Abstract: A sealed gas recombining lead-acid cell with absorbed electrolyte is produced by assembling unformed plates and high porosity glass mat separator whose surface area is from 0.2-1.7 m.sup.2 /g, adding a limited quantity of acid into the cell, and then either prior to or after sealing of the cell electrochemically forming the plates of the cell in situ. High rate performance of the cell is significantly improved over cells using conventional high surface area glass separators.

Abstract: Gassing is significantly reduced in electrochemical cells having anodes of polycrystalline metals, such as zinc, by heat treatment of the anode metal at a temperature below that of the melting point of the metal for a period of time sufficient to reduce the number of grains in the polycrystalline metal to at least a third of the original number of grains and thereafter using the metal in the formation of the cell anode. With such gassing reduction, the amount of mercury required for amalgamation with the zinc may also be reduced.

Abstract: A retainer type lead-acid battery having an electrolyte impregnated and retained only in a separator and positive and negative active materials, the battery having an improved high discharge rate performance at low temperatures. In accordance with the invention, the separator is made of chopped glass fibers having an average diameter of no more than 5.0 microns. The battery is fabricated such that applied pressure to an assembled element in the dry state prior to electrolyte filling is kept at a pressure of 5 to 50 Kg/dm.sup.2. The positive active material is composed of a lead powder blended with anisotropic graphite in an amount of at least 0.1% of the weight of the lead powder. Preferably, the battery is assembled with unformed positive and negative plates into an assembled element, which is subsequently filled with an electrolyte and subjected to formation in a container.

Abstract: A sealed lead-acid battery of the absorption-at-the-negative-electrode type employing an immobilized liquid electrolyte in which stratification of the electrolyte is eliminated. In accordance with the invention, a lower part of the positive and negative plates is supplied with water formed by a reaction or phase change of substances contained within the container of the battery. In a preferred embodiment, this is done by producing a temperature difference within the container. Also, water may be provided to the lower part of the positive and negative plates by increasing the speed of certain reactions at the lower part of the negative plate relative to the upper part thereof.

Abstract: The electrode stacks, formed of zig-zag packages of strip electrodes with interposed separator, are inserted through side openings into the cells, and the block casing is closed by welding on a side wall.

Abstract: A sealed, low maintenance battery (10, 100) is formed of a casing (14, 102) having a sealed lid (12, 104) enclosing cell compartments (22, 110) formed by walls (24, 132). The cells comprise a stack (26) of horizontally disposed negative active plates (30) and positive active plates (28) interspersed with porous, resilient separator sheets (30). Each plate has a set of evenly spaced tigs (40, 41) disposed on one side thereof; like polarity tigs being disposed on one side and opposite polarity tigs on the other. Columns of tigs are electrically and mechanically joined by vertical bus bars (46). The bus bars contain outwardly projecting arms (56) of opposite polarity which are electrically joined at each partition wall (24) to electrically connect the cells in series. The stack is compressed by biasing means such as resilient pad (58) attached to the lid or by joining the tigs (52) to the post (48) at a distance less than the thickness of the mat (124).

Abstract: A lead storage battery having electro-collecting boards of lead or lead alloys, and active material layers closely contacted with the electro-collecting boards. The active material layers are integrally formed with the electro-collecting boards by providing a mixture, in the form of slurry, of an active material powder and a liquid to the electro-collecting boards, and then drying the mixture.

Abstract: A sealed lead-acid secondary cell of the type that absorbs oxygen by the negative electrode, is characterized in that a porous member impregnated with a liquid substance is disposed within or outside of a safety valve, or in contact with the bottom of said safety valve.

Abstract: A lead storage battery comprising a battery casing has a first case member (such as a tray) and a second case member (such as a cover) in a superposed relation. The tray has a protruding part for mounting one external terminal, and the cover has a protruding part for mounting the other external terminal. The tray and cover have recessed regions for receiving the protruding parts for mounting the external terminal of an opposing case member of the tray and the cover. The tray has a recessed region for holding a safety valve so that the safety valve is covered by the cover when the tray and the cover are superposed. A small hole is formed in the recessed region such that the small hole is connected with an interior of the battery casing.

Abstract: A lead-acid cell wherein current collectors (1, 5) constituting negative and positive plates opposed to each other with a separator (3) interposed therebetween which separator retains an electrolyte. One surface of each flat plate-like current collector (1, 5) has closely contacted therewith an active material layer (2, 4) having a net-like body embedded therein, and the current collector constituted of the active material layer (2, 4) and the current collector (1, 5) is disposed so that its side where the corresponding active material layer (2, 4) is formed is opposed to the separator (3).

Abstract: A lead storage battery having a structure by which the terminals, cover and container may be bonded and sealed in a single bonding process using a bonding agent. The storage battery includes a plastic container covered by a plastic cover, battery plates having poles, housed in the container, terminals having first ends contacted to the poles and second ends projecting upward through the terminal, and bonding agent parting embedding the terminals at their first ends and fixing the cover and the container together. The container has a terminal receiving recess formed below and covered by the cover. The terminals have bends inserted in the recess and positioned below the bonding agent so as to define a space in the recess between the bends and the bonding agent so as to prevent overall surface contact therebetween.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrode for use in lead storage batteries in which an aqueous emulsion of a silicone capable of forming an elastic, porous matrix on breaking of the emulsion, is contacted with a finely divided active electrode material at the stage of preparing an electrode paste, or after formation as an electrode. The contacted material is dried, so that the elastic, porous silicone matrix formed in association with and in intimate contact with the finely divided active electrode material. An aqueous dispersion of fluorocarbon resin can be further added to the paste, or an electrode having a fibrous network of fluorocarbon resin can be applied with the silicone emulsion. Fine particles obtained from the silicone emulsion can also be applied to a finely divided active electrode material.

Abstract: Sealed lead-acid storage cells are described, characterized by positive electrode means comprising one or more positive electrode assemblies. Each electrode assembly in turn comprises two positive electrode members lying in spaced apart relationship to one another and having an electrolyte reservoir located therebetween. In this manner it may be insured that sufficient electrolyte is present in the cells to more fully utilize the active material of the positive and negative electrodes, while still allowing the separators lying between the positive and negative electrodes to be as thin as possible and to be less than fully saturated with electrolyte. This less than fully saturated condition provides paths for oxygen transport between the positive and negative electrodes, thus facilitating recombination of oxygen, which may be evolved at the positive electrodes during charging, at the negative electrodes.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing recombination electric storage cells includes assembling a plurality of cell packs comprising alternating positive and negative electrodes interleaved with compressible fibrous absorbent separator material. Each cell pack is placed in a respective open plastics bag and the cell packs are constrained to occupy a volume which is less than their natural volume. The cell packs are then immersed in electrolyte thereby saturating the electrodes and separator material and then electrolytically formed by passing an electric current through them. The cell packs are subsequently inserted into their final outer container.

Abstract: An intimate mixture is prepared of a conductive metal powder and an active material in granular form. The mixture is then sintered by passing it through a variable magnetic field which is varied to produce trains of pulses in which the durations of the trains and intervals between trains are chosen in such a manner as to ensure that said metal powder is sintered without deteriorating said grains of active material.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrochemical cell having an alkali or alkaline earth metal anode, an inorganic electrolyte comprised of an electrolyte salt and sulfur dioxide and a cathode comprised of PbCl.sub.2.

Abstract: The positive electrode for a lead acid electric storage cell is made by preparing by a chemical route particulate beta lead dioxide, mixing together the beta lead dioxide with a relatively low proportion of a binder, and applying the mixture to a perforated electrically conductive support structure.

Abstract: A battery cell for a primary battery, particularly a flat cell battery to be activated on being taken into use, e.g., when submerged into water. The battery cell comprises a positive current collector and a negative electrode. A separator layer which, being in contact with the negative electrode, is disposed between said negative electrode and the positive current collector. A depolarizing layer containing a depolarizing agent is disposed between the positive current collector and the separate layer. An intermediate layer of a porous, electrically insulating, and water-absorbing material is disposed next to the positive current collector and arranged in contact with the depolarizing agent.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery cell wherein each cell includes a compressed assembly of negative plates (2,3), separators (5) and positive plates (1).The positive plates (1) are sandwiched between two microporous separator elements (4) having dimensions greater than that of the plates and the plate edges are coated with an epoxy resin ribbon (20), which is provided by pouring resin into the channel between the projecting portions of the separators.

Abstract: A lead acid battery comprising: a positive plate; a negative plate having higher capacity than said positive plate; a separator interposed between said plates; and an electrolyte, said plates and said separator being impregnated with said electrolyte, the amount of said electrolyte being limited so that a free electrolyte is not substantially present therein, the theoretical capacity of said positive plate being more than 2.5 times as much as the theoretical capacity of said electrolyte, and thus having an excellent discharge storage property; and a method of storing the retainer type lead acid batteries including above battery to improve the discharge storage property comprising permitting said battery to stand under such a condition that a load is connected between said positive and negative plates when said battery is allowed to stand after the discharge has been finished.

Abstract: A reduced maintenance, explosion damage resistant storage battery (10), having internal means for both recombining evolved gases and for protecting the battery against damage due to evolved gas ignition whether from external or internal sources is disclosed. In a first embodiment of the invention, a honeycomb-like member (60) of electrolyte-resistant material substantially fills the space within the battery above the battery electrodes, dividing this volume into a plurality of small volumes (76), surrounded by cooling surfaces, so that ignition of one small volume (76) by an external spark or by failure of an internal battery component will not cause damage. A small space (20) is left above the honeycomb member (60), and a planar catalytic recombination element (78) is provided, substantially filling this space.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises a spirally wound assembly, the assembly including a negative plate; a porous polyester layer disposed on each major surface of the negative plate; a porous, electrically non-conductive separator disposed on each of the polyester layers; and a positive plate disposed on one of the separators. The cell further includes a housing for enclosing the assembly and an electrolyte such that the electrolyte comes in contact with the plates, polyester layers and separators. The housing includes a pair of external terminals each of which being connected to one of the plates.

Abstract: Disclosed are maintenance-free cells and batteries of the lead/acid type which have improved deep cycle life. The plates are flat and are oriented horizontally as a stack in a cell which contains unabsorbed free electrolyte. The free electrolyte wets but does not cover the top surface of at least one negative plate. The vertical dimension of the plate stack must not exceed one-half its major horizontal dimension.

Abstract: A sulfide-containing cathode for nonaqueous cells such as AgBiS.sub.2, Co.sub.2 Bi.sub.2 S.sub.5, CoBi.sub.2 S.sub.4 and FeSb.sub.2 S.sub.4.

Abstract: A process for dimpling the surface of a pasted Pb-acid storage battery relocates active material from the centers of the active material pellets to the sides thereof more proximate the surrounding grid wires with a consequent increase in surface area of the plate and utilization efficiency of the active material.

Abstract: Improvements in a dry charged lead-acid storage battery and in a method for producing such a battery are disclosed. The improvements in the battery involve negative plates having an initial polarization, when on charge, not greater than zero; preferably, the positive plates have an initial polarization, when on charge, of at least 100 millivolts, and most desirably, from 150 to 180 millivolts. The improvements in the method involve, for example, reducing the initial polarization of the negative plates by partial discharge thereof after formation or by air or chemical oxidation. The battery of the invention is protected from catastrophic positive grid corrosion upon activation and consequent premature failure in service without the necessity for conventional (high voltage) boost-charging at the time of installation into a conventional float charging system.

Abstract: This invention is related to a method of making a lead storage battery with a thixotropic gel as electrolyte consisting substantially of a sulphuric acid and a gelling agent. The object is to provide a lead storage battery which is maintenance free, leak-proof and of a long cycle life while permitting filling of the electrolyte independently of the plate dimensions including the superficial extent of the plate. To achieve this object: (a) the sulphuric acid is electrochemically bonded in the active material of the electrodes; and (b) the gel forming electrolyte is filled into the battery in the form of a gelling agent and a sulphuric acid concentration which is insufficient for the formation of a gel, but which is sufficient for initiating a charging process upon application of a charging voltage. During the charging process the sulfuric acid that is bonded to the electrodes, together with the gel forming electrolyte, will start the formation of the gel.

Abstract: In a one-cell or multi-cell lead salt electric storage battery with electrodes of first order, the anode of the cell or each cell has an active anode body (4) consisting of graphite fibers in textile structure. This active anode body is connected with an electrolyte-impervious, electrically conductive cell closure (1) consisting of moulded artificial resin with moulded-in, uniformly distributed short graphite fibers. The connection between the active anode body and the cell closure is established either by gluing with an artificial resin glue (5) with mixed-in short graphite fibers, or by embedding fibers at the surface of the active anode body in the artificial resin of the cell closure (1) by temporary softening of the surface of the artificial resin by heat or by the application of a volatile solvent. The electrolyte consists of lead silicofluoride (PbSiF.sub.6) with or without addition of lead methane sulfonate (Pb(CH.sub.3 SO.sub.3).sub.2) dissolved in water.

Abstract: A nonaqueous cell employing a solid cathode compound of lead fluoride and tin fluoride such as PbSnF.sub.4.

Abstract: A solid cathode for nonaqueous cells comprising complex metal sulfides such as PbFeS.sub.2, Co.sub.0.5 Fe.sub.1.5 S.sub.2, Co.sub.1.5 Fe.sub.0.5 S.sub.2 and CoFeS.sub.2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a granular material consisting of microporous, substantially hollow granules of lead powder, which is a powdered mixture of lead and lead oxide; a method for the production of this granular material; and the use thereof as an active substance in an electrode plate in a lead accumulator. The present invention provides a granular material lead powder that fulfills the requirements of resistance, size and quality, and which, when being used as an active substance in the lead accumulator, does not deteriorate in its capacity or lifetime. The qualities are achieved by means of the microporous, substantially hollow granules containing 0.5-2.0% by weight of a binder, with a particle diameter of 40-500 m and with the bulk density of 2.4-3.4 g/cm.sup.3.

Abstract: A recombining lead-acid battery with absorbed electrolyte is disclosed having multiple cells positioned in a sealed monobloc container, and cell partitioning members constructed to define a gas space common to all the cells of the battery. When the battery is overcharged imbalance in electrolyte fill among the cells is reduced as the amount of water in each cell tends to equalize through redistribution via gas recombination preferentially in the drier cells.

Abstract: Recombination lead acid electric storage battery of sealed or recombinant type in which the gas evolved during operation or charging is induced to recombine within the battery at the battery electrodes.

Abstract: A device for sealing the tubes (4) in a tubular electrode plate of an electrochemical lead cell comprising a top and a bottom part. The top part consists of separate sleeves (10) for each tube (4), which optionally are arranged on a connecting strip (14), each sleeve (10) having a bottom with a central through hole with a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the spine (2), which is to protrude therethrough, and a wall, the periphery of which corresponds to the periphery of the tubular casing (4) to butt thereagainst FIG. 2.

Abstract: A lightweight, battery construction for lead acid batteries in which biplates are formed from a continuous strip of thermoplastic material, one face of the strip being provided with a plurality of electrically isolated lead strip arrays, each having a transverse axis about which the strip is folded or pleated to provide pleated biplate walls. The pleated continuous strip is sealed along edge longitudinal portions to provide chambers for receiving a plurality of non-conductive thermoplastic separator-plates and to contain electrolyte liquid. Separator-plates support resilient yieldable porous glass mats and scrim fabric in which active material is carried. The assembly of pleated biplates and separator-plates is maintained in pressure relation by exterior resilient means. A method of making such a continuous pleated biplate construction and of assembling one or more battery modules which may be connected in series or in parallel.

Abstract: A pasted Pb-acid storage battery plate having a plurality of dimples formed in the surface(s) of the plate in the center of the grid openings defined by the grid wires. A dimpling process relocates active material from the centers of the active material pellets to the sides thereof more proximate the surrounding grid wires with a consequent increase in surface area and active material utilization efficiency.

Abstract: An auxiliary electrode of platinum or palladium is immersed in the electrolyte of a lead-acid battery and connected to the negative plate of the battery so that, when the battery is employed in float service, hydrogen evolves on the auxiliary electrode whereby the parasitic current equivalent to the hydrogen evolution increases the float current to the positive plate of the battery.

Abstract: In a one-cell or multi-cell lead salt electric storage battery with electrodes of first order, the anode of the cell or each cell has an active anode body (4) consisting of a textile material graphitized at a temperature of at least 2500.degree. C. This active anode body is connected with an electrolyte-impervious, electrically conductive cell closure (1) consisting of moulded artificial resin with moulded-in, uniformly distributed short-cut graphite fibers likewise graphitized at a temperature of at least 2500.degree. C. The connection between the active anode body and the cell closure is established either by gluing with an artificial resin glue (5) with mixed-in short-cut graphite fibers, likewise graphitized at a temperature of at least 2500.degree. C., or by embedding fibers at the surface of the active anode body in the artificial resin of the cell closure (1) by temporary softening of the surface of said artificial resin by heat or by the application of a volatile solvent.

Abstract: A lead-acid storage battery paste containing an inorganic glass fiber extender or bulking agent up to 6.5% by weight of leady oxide. The extended negative active mass helps to reduce its lead content by about 14 weight % without affecting the lead-acid battery performance.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a lead-acid battery utilizing a novel electrolyte which includes a silica component. The silica component includes silica particles, means for repelling the particles from each other and for catalyzing the formation of siloxane cross-linkages and a sulfuric acid component. The lead-acid battery includes a container, a plurality of electrodes substantially enclosed by the container, and an electrolyte in substantial physical contact with the plurality of electrodes.A novel separator material having a silicate component for use in a lead-acid battery is also included in this invention. The separator material includes a silicate component integrally mixed with an oxygen compound of boron forming a microfiber mat. The mat has a pore size between about 0.5 to 10 microns in diameter and an electrical resistance of about 0.01 ohms per square inch for a 0.05 inch thickness.

Abstract: A secondary electric cell which includes: a non-aqueous electrolyte, a negative electrode whose active material includes at least one alkali metal in contact with the electrolyte, and a positive electrode whose active material is suitable for intercalating the active material of the negative electrode, wherein said positive electrode includes an active compound or solid solution whose general formula is M.sub.x X, R.sub.y X.sub.3 where:M is an element chosen from lead and tin;R is an element chosen from bismuth and antimony; andX is an element chosen from sulphur and selenium, with x having a value lying between 0 and 1 (inclusive), and y having a value lying between 0 and 2 (inclusive). Such cells may be used in watches or pacemakers.

Abstract: A solid cathode material comprising the reaction product of metallic bismuth, metallic sulfur and metallic iron or metallic lead for use in nonaqueous electrochemical cell systems using active anodes, such as lithium, and organic electrolytes, such as electrolytes based on 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone in conjunction with a cosolvent and a selected solute.

Abstract: A lead storage cell comprises a storage jar, an electrolyte contained in the storage jar, negative and positive electrodes within the electrolyte and respectively having a negative electrode metal or active material and a positive electrode active material which are placed in contact with each other preferably a large-meshed woven or non-woven fabric having resistance to the electrolyte and inserted between the negative and positive electrodes.

Abstract: A composite electrode having a structural electrode member with at least a portion of one surface of the electrode member constructed from a continuous matrix of an anodically passivatable metal infiltrated by a metal capable of forming an electroconductive oxide and having the infiltrating metal at the electrode surface oxidized such that an electric current path is provided through the oxidized surface of the matrix metal. In one embodiment the matrix metal is an electrochemical valve metal, e.g., titanium and the infiltrating metal is lead.Applications for the composite electrode include battery grids and electrochemical processing electrodes.

Abstract: For continuous supply of expander material to the negative electrode of a lead storage battery, particularly a quinone derivative, this material is provided within an acid-resistant plastic vessel with an aperture toward the electrolyte, or in a chemically neutral matrix in tablet form.The size of the aperture or the porosity of the chemically neutral matrix so regulates the expander delivery that uniform supply is insured during at least a portion of the life span of the storage battery.

Abstract: A battery separator is provided that has 30-70% polyolefin synthetic pulp, 15-65% siliceous filler and 1-35% by weight of long fibers having lengths of between 1/4 and 1 inch. The long fibers may be polyester fibers or glass fibers or a mixture. Cellulose may be included in an amount up to about 10%.A process for forming the battery separator is also revealed using standard paper making equipment but employing ionic copolymers containing acrylamide in cationic and anionic combination to give good affinity of the siliceous material and polyolefin. Alum and other processing aids are also included as are other procedural steps such as pressing the web.

Abstract: A seawater activated battery plate, and a method of making the same, utilizing an electrically conducting grid and an active reducible material primarily constituting lead chloride adhering to the grid such that the grid is exposed at a surface of the active material, the material adjacent the grid primarily constituting porous lead and a metal chloride. The battery plate is characterized by its inexpensive method of manufacture, its quick activation even in cold seawater, its absence of significant voltage peaking at initial discharge and uniform voltage generation during discharge.

Abstract: A lead-sulfuric acid storage battery in which one or both of the grids supporting the cathodic and anodic reactants comprises a base of stainless steel or titanium having a non-porous conductive coating thereover comprising a sulfuric acid resistant resin containing finely divided conductive particles, such as micronized graphite, the sulfuric acid electrolyte preferably containing a minor amount of titanyl sulfate.

Abstract: A thinned or weakened line surrounds a portion of the cell enclosure above the acid level.

Abstract: An electrical storage battery is constructed with anode and cathode plates arranged in a radial configuration within a cylindrical case. The plates are supported within a rack which maintains a proper radial alignment. The radial arrangement of the flat plates enhances the stability of current and voltage during discharge as contrasted with prior devices.