Abstract: There are provided electrochemical cells resistant to abusive charging and overdischarging which comprise an anode made of calcium or magnesium, an inert current collector and a liquid cathode constituted by an inorganic oxyhalide wherein there is dissolved a soluble calcium salt.

Abstract: There is provided an electrochemical reserve cell of short activation time, which comprises a calcium dischargeable calcium alloy anode essentially devoid of alkali metal, an inorganic oxyhalide liquid cathode serving also as solvent for the electrolyte salt, an electrolyte salt consisting of Lewis acid and a calcium Lewis base, said Lewis acid being in excess of the Lewis base, and an inert current collector, said electrolyte solution being stored separately from said electrode compartment, means being provided for contacting said solution with said electrodes when the cell is to be activated.

Abstract: A primary electrochemical cell having an oxidizable active anode material, a cathode current collector, and an electrolytic solution comprising a liquid cathode material and an electrolyte solute dissolved therein. The cathode current collector includes a catalytic material comprising a mixture of carbon and a polymer which is the product of the reaction of a transition metal salt such as ferric acetylacetonate or colbaltic acetylacetonate with tetracyanoethylene.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having a housing containing a sodium anode assembly, a cathode assembly, and an electrolyte, in which the electrolyte is a sodium ion conducting alkali metal aluminum tetrahalide and the cathode material is a transition metal chalcogenide, or a reaction product of the chalcogenide and the electrolyte, disposed on a substrate in contact with the electrolyte.

Abstract: A non-aqueous cell having a lithium anode is made abuse resistant by sandwiching and enclosing a thin substantially perforation-free copper foil or sheet between layers of lithium whereby the copper is isolated from the cell electrolyte.

Abstract: A lithium-thionyl chloride cell which has a lithium-aluminum alloy at the anode surface for reducing voltage delay.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use in a non-aqueous electrochemical cell of a conductive electrolyte comprising an ionizing solute dissolved in a mixture of a selected halide of an element of Group IV to Group VI of the Periodic Table and a cosolvent. The selected halide serves the dual function of acting as a solvent for the solute and as the active cathode depolarizer of the cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical cell employing a cathode collector, an anode, a separator and an electrolyte containing a liquid active reducible cathode, and wherein recesses are provided on that surface of the cathode collector which faces the anode so as to improve access of liquid cathode to electrochemically active sites on and within the cathode collector.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell which has a negative electrode (1) including an alkali or alkali-earth metal dissolved in liquid ammonia, a positive electrode (2), an electrolyte (3), and a separator (4). The positive electrode (2) is constituted by a solution in ammonia of a chalcogen or of a chalcogenide or of an emulsion or suspension in ammonia of a solid compound suitable for intercalating the metal of the negative electrode (1). Said electrolyte (3) includes a solution of an iodide of an alkali or alkali-earth metal.The invention is used in the field of reversible high-power electric cells operating at low temperatures.

Abstract: An alkali metal rechargeable battery utilizing an electrochemical reaction between an alkali or alkaline earth metal and sulfur. The metal is included in an amalgam anode.

Abstract: A battery employing an alkali metal-sulfur electrochemical reaction pair in an anhydrous ammonia electrolyte environment including an anolyte and method for suppressing formation of a bronze between the ammonia and the metal and a method for making the anolyte. The anolyte includes a bronze suppressing, conductivity enhancing salt of the alkali metal and a bronze suppressing aromatic organic dissolved in the anhydrous ammonia.

Abstract: A metal halogen battery construction containing a special reactor means having a combustion arrester device and a reaction initiator device, whereby the reactor means permits controlled recombination of hydrogen gas and halogen gas in the system to form hydrogen halide, which is then dispersed into the store means of the battery.

Abstract: A system for storing electrical energy having a storage compartment containing a storage electrode made of tin, and further containing an alkaline sulfide solution containing tin in a soluble form.A battery made of a plurality of cells. Each of the cells is positioned within a container and separated by separating members adapted to slide within the container and includes a storage and a second compartment separated by a membrane. The membrane is adapted to compensate for volumetric variations within each of the compartments.A system comprising a plurality of electrolyte containing cells separated by separating members having orifices therein which permit fluid communication between the electrolyte of each of the cells.A battery made of a plurality of individual cells. Each of the cells comprises means for venting hydrogen generated in each of the cells.A method of assembling a battery made of a plurality of cells.

Abstract: A nonaqueous cell employing a liquid cathode, such as an oxyhalide, an active anode, such as lithium, a cathode collector, such as carbon and/or graphite, and a separator between said anode and said collector and wherein said separator comprises a uniform mixture of 85 to 95 weight percent glass fibers having a substantially uniform size and 15 to 5 weight percent binder, such as polyvinyl alcohol.

Abstract: In an electrolyte circulation type metal-bromine secondary battery of the kind in which the negatively active material is a metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, zinc and lead, the anode electrolyte storage tank comprises an anode electrolyte zone and a complexing agent zone having a cross-sectional area smaller than that of the anode electrolyte zone.

Abstract: A metal halogen battery construction, with the improved combination comprising, at least one cell having a positive electrode and a negative electrode for contact with aqueous electrolyte containing the material of said metal and halogen, sump means wherein the electrolyte is collected, store means wherein halogen hydrate is formed and stored as part of an aqueous material, circulation means for transmitting electrolyte through the battery, conduit means for transmitting halogen gas formed in the cell to hydrate forming means associated with the store means, fluid jet pump means operative to cause circulation of gases from the sump including hydrogen and halogen to contact a reactor means whereby hydrogen and halogen are combined and returned to the sump, and valve means sensitive to gas pressure in the sump means whereby when sump pressure drops below a desired setting of said valve means, the valve opens and permits halogen gas from the store to be transmitted to the electrolyte circulation means.

Abstract: A method of removing inert gases from a metal halogen electrolyte battery system in which hydrogen is generated along with other inerts such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen, said method comprising, pressurizing the gas space above the sump to a preset pressure above ambient, and subsequently venting the hydrogen and other inert gases from the gas space through an absorber means which removes trace quantities of chlorine from the gases.

Abstract: A metal halogen battery construction containing a novel reactor means having at least two reaction zones with a reaction initiator device in each zone, whereby the reactor permits controlled recombination of hydrogen gas and halogen gas in the system to form hydrogen halide, which is then dispersed into the aqueous electrolyte of the battery.

Abstract: There is provided a novel primary cell which comprises in combination an anode made of lithium, of sodium or of a dischargeable alloy of same, which has a melting point above 80.degree. C., an electrolyte comprising a solvent or solvent mixture which is suited to dissolve a polysulfide to attain a concentration of at least 0.01 M, and to dissolve an electrolyte salt to give a solution of at least 0.1 M, said solvent or solvent system having an own EMF against the anode which is low enough so as not to prevent the reaction of the anode material with said polysulfide to form a M.sub.2 S solid electrolyte interphase, said electrolyte containing a polysulfide M.sub.2 S.sub.n where M is selected from lithium and sodium, the concentration of the polysulfide being high enough and n being low enough to result in a predetermined low selfdischarge of the cell, and an inert porous current collector. The current collector may be charged with sulfur.

Abstract: A thermally regenerative electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell with two water-based electrolytes separated by an ion exchange membrane, at least one of the electrolytes containing a complexing agent and a salt of a multivalent metal whose respective order of potentials for a pair of its redox couples is reversible by a change in the amount of the complexing agent in the electrolyte, the complexing agent being removable by distillation to cause the reversal.

Abstract: A fluid cathode depolarized cell having a catalytic cathode comprised of a graphite intercalated metal halide such as CuCl.sub.2, CoCl.sub.2, FeCl.sub.3 and SbF.sub.5.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having an alkali or alkaline metal anode, a cathode or current collector, an electrolyte and an anode neutralizing agent consisting of an inorganic solid positioned contiguous to and in intimate contact with the anode. Said neutralizing agent is nonreactive with all cell components below a predetermined temperature near the melting point of the anode. At or near the melting point of the anode, the agent and anode enter into endothermic or at most mildly exothermic reaction.

Abstract: A method for completing the discharge of a primary electrochemical cell in which the discharge has prematurely ceased or has significantly diminished. A primary electrochemical cell to which the method of the invention is applicable includes a plurality of anode and cathode structures arranged in alternation, and an electrolytic solution. Each of the anode structures and the electrolytic solution includes a component subject to consumption by chemical action within the cell during discharge. The anode and cathode structures are connected to external electrical terminals of the cell by way of metal tabs and metal bus bar assemblies.

Abstract: A small diameter (<1" (2.54 cm)) fluid depolarized cell having enhanced electrochemical capability and being both economical and adaptable to high rate manufacturing procedures. The cell is made with a cathode slurry of the fluid depolarizer and controlled amounts of an activated carbonaceous material.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell construction features a novel co-extruded plastic electrode in an interleaved construction with a novel integral separator-spacer. Also featured is a leak and impact resistant construction for preventing the spill of corrosive materials in the event of rupture.

Abstract: A metal halogen battery system, said system having the following construction, a store means constructed in the form of a container which includes a generally unitary filter means extending around most of the inside surface of the container and with the filter means being spaced a predetermined distance away from said surface to form spacing between the filter means and the inside surface, said filter means being operative to separate the hydrate formed from the liquid electrolyte, a hydrate former-gas pump means associated with the store means and being operative to intermix halogen gas from the battery cell with aqueous electrolyte from the store means and from the cell, a gas space means being maintained at the top of the store means with the hydrate former-pump means exhausting into the proximity of the gas space, said gas space means being operative to reduce transfer of liquid from the store to the cell, exit conduit means generally adjacent the top of the store means for transmitting fluid containing h

Abstract: A chemical power supply comprises a cathode and an anode including active materials dissolved in an electrolyte based on an organic solvent, and a diaphragm for separating the cathode from the anode.The cathode active material is a stable radical selected from the group consisting of a stable cation-radical of an aromatic amine, a stable cation-radical of a heterocyclic compound, a stable electrically neutral radical of an aromatic oxygen-containing compound, a stable electrically neutral radical of an aromatic nitrogen-containing compound, while the anode active material is a stable anion-radical of an aromatic compound.

Abstract: The electrochemical cell according to the present invention comprises an anode of a metal capable of reducing sulphur dioxide, an inert porous cathode with the electron-type conductivity, preliminarily anodically polarized to a potential of from 4.5 to 4.7 V relative to a lithium electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing sulphur dioxide as a cathodic depolarizer, at least one aprotic organic solvent with a donor number of from 20 to 50, and an electrolyte salt which is inert relative to sulphur dioxide and the anode metal.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell construction features a novel co-extruded plastic electrode in an interleaved construction with a novel integral separator-spacer. Also featured is a leak and impact resistant construction for preventing the spill of corrosive materials in the event of rupture.

Abstract: Battery cathodes of the iodine-complex type including one or more additives for improved iodine utilization.

Abstract: A metal halogen battery system, including at least one cell having a positive electrode and a negative electrode contacted by aqueous electrolyte containing the material of said metal and halogen, store means whereby halogen hydrate is formed and stored as part of an aqueous material, means for circulating electrolyte through the cell and to the store means, and conduit means for transmitting halogen gas formed in the cell to a hydrate former whereby the hydrate is formed in association with the store means, said store means being constructed in the form of a container which includes a filter means, said filter means being inoperative to separate the hydrate formed from the electrolyte, said system having, a hydrate former pump means associated with the store means and being operative to intermix halogen gas with aqueous electrolyte to form halogen hydrate, said hydrate former means including, multiple outlet nozzle means connected with the outlet side of said pump means and being operative to minimize pluggi

Abstract: An improved hydrate store for a metal halogen battery system is disclosed which employs a multiple stage, multiple filter means or separating the halogen hydrate from the liquid used in forming the hydrate. The filter means is constructed in the form of three separate sections which combine to substantially cover the interior surface of the store container. Exit conduit means is provided in association with the filter means for transmitting liquid passing through the filter means to a hydrate former subsystem. The hydrate former subsystem combines the halogen gas generated during the charging of the battery system with the liquid to form the hydrate in association with the store. Relief valve means is interposed in the exit conduit means for controlling the operation of the separate sections of the filter means, such that the liquid flow through the exit conduit means from each of the separate sections is controlled in a predetermined sequence.

Abstract: The energy density as shown by improved cell life of power cells having consummable alkaline or alkaline earth anodes such as lithium, a carbonaceous current collector and a liquid active cathode depolarizer is enhanced by adding to said current collector one or more of the following: platinum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, antimony, vanadium, indium, tin, nickel, gold, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, silver, paladium, manganese, colbalt, yttrium, and cadmium.

Abstract: Zirconium carbide is used as a catalyst in a REDOX cell for the oxidation of chromous ions to chromic ions and for the reduction of chromic ions to chromous ions. The zirconium carbide is coated on an inert electronically conductive electrode which is present in the anode fluid of the cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electro-chemical cell having an electrolyte comprising water, a halogen other than fluorine, a halide other than fluoride, which is not oxidized by the halogen as a soluble salt, and a stable, saturated, organic nitrile or dinitrile containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms or a mixture thereof, said electrolyte being composed such as to exist in two phases, a first phase being halogen and nitrile-rich and a second phase being water-rich and containing halide salt, the cell having an inert electrode in the halogen and nitrile-rich phase and an electrode, containing or contacting halogen oxidizable material, in the water-rich phase. The electro-chemical cell of the invention is particularly applicable to systems containing zinc as the halogen oxidizable material.The use of the nitrile-rich phase reduces the degree of reaction between the halogen and the halogen oxidizable material.

Abstract: A hybrid redox-halogen energy storage device and system has a housing divided into two chambers by an anionic membrane. One chamber has an inert negative electrode in an electrolyte solution containing chromium ions. The remaining chamber has an inert positive electrode containing chlorine gas dissolved therein. Each electrolyte is circulated to a separate storage tank after passing through its respective chamber.

Abstract: A galvanic primary element of the system Li/H.sub.2 O.sub.2 comprises a gas diffusion electrode which separates the lithium electrode from the cathode space which is filled with aqueous H.sub.2 O.sub.2 solution. In the working layer which is flanked by capillary active cover layers of the gas diffusion electrode, automatically drawn-in H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is decomposed into H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and O.sub.2 catalytically until the gas pressure is in equilibrium with capillary forces and thereby interrupts the access of additional H.sub.2 O.sub.2 solution to the working layer. Short circuiting of the cell or connection of a load causes a reduction of the gas pressure due to electrochemical reaction of the O.sub.2 with the lithium so that fresh reactant solution can flow in. A reaction regime matching the current draw becomes possible because of the property of polyurethane to gel in aqueous H.sub.2 O.sub.2 by virtue of the fact that the H.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: The discharge rate and internal conductivity of electrochemical cell including a lithium anode, and a cathode and an electrolyte including LiAlCl.sub.4 and SOCl.sub.2 is improved by the addition of an amount of a mixture containing AlCl.sub.3 and Butyl Pyridinium Chloride.

Abstract: A primary electrochemical cell having a carbon current collector cathode structure of improved design. The electrochemical cell includes an elongated housing containing an electrolytic solution and a battery stack in contact with the electrolytic solution. The battery stack includes a concentric arrangement of an anode, a porous separator, and a carbon current collector cathode structure. The carbon current collector cathode structure in accordance with the invention includes an elongated cylindrical porous carbon element having a guide opening therein, and a unitary, tapered, generally V-shaped metal current collector element embedded within the porous carbon element. The current collector element includes first and second spaced-apart, elongated, tapered, generally arcuate, resilient spring members joined together at first ends thereby to define a tapered, conical opening therebetween for the receipt therein of electrolytic solution.

Abstract: Disclosed is a primary electrochemical cell having an improved cathode current collector and a method for making the current collector. The cell comprises an oxidizable active anode material; and electrolytic solution comprising a reducible soluble cathode and an electrolyte solute dissolved therein; and a cathode current collector comprising a layer of finely-divided catalyst for reducing the solvent, bonded to an inert, electrically-conductive substrate. Preferably, a bonding layer, comprising a finely-divided polymer and a minor amount of conductive material, bonds the catalyst layer to the substrate. The bonding and catalyst layers preferably can be formed by sequentially applying respective dispersions thereof to the substrate, drying, and heating to bond the materials. Soluble cathode cells employing cathode current collectors of the type described have exceptionally rapid discharge properties.

Abstract: A primary electrochemical cell having a carbon current collector cathode structure of improved design. The electrochemical cell includes an elongated housing containing an electrolytic solution and a battery stack in contact with the electrolytic solution. The battery stack includes a concentric arrangement of an anode, a porous separator, and a carbon current collector cathode structure. The carbon current collector cathode structure in accordance with the invention includes a vertical stacked array of annular-shaped porous carbon elements having coaxially aligned openings therein. An elongated, hollow, metal current collector tube having a large number of small openings formed therein for its entire length is disposed within and along the openings in the array of carbon elements and in direct physical contact with the carbon elements. The electrolytic solution in the cell is supplied directly to the array of carbon elements and also by way of the openings in the current collector tube.

Abstract: The metal-halogen battery disclosed herein, specifically zinc-bromine, is one in which hydrogen ions are lost from its electrolyte solution during operation, thereby resulting in an undesirable increase in the pH of this solution. However, an arrangement is disclosed herein for replacing the lost hydrogen ions and thereby maintaining the pH of its electrolyte solution at a desirable level. In a preferred embodiment, this arrangement comprises an electrolysis cell which serves to oxidize water for producing the needed hydrogen ions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lithium cells of the wound electrode high power type, with reduced short-circuit current, wherein the short-circuit current is reduced by the use of an electrolyte of reduced concentration or activity, or by the use of an electrode of lithium alloyed with magnesium, calcium, aluminum, cadmium or silicon.

Abstract: In a one-cell or multi-cell lead salt electric storage battery with electrodes of first order, the anode of the cell or each cell has an active anode body (4) consisting of a textile material graphitized at a temperature of at least 2500.degree. C. This active anode body is connected with an electrolyte-impervious, electrically conductive cell closure (1) consisting of moulded artificial resin with moulded-in, uniformly distributed short-cut graphite fibers likewise graphitized at a temperature of at least 2500.degree. C. The connection between the active anode body and the cell closure is established either by gluing with an artificial resin glue (5) with mixed-in short-cut graphite fibers, likewise graphitized at a temperature of at least 2500.degree. C., or by embedding fibers at the surface of the active anode body in the artificial resin of the cell closure (1) by temporary softening of the surface of said artificial resin by heat or by the application of a volatile solvent.

Abstract: A secondary electrochemical cell comprising a solid anode, an electrolyte and a cathode. The anode is a solid solution of silver and a metal which is an alkaline or alkali earth metal. The metal is capable of forming a solid solution with the anode on the recharging of the anode. Alternatively, the cell is formed in the discharged state with a solid porous silver anode, a cathode, a nonaqueous liquid electrolyte containing the alkaline or alkaline earth metal salts therein. The alloyed anode improves the rechargeability of the cell.

Abstract: A rechargeable non-aqueous electrochemical cell with a complex electrolyte salt such as a complex of an alkali metal salt and an ether.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrochemical cell employing a liquid cathode which comprises an halogenocarbonylchalcogenyl halide.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrochemical cell employing a liquid cathode comprising an organo halide of at least one element selected from Group IVA and Group VA of the Periodic Table and having an atomic number of 14 or more.

Abstract: A metal-halogen secondary battery system having electrolyte circulating lines for its positive and negative plate galvanic reaction chambers, further incorporates in the electrolyte circulating lines cleaning lines and a deionized line circulating line including a positive plate galvanic reaction chamber cleaning solution tank, a negative plate galvanic reaction chamber cleaning solution tank, a deionized water tank, a cleaning solution discharge pipe and a plurality of pipes and on-off valves for connecting and opening and closing the tanks and the discharge pipe, thereby making circulation cleaning of the reaction chambers possible and ensuring restoration of the battery characteristics and longer battery life.

Abstract: Batteries, accumulators or electrochemical generators of electric energy, the negative electrode (anode) of which consists of at least one alkaline halide, in aqueous or alkaline solution, or of one metallic halide, and one auxiliary electrode collecting current.The positive electrode (cathode) consists of at least one metallic hydroxide or oxide which can be in solution in the electrolyte and which, preactivated or regenerated continuously by the presence of air or oxygen introduced into the alkaline solution bathing the cathode, supplies the hydroxyl ions necessary for the oxidation of the halide constituting the anode. Furthermore, some compounds of the anode, according to the invention, can be thermally or photonically regenerated.Various applications of these devices, in particular sea water, can be implemented for the supply of electric energy, using easily available and cheap fuel.