a crystalline activator component having a well-defined particle diameter and a narrowly defined rate of hydrolysis. These compositions have improved stability, particularly with respect to the activator, under prolonged, particularly alkaline, storge conditions. Peroxybleach activator agglomerates having a specific particle diameter and detergent compositions containing these agglomerates are also disclosed. The agglomerating agent is defined through its inertness versus the activator and also in its melting point. The bleach-activator detergent compositions of this invention are stable under prolonged (alkaline) storage thereby remaining substantially unchanged with respect to the appearance and performance characteristics of the freshly prepared detergent composition.

Abstract: A method and multiple embodiments of apparatus for coating particles with a substance contained in a reactant gas, the particles being suspended in a fluidized bed within a coating chamber. In the method and each embodiment of the apparatus, the reactant gas is introduced into the coating chamber through an elongated nozzle closed at its upper end and including multiple lateral orifice openings for directing the reactant gas radially outwardly into the coating chamber. Means are preferably arranged about the base of the nozzle for introducing levitating gas radially and spirally outwardly into the chamber to further promote circulation of the particles and to accomplish more uniform coating.

Abstract: Bleaching compositions containing coated or encapsulated bleaching agents, methods for employing these coated agents, as well as methods for preparing these encapsulates are disclosed. These compositions and methods are utilized to effectively bleach colored fabrics and textiles in both hot and cold water with minimal pinpoint damage to the fabric colors. The encapsulates have excellent storage properties and release of the active component at both hot and cold temperatures.