Abstract: A thermoelectrochemical system in which an electrical current is generated between a cathode immersed in a concentrated sulfuric acid solution and an anode immersed in an aqueous buffer solution of sodium bisulfate and sodium sulfate. Reactants consumed at the electrodes during the electrochemical reaction are thermochemically regenerated and recycled to the electrodes to provide continuous operation of the system.

Abstract: An electric energy storing apparatus comprising lead-acid storage battery means and flowing type battery means. The lead-acid storage battery means is connectable to power lines interconnecting electric power generating means and a load, and the flowing type battery is connectable to the lead-acid storage battery means in order to charge the storage battery means, execute an equalization charge, or act as an end cell for the storage battery means.

Abstract: Charged and uncharged all-vanadium redox batteries are disclosed. Also described are a process for charging the uncharged battery and a process for producing electricity from the charged battery. A process for recharging an all-vanadium redox battery which has been at least partially discharged is also disclosed.

Abstract: A hybrid redox-halogen energy storage device and system has a housing divided into two chambers by a microporous separator. Each chamber can contain an electrolyte such as CrCl.sub.3. The microporous separator keeps the C.sub.r.sup.+2 ion in the chamber containing the negative electrode and also keeps chlorine gas (Cl.sub.2) in the positive electrode chamber.

Abstract: A primary electrochemical cell having an oxidizable active anode material, a cathode current collector, and an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution consists essentially of liquid cathode material, an electrolyte solute for imparting conductivity, and molecular iodine for catalyzing the electroreduction of the liquid cathode material. In a specific embodiment the anode material is lithium, the liquid cathode material is thionyl chloride, and the electrolyte solute is lithium tetrachloroaluminate.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrochemical cell has an anode consisting of an element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium and aluminum; a cathode consisting of a porous carbon body and a current collector; and an electrolyte containing an oxyhalide, wherein the porous carbon body contains a carbon black having a structure wherein a thin layer of graphite crystals is formed on a surface of each of chain-like carbon black particles. The cell has a high discharge capacity and an excellent discharge efficiency in high rate discharge.

Abstract: It has now been discovered that reduction in the coulombic efficiency of metal halogen cells can be minimized if the microporous separator employed in such cells is selected from one which is preferably wet by the aqueous electrolyte and is not wet substantially by the cathodic halogen.

Abstract: Aluminum chloride can be used as an electrolyte component in a lithium-sulfur dioxide electrochemical cell to improve the cell's discharge capacity and also its electrochemical reversibility.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a halogen cell of which a positive electrode and/or a negative electrode is a gas permeable electrode. The gas permeable electrode preferably comprises a hydrophilic layer and a gas permeable layer. Since, in this halogen cell, the decrease of the electrode surface area can be prevented, and the desired gas can be rapidly supplied to the electrode, the quantity of charge is increased and the charging time is reduced.Also disclosed herein is a halogen cell of which a positive electrode and/or negative electrode comprises finely divided hydrophilic portions and hydrophobic portions. In this halogen cell, the quantity of charge and the charging time are also improved.

Abstract: An improved design for an intermediate bus bar for a comb-type cell for a metal-halogen battery system is disclosed. A plastic frame is formed around the periphery of a dense graphite bus bar and has a plurality of straps extending between the top and bottom section of the frame for reinforcing the structural integrity of the bus bar.

Abstract: A self-limiting electrochemical cell such as a lithium-sulfur dioxide cell having a non-porous, non-ion-permeable separator between the anode and cathode so as to control the passage of electrolyte and ion-transfer between the working electrodes thereby controlling the current drain based on the controlled amount of electrolyte. The invention provides a convenient method of controlling the drain rates of an electrochemical cell and permits utilization of conventional cells such as the lithium-sulfur dioxide, lithium-thionyl chloride, or lithium-sulfuryl chloride cells in applications not previously possible.

Abstract: A surface treated electrode applicable to an electrode of a zinc-halogen secondary battery, etc. The surface plastic electrode includes (a) an electrically conductive electrode substrate material; and (b) a surface treatment material on the electrode substrate material, the surface treatment material being made of a phenol resin series activated charcoal fiber satisfying predetermined characteristic such that a weight per unit area substantially equal to 100 g/m.sup.2 or more, pore diameter having a distribution peak in a range from 1.5 nm to 3.5 nm, a surface area of a part substantially equal to or more than 30 m.sup.2 /g occupied by pores whose diameters range from 1 nm to 11 nm, a whole relative surface area of the entire pore diameter ranging substantially equal to or more than 1500 m.sup.2 /g, a tensile strength substantially equal to or more than 294 MPa (30 kg/mm.sup.2) and a tensile modulus substantially equal to or less than 14710.5 MPa (1500 kg/mm.sup.2).

Abstract: In an electrolyte flowing construction for an electrolyte circulation-type cell stack secondary battery composed of a plurality of unit cells of the type in which two channels and two microchannels are respectively formed in two pairs on opposite side portions of a frame member of an electrode or separator such that an electrolyte entering through one of the manifolds connected to one of the channels is directed into a central portion of the electrode surface therethrough and then flowed out through the other manifold connected to the other channel, the microchannels are respectively formed in the vertical side portions. Also, each of the microchannels includes a long wall-shaped projection extended vertically from a connecting portion between it and the associated channel.

Abstract: In a battery having a cathode in which a halogen is employed as an active material, the halogen is dissolved in an organic solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, whereby the halogen is stored, and is utilized when needed. This battery can be applied as both a primary battery and a secondary battery. According to the battery of the present invention, a power required during the operation of the battery is reduced, whereby the total energy efficiency of the battery can be improved.

Abstract: An electrical battery with a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising thionyl chloride or sulfuryl chloride and a metal salt dissolved therein and with an anode of a metal from group 1 or 2 in the Periodic Table or alloys of these has reduced delays action (D.A.) when the electrolyte contains a SO.sub.3 compound.

Abstract: A zinc-bromine battery is disclosed which includes anode and cathode reaction tanks separated from each other by a separator membrane for preventing self-discharge, and an electrolyte storage tank for storing an electrolyte with a bromine complexing agent added thereto. Catholyte and anolyte are circulated between the cathode reaction tank and the anode reaction tank, respectively, and the electrolyte storage tank. A perforated membrane which allows an electrolyte to permeate through it but which impedes the permeation of a bromine complex compound is provided within the electrolyte storage tank so as to separate the tank into an electrolyte mixing chamber into which both catholyte and anolyte flow and an electrolyte supply chamber which resupplies the mixed electrode as the catholyte and the anolyte.

Abstract: A power generation system utilizing an electrochemical cell comprising a reactive metal anode, a cathode spaced from the anode and an electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of the hydroxide of the reactive metal is disclosed. The hydroxide concentration in the electrolyte is controlled by contacting the electrolyte with at least one complex comprising a hydrogen fluoride adduct to a fluoride salt to form at least one compound of the reactive metal which is insoluble in the electrolyte. The insoluble compound is separated from the electrolyte and the electrolyte is recirculated to the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A zinc-bromine battery is disclosed which includes anode and cathode reaction tanks separated from each other by a separator membrane for preventing self-discharge, and an electrolyte storage tank storing an electrolyte with a bromine complexing agent added thereto. Catholytes and anolytes are circulated between the cathode reaction tank and the anode reaction tank, respectively, and the electrolyte storage tank. The bromine produced in the catholyte is complexed by a complexing agent and is stored. A first connection pipe and a second connection pipe are provided for the purpose of forcibly mixing part of the anolyte and catholyte with each other therethrough. The first connection pipe receives part of the catholyte which has flowed from the cathode reaction tank to the catholyte storage tank from a position which is remote from an inlet for the catholyte, and supplies it to the anolyte storage tank. The second connection pipe, on the other hand, supplies part of the anolyte to the catholyte.

Abstract: A secondary battery prevents a localized formation of dendritic metal zinc during a charging and increases a current efficiency as far as possible. The secondary battery includes a negatively active material of a metallic ion, a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator having an metallic-ion-permeable sheet, a plurality of projections formed with a nonsymmetrical shape on opposite sides of the sheet and a diffusing means for diffusing a flow of zinc ion current flowing around the projection, and the diffusing means is provided in a vicinity of a connecting portion of the sheet and the projection.

Abstract: A quinone imine dye can be used as an electrolyte additive in lithium-sulfur dioxide electrochemical cells to reduce the polarization which is observed during current flow conditions and, in some cases, to improve electrolyte stability and prevent or reduce the possibility of explosion upon abuse.

Abstract: The cell of the invention comprises a housing, a zinc or cadmium anode, a chemically non-reactive counterelectrode and cathodic halogen. The cathodic halogen is selected from chlorine and bromine, and preferably is bromine. The cell also is provided with an aqueous metal halide containing electrolyte in which the metal ions are of the same metal as the metal of the anode and halide anions are of the same halogen as the cathodic halogen material. Importantly, in the present invention, anion exchange resins provide a convenient means for storing the halogen generated during charging of the cell and providing a source of halogen to be used in the discharge of the cell.

Abstract: An improved metal-halogen electrochemical cell, particularly a zinc bromide cell, contains a water soluble tetraorgano-substituted amino acid, ester or betaine salt in the electrolyte which forms a substantially water insoluble liquid complex with cathodic halogen thereby reducing self-discharge of the cell.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells having an oxidizable active anode material, a solid, non-reactive electronically conductive cathode current collector, and an electrolytic solution between and in contact with the anode and the cathode current collector, the electrolytic solution comprising a solvent cathode component which is a liquid oxyhalide or thiohalide. And anode ion transporting solute component dissolved therein for rendering the electrolytic solution conductive of anode metal ions, the electrolytic solution having an end-of-life (EOL) component associated therewith, the EOL component being selected from the group consisting of the Main Group V halides preferably arsenic tribromide (AsBr.sub.3), arsenic trichloride (AsCl.sub.3), arsenic trifluoride (AsF.sub.3), vanadium halides, transition metal sulfides, oxides, except for the actinide series and technetium, and mixtures thereof to provide end-of-life indication.

Abstract: A metal-halogen secondary battery has a high state of charging and a capability of storing a large electric power at a high density. In the secondary battery the electrolyte pressure in the positive electrode chamber is higher than the electrolyte pressure in the negative electrode chambers. The metal ions in the positive electrode chambers are permeated into the negative electrode chambers and reduced, and the halogen ions in the negative electrode chambers are also permeated into the positive electrode chambers and oxidized thereby contributing to the storage of the electric power.

Abstract: A nonaqueous cell comprising an active metal anode, such as a lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium or alloys, a liquid cathode-electrolyte comprising a solute dissolved in a solvent which, in a preferred aspect, is an oxyhalide of an element of Group V or Group VI of the Periodic Table and wherein the surface of the anode contacting the cathode-electrolyte is coated with a polymeric film having ether linkages. In a preferred practice of the present invention, the anode is coated with polyethersulfone.

Abstract: In a zinc-chloride cell of the invention, the gas phase in a cell container comprises a gas mixture of chlorine gas and an inert gas to allow easy control of the internal pressure of the cell during cell operation. During charging of the cell, the gas mixture is trapped, and the trapped gas mixture is blown into the electrolyte so as to reduce the chlorine concentration in the electrolyte.

Abstract: An improved metal-halogen electrochemical cell, particularly a zinc bromide cell, contains a water soluble tetraorgano-substituted ammonium salt in the electrolyte which forms a substantially water insoluble liquid complex with cathodic halogen thereby reducing self-discharge of the cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical apparatus for analyzing the zinc concentration in an aqueous zinc-halogen electrolyte is disclosed. The electrochemical apparatus includes a working electrode and an auxiliary electrode both in contact with the electrolyte to be analyzed, a reference electrode in contact with an aqueous zinc-halogen electrolyte of a predetermined concentration, and means for permitting the electrolyte to be analyzed to contact the electrolyte of predetermined concentration. The apparatus also includes circuit means for applying electrical power to the working and auxiliary electrodes for a first predetermined time period sufficient to deposit zinc metal onto the working electrode, and for measuring a potential difference across the reference and working electrodes indicative of the concentration of the electrolyte to be analyzed during a second predetermined time period.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell of the type characterized by an essentially constant operating voltage essentially independent of the degree of cell discharge is disclosed, which in its output voltage exhibits one or more step changes of predetermined and fully adjustable magnitudes at any predetermined point or points during the life of the cell. This enables timely replacement of the cell under non-critical circumstances, and also can be used to indicate state of discharge of the cell. In essence, the anode of the cell comprises a plurality of anode elements which become depleted at mutually different degrees of cell discharge. As each anode element becomes depleted, the internal resistance of the cell increases to cause a drop in the operating voltage of the cell as the remaining active anode elements are required to supply the required current.

Abstract: A high capacity lithium inorganic oxyhalide electrochemical cell is provi including lithium as the anode, carbon as the cathode, and a solution of a quaternary ammonium salt in an inorganic oxyhalide solvent as the electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention relates to an anode electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of a metal bromide and a bromine complexing agent comprised of a tertiary amine for use in an electrolyte circulation type, metal-halogen secondary battery, and further, to an electrolyte circulation type, metal-halogen secondary battery in which a bromine complexing agent comprising a tertiary amine is added to an anode electrode comprised of an aqueous solution of a metal bromide. The anode electrolyte may advantageously further comprise an inorganic acid.

Abstract: Electrochemical generator comprising an anode compartment and a cathode compartment, separated by a semipermeable diaphragm and each containing an active electrode material and an electrolyte, the active electrode material of at least one of the compartments being constituted by an electronically conductive organic polymer, wherein in one of these compartments in which the active electrode material is an organic polymer, the electrolyte of said compartment comprises an electroactive compound, which is soluble in the electrolyte and has a redox potential which is close to that of the organic polymer with which it is in contact.

Abstract: A primary electrochemical cell having an oxidizable active anode material, a cathode current collector, and an electrolytic solution comprising a liquid cathode material and an electrolyte solute dissolved therein. The cathode current collector includes a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyenes, polyphenylenes, polyheterocyclics, mixtures thereof, copolymers thereof, and cross linked polymers thereof.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for maintaining the pH level in a zinc-bromine battery features reacting decomposition hydrogen with bromine in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst encourages the formation of hydrogen and bromine ions. The decomposition hydrogen is therefore consumed, alloying the pH of the system to remain substantially at a given value.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ambient temperature, rechargeable non-aqueous electrochemical cell having an active metal anode of the second kind, a cathode depolarizer, positive electrode current collector and an electrolyte comprising a solvent, a supporting electrolyte salt, and an active metal salt. Also disclosed is an electrolyte for non-aqueous active metal cells.

Abstract: Described herein is an energy storage device which utilizes a hydrogen/bromine cell. The cell includes a bromine electrode and a hydrogen electrode. The cell is light weight, resists corrosion caused by bromine or hydrobromic acid and uses both an electrolysis and a fuel cell reaction to store or discharge electrical energy. The cell frame is made of graphite and has a pyrographite coating on at least the portion facing the bromine electrode. This cell is therefore very useful in matching varying energy supplies with varying energy demands and allows for decentralization of energy storage.

Abstract: A negative electrolyte for electrolyte circulation-type storage batteries has a composition basically comprising zinc bromide as an active material and this active material is mixed with specified amounts of quaternary ammonium bromides of heterocyclic compounds such as morpholine, pyridine and pyrrolidine or ammonia as a bromine complexing agent and a dendrite inhibitor with or without specified amounts of Sn.sup.2+ and Pb.sup.2+.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having an oxidizable active anode material, a cathode current collector, and an electrolytic solution comprising a reducible liquid cathode material and an electrolyte solute dissolved therein. The cathode current collector includes a mixture of carbon and copper sulfide on a conductive substrate.

Abstract: The active material is constituted by an alkali metal in the zero valent state which alkali metal is inserted into an insertion compound. The insertion compound receiving the alkali metal has an ordered three-dimensional lattice structure and is constituted by at least one intermetallic compound having polyatomic anionic clusters with atoms chosen from the group constituted by gallium, boron and aluminum, and with structuring counter ions chosen from the group constituted by alkaline earth and alkali ions.

Abstract: A primary fuel cell including an elongate case defining a central ion exchange compartment with opposite ends and containing a liquid ionolyte. The case next defines an anode section at one end of the case and including a gas compartment containing boron monoxide gas fuel, a liquid compartment between the gas compartment and the ion exchange compartment and containing a liquid anolyte. The ionolyte and anolyte are separated by a cationic membrane. The gas and liquid compartments are separated by an anode plate including an electron collector part, a catalyst material carried by said part and a gas permeable hydrophobic membrane between the boron monoxide gas and the catalyst material. The cell further includes a cathode section at the other end of the case defining a cathode fuel compartment containing a fluid cathode fuel and a cathode plate between and separating the cathode fuel and the ionolyte in the ion exchange compartment.

Abstract: The coulombic efficiency of aqueous zinc bromine batteries can be increased if, in addition to the bromide ions required to be present in the electrolyte to charge the cell to rated capacity, chloride ions are added to the electrolyte in amounts sufficient to reduce the amount of free bromine present in the electrolyte during operation of the cell.

Abstract: An electrically rechargeable anionically active reduction-oxidation electric storage-supply system and process is disclosed using a sodium or potassium sulfide-polysulfide anolyte reaction and an iodide-polyiodide, chloride-chlorine or bromide-bromine species catholyte reaction. The catholyte and anolyte are separated by an ion selective membrane permeable to positive sodium and potassium ions and substantially impermeable to negative bromide, chloride, iodide, sulfide and polysulfide ions. A flowing electrolyte system is disclosed with external electrolyte storage vessels. The apparatus and process provide an electrically rechargeable anionically active reduction-oxidation system in which the electrolytes may be maintained at near neutral or slightly basic pH, with virtually no parasitic side reactions upon charging, such as hydrogen or oxygen evolution, and the disclosed storage and supply system provides higher energy densities than referenced prior art systems.

Abstract: A galvanic cell characterized in that at least a portion of the exterior of the cell's housing is encased within an intumescent material.

Abstract: A high energy ambient temperature inorganic electrochemical power cell is provided comprising calcium metal alloyed with about 10 percent of either zinc or antimony as the anode, high surface area carbon black as the cathode and a solution of calcium tetrachloroaluminate or lithium tetrachloroaluminate in sulfuryl chloride or thionyl chloride as the electrolyte.

Abstract: A zinc-halogen battery having a negative electrode of zinc electrode, a positive electrode of halogen electrode, and an electrolyte of aqueous solution containing a zinc halide as a main component thereof, which is characterized in that said electrolyte contains Tl and/or Tl compound and further at least one additive selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Sn, Pb, Bi and the compounds thereof, if necessary, with addition of In and/or In compound.

Abstract: A redox flow battery with a positive half-cell compartment containing bromide ion, bromine and a complexing organic liquid for bromine, and a negative electrode half-cell compartment containing chromium ion, and including electrolyte fluid communication therebetween.

Abstract: A rechargeable ambient temperature electrical storage cell utilizing an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and sulfur electrochemical reaction pair. The cell includes an anhdyrous liquid anode separated from an anhydrous, sulfur containing catholyte by a cationic permeable partition.

Abstract: A self-draining decomposition heat exchanger arrangement for a metal-halogen battery system is disclosed. The arrangement has a decomposition heat exchanger positioned higher than the electrolyte collected in the sump of the electrode stack section of the battery system to allow electrolyte to drain out of the heat exchanger when electrolyte is not being circulated therethrough. The heat exchanger has an inlet portion, an outlet portion, and a central portion that is preferably formed of helically coiled tubing and that preferably slopes continuously downward to promote complete drainage. The arrangement preferably also has vent means connected to the gas space above the sump in the stack section and attached to conduit means between the outlet of the electrolyte pump and inlet of the heat exchanger for improving drainage of the heat exchanger by allowing gas to enter the heat exchanger to replace the electrolyte as it drains therefrom.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to improved redox type electrochemical cells, preferably those of the iron (+3)/iron (+2) or chromium (+3)/iron (+2) electrolyte variety, incorporating polymeric, ion-exchange separator membranes produced by radiation grafting techniques.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells comprising an active metallic anode, preferably lithium, a non-aqueous electrolyte, preferably thionyl chloride, and a lithium tetrachloroiodate (LiICl.sub.4) cathode.