Abstract: A method for manufacturing lead plates for a lead/acid battery includes the step of providing lead electrode grates and filling an active paste into the lead electrode grates to form filled lead plates. Subsequently the lateral surfaces of the filled lead plates are subjected to a continuous processing sequence of less than 6 hours under preselected processing parameters for time, temperature, humidity, and air movement. The processing sequence includes a curing step in which moisture is added to reach a first humidity value, a predrying step for reducing the amount of free lead in the active paste at a second humidity value that is lower than the first humidity value, and a final drying step.

Abstract: A nonaqueous secondary battery having a high discharge voltage, a high discharge capacity, satisfactory charge and discharge cycle characteristics, and assured safety is disclosed, comprising a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material, a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, and a separator, wherein the negative electrode material mainly comprises an amorphous oxide containing at least one functional element selected from the group consisting of Sn, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Ge.

Abstract: An improved battery paste composition and a lead-acid electrochemical cell which incorporates the composition. The cell includes a positive current collector and a negative current collector which are each coated with a paste containing one or more lead-containing compositions and a paste vehicle to form a positive plate and a negative plate. An absorbent electrolyte-containing separator member may also be positioned between the positive and negative plates. The paste on the positive current collector, the negative current collector, or both further includes a special additive consisting of polyvinylsulfonic acid or salts thereof which provides many benefits including improved battery cycle life, increased charge capacity, and enhanced overall stability. The additive also makes the pastes smoother and more adhesive, thereby improving the paste application process. The paste compositions of interest may be used in conventional flat-plate cells or in spirally wound batteries with equal effectiveness.

Abstract: A bipolar cell, such as a lead-acid cell, comprising bipolar plates having a conductive metal substrate with a pre-cured active material grid comprising a mesh and positive active material in contact on one side of the conductive substrate and a negative active material grid unadhered to the conductive substrate and positioned in contact on the opposite side from the positive active material grid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to state of charge indicators for a battery. One aspect of the present invention utilizes expansion and contraction displacements of an electrode plate of a battery to gauge the state of charge in the battery. One embodiment of a battery of the present invention includes an anodic plate; a cathodic plate; an electrolyte in contact with the anodic and cathodic plates; plural terminals individually coupled with one of the anodic and cathodic plates; a separator intermediate the anodic and cathodic plates; an indicator configured to indicate an energy level of the battery responsive to movement of the separator; and a casing configured to house the anodic and cathodic plates, electrolyte, and separator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for more efficiently fusing the straps of pre-formed terminal post members with plate lugs of a battery plate group utilizing a non-reusable, inexpensive plastic mold insert. The method includes positioning the battery plate group into an open top container with the lugs of the positive plates in one row and the lugs of the negative plates in another row, positioning the plastic insert into the container with the lugs of the plate group extending upwardly through the mold insert, positioning the terminal post members on the plastic mold insert with fingers of the straps thereof disposed between plate lugs of the respective rows, supplying additional unmelted lead into remaining spaces between the plate lugs, and heating, melting, and fusing the plate lugs, strap fingers, and added lead by induction heating to form interconnections between the positive and negative plates in the respective terminals.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell such as a lead acid cell, wherein fine carbon particles with or without an organic material is disposed in the electrolyte of the cell, deposited on the surface of the electrically active material of the cell and/or dispersed within the electrically active material of the cell.

Abstract: Electrode plates for a lead-acid battery have an active material layer using polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder formed on both sides of a substrate. The substrate is selected from the group consisting of a foil-like sheet made of pure lead or lead alloy and a polyester film that is lead-plated or covered with a conductive coating layer containing carbon powder, whose main ingredient is graphite as a conducting agent. The method of manufacturing provides a thin electrode plate that is suitable for use as a spirally-wound type of electrode plate. The resulting plates have excellent high-rate discharge characteristics and long cycle life. The electrode plates are manufactured in a high productivity process that uses neither pore-forming agents nor pore-forming processes.

Abstract: The use of a continuous process for making a directly cast strip to provide a thickness satisfactory for industrial cells and batteries for stationary and motive power applications is disclosed, the thickness of the strip being at least 0.060 inch, and the process providing a visually crack-free surface in the transverse direction of the directly cast strip, the strip being lead or a lead-based alloy, such as, for example, calcium-tin-silver.

Abstract: A battery paste for a lead oxide battery plate comprising lead oxide, sulfuric acid and a naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, the condensate being water soluble and having a molecular weight of about 9,000 to 15,000; methods for preparing the battery paste are also disclosed.

Abstract: A sealed lead acid storage battery includes a monoblock container, a cover, plural assembly elements, each assembly element comprising a plurality of positive and negative electrode plates that are stacked via separators in a predetermined direction, a positive and negative electrode strap, and a positive and negative electrode terminal. The positive and negative electrode terminals protrude above the cover. The container further comprises ribs formed inside a bottom surface thereof for enabling the electrode plates to rest on the ribs. Each positive electrode plate has a pair of feet that are formed on a lower end thereof in a substantially symmetrical arrangement and further comprises a lug connected to the positive electrode strap that is disposed at a position shifting either to the left or to the right. One of the feet correspond to the position having the lug not resting on any rib, while the other foot rests on a rib.

Abstract: Sealed lead-acid cells are disclosed which include an internal cell restraint contacting the interior surface of the cover and positioned between the positive plates and the cover, the internal cell restraint cooperates with an external cell restraint, such as a coated metal face plate, to direct positive plate growth which occurs in service away from the cover, the features disclosed allowing plastic-to-plastic terminal post-cover seals to be used and allow cells of capacities of up to 2,000 Ampere Hours or more to be provided.

Abstract: An improved battery paste composition and a lead-acid electrochemical cell which incorporates the composition. The cell includes a positive current collector and a negative current collector which are each coated with a paste containing one or more lead-containing compositions and a paste vehicle to form a positive plate and a negative plate. An absorbent electrolyte-containing separator member may also be positioned between the positive and negative plates. The paste on the positive current collector, the negative current collector, or both further includes a special additive consisting of polyvinylsulfonic acid or salts thereof which provides many benefits including improved battery cycle life, increased charge capacity, and enhanced overall stability. The additive also makes the pastes smoother and more adhesive, thereby improving the paste application process. The paste compositions of interest may be used in conventional flat-plate cells or in spirally wound batteries with equal effectiveness.

Abstract: A lead-acid cell includes a case, positive and negative plates within the case, microporous separator material between adjacent plates and electrolyte in a starved amount, with the case having jar and covers joined by a weldment along overlapping cover and jars. The positive plates include a grid frame with an intermediate member extending between spaced apart generally peripheral portions of the frame, with pasted active material on the grid frame separated substantially into two portions by the intermediate member. Compressive force is adjustably continuously applied to the positive and negative plates within the case. The plates are suspended within the case at positions removed from the wall of the case, while plate growth is permitted in a manner that plate shorting is avoided.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for making a thin strap in a stable molten state in producing a plate group for a lead acid storage battery by integrally welding lugs of a plurality of plates of the same polarity by cast-on-strap process. According to the method, the strap is formed in the following manner. A molten lead is fed in a strap forming tool surrounded by an induction heating coil; control of the temperature of the molten lead and preheating of the tips of the plate lugs are carried out by the induction heating coil; the tips of the lugs is dipped in the molten lead and kept at a given temperature; and, thereafter, the mold is forcedly cooled to solidify the molten lead.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery includes a compartmented case and a polarity of electrochemically lead-acid cells serially connected via respective positive and negative terminals. Each cell includes planar positive and negative plates and resides in one compartment of the case. The battery further includes an electrochemically inactive cell serially connected with the electrochemically active cells and being intermediately disposed respecting the electrochemically active cells. Plates of the inactive cell preferably have connecting lugs extending therefrom which align with corresponding connecting lugs of the positive and negative plates of the active cells. Rigid homogeneous foam separates the inactive cell plates from one another and fills the inactive cell compartment thereby providing support for the inactive cell plates.

Abstract: A nonaqueous secondary battery comprising positive and negative sheet electrodes, each composed of a collector coated with an electrode material mixture containing the respective active material and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, wherein the electrode material mixture is present on both the inner and the outer sides of the collector and the coating thickness of the electrode material mixture on the inner side of the collector of the positive and/or negative electrode(s) is smaller than that of the electrode material mixture on the outer side of said collector. The battery is excellent in charge and discharge cycle characteristics, and the sheet electrodes have excellent winding properties when rolled up into cylinders.

Abstract: A solid-state lithium secondary battery having a high safety and being free from the formation and growth of lithium dendrites is disclosed. It comprises a cathode having as an active material at least one compound selected from the group consisting of oxides and sulfides of a transition metal, a lithium ion-conductive solid electrolyte of a glass comprising Li.sub.2 S, and an anode having as an active material a metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium, wherein at least one of the cathode active material and anode active material contains lithium.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a hardened lead storage battery electrode wherein fine, particulate solids, that are insoluble in lead, are incorporated into a lead matrix. The method includes the steps of incorporating solids, dissolved or suspended in an electrolyte, into a lead matrix such that shaping simultaneously occurs during the deposition of lead due to a suitable fashioning of a plurality of electrically conductive surface regions; vigorously agitating the electrolyte by introducing air through an apertured plate in the bottom of an electrolyte vessel providing an electro-chemical cell including a cathode and a Cu/Ta/Pt anode and an electrolyte solution including HBF.sub.4 and an electrolyte selected from PbO, Pb(OH).sub.2 and PbCO.sub.3 or including a graphite anode and an electrolyte solution of Fe(BF.sub.4).sub.2 and Fe(BF.sub.4).sub.3. The electrolyte is prepared from a raw material selected from lead, waste material containing lead and desulfured lead storage battery electrolyte paste.

Abstract: An electrode for a lead-acid battery comprising a current collector and active material carried by said current collector wherein the active material includes a conductive filler or a mixture of conductive and non-conductive fillers such that the utilization of active material is greater than 35% at the one hour rate. In addition, the active material may form multilayers wherein the several layers of the multilayers may contain varying amounts of fillers either conductive or non-conductive.

Abstract: A polymer bonded electrode composite composed of a polymer matrix having electrochemically active particulate therein and having a porous conductive sheet encapsulated within the matrix is disclosed. Further, a continuous process of forming the electrode composite by extrusion using a cross-head die is also disclosed.

Abstract: The Battery Plates with Lightweight Cores disclosed and claimed above solve the problems encountered by previous attempts to construct practical bipolar plates for lead-acid batteries. The preferred embodiment (10) includes a thin, lightweight, inexpensive metal core (12) with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. The lower or negative side (12b) of the core (12) is covered with a negative side protective layer (16) which defends the core (12) from an acidic environment. The upper or positive side (12a) of the core (12) is covered with a positive side protective layer (18) which safeguards the core (12) from a hostile oxidizing electrochemical environment. In the preferred embodiment, the core (12) is aluminum, the negative side protective layer (16) is lead and the positive side protective layer (18) is doped stannic oxide. Intermediate layers (14a & 14b) of copper or nickel may be placed between the core (12) and the negative and positive protective layers (16 & 18) to promote adhesion.

Abstract: A recombinant lead acid battery is provided having positive and negative plates coated with active material and separated by a compressible separator material containing an electrolyte. A casing provides structural support for the plates and encases the battery's components. The battery is preferably a recombinant lead acid battery with its plates being formed of lead foil sheets. The casing is reinforced and arranged to i) maintain a substantially evenly distributed compressive force on the separator material and ii) maintain a constant spacing between the plates. The battery is arranged to maintain a compressive force of at least eight psi on the plates which has been found to significantly reduce the incidence of premature capacity loss (PCL). By way of example, compressive forces in the range of 8-14 psi work well for conventional separator materials.

Abstract: A continuous cast positive grid of lead having substantially improved corrosion resistance and decreased growth in a positive plate of a lead-acid battery and a continuous cast negative grid of lead having substantially increased tensile strength for a lead-acid battery. A web of lead is continuously cast with a series of succeeding grid blanks of uniform thickness which are cold worked to reduce the positive grid thickness by at least 3:1 and the negative grid thickness in the range of about 1.5:1 to 2.8:1 preferably by passing through the nip of each of a plurality of successive compression rollers. Electro-chemically active paste is applied to the reduced webs, preferably flash dried, and individual pasted grids are cut from the reduced and pasted webs to provide positive plates and negative plates for a lead-acid battery.

Abstract: Bipolar lead/acid batteries are provided, having at least one cored bipolar battery plate. The bipolar battery plate comprises a core element having an active surface at each side thereof, with lead at the negative side and lead oxide at the positive side of the cored battery plate. The core element comprises titanium or other appropriate high barrier height material, at least at each surface thereof which faces the respective lead and lead oxide active surfaces. A molded polymer frame is provided around the bipolar plate, and appropriate negative and positive end plates are provided opposite the outer most positive or negative sides of the battery so as to provide a functioning battery structure. The polymer frame is such that it may be sealed against electrolyte leakage so that the electrolyte is confined within the structure by the battery frames. The battery frame may be vented so as to permit pressurized gas to flow from the battery when the pressure exceeds a predetermined pressure.

Abstract: A sulfur/aluminum battery in which an aluminum anode and an aqueous alkaline/polysulfide electrolytic solution are in direct contact. At high polysulfide concentrations, parasitic chemical reactions between the aluminum and sulfur are minimized, allowing for efficient oxidation of the aluminum anode, and resulting in a battery having high energy and power densities.

Abstract: Bipolar battery cells, bipolar batteries, and related methods are disclosed. The disclosed bipolar plate comprises a composite of long carbon fibers and a filler of carbon particles and a fluoroelastomer. A fluoroelastomeric sealant for placement between adjacent cells is also disclosed.

Abstract: A combined dual ganged manifold and cover arrangement for batteries features channeling of gas flow to an explosion attenuation device located between the manifolds and a cover designed for maximizing return to the battery of any electrolyte which may contact the cover from vibration, tilting, overheating, overcharge and the like. Splash barrels within the cover include a unique acid level indicator, and feet are provided on the manifold to prevent the manifolds from inadvertently being used with other cover designs. The arrangement is particularly useful for batteries having terminal posts lying along the battery centerline. The cover utilizes external and internal gas pick-up systems and perpetual hill and infinite well concepts to control acid flow. A narrow channel reduces standing wave electrolyte surface violence.

Abstract: The present invention provides a valve-regulated lead-acid battery in which the theoretical capacity (Ah) of the negative active material in the battery is less than that of the positive active material, the amount of a conductive additive, such as carbon, added into the negative active material is in the range of 0.5 weight % to 7.5 weight % of the negative active material, and the conductive additive is carbon, acetylene black, polyaniline, tin powder, tin compound powder, etc. having an average particle diameter of 100.mu. or less.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating cored structures are provided. The cored structures may particularly find usefulness as cored battery plates for use in lead/acid batteries. A pre-formed core element is provided, and on its surfaces there is placed a thin layer of an active surface material. That active surface material is one which may enter into a chemical or electrochemical process when in use and in the presence of an electrolyte or other agent which will promote such chemical or electrochemical process. In the case of lead/acid batteries, the active surface is lead or lead oxide. The core element is generally one which does not bond with the active surface material, but will if the active surface material is ion bombarded or neutral atom embedded into the surface of the core, and where the amount of bombardment or embedment is determined by controlling the accelerator voltage.

Abstract: Hydrogen storage and generation is accomplished using an electrolytic cell which employs an inert gas electrode, a rechargeable battery electrode having an active material which stores hydrogen or is close to the potential of hydrogen, and a sealed housing which houses the electrodes, a separator and an aqueous electrolyte and has a port for extracting hydrogen generated in the cell.

Abstract: A sealed tubular lead-acid battery is provided which offers high-rate discharging performance and long cycle life by loading granules of fine particles of silicon dioxide both in a gap between a separator and around each of a positive and negative plate, as well as around the assembled element comprising a separator and the plates. An electrolyte is retained on the positive plate, the negative plate, the separator, and the granules of fine silicon dioxide particles.

Abstract: An electrochemical storage device is fabricated from two opposing asymmetric electrode assemblies (10) and (11) and a solid polymer electrolyte (15). A first electrode is fabricated from a conducting polymer such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, or polythiothene. The second electrode is fabricated from a metal, metal hydroxides, metal oxides and combinations thereof. The solid polymer electrolyte is in intimate contact with and situated between the first and second electrodes. The solid polymer electrolyte may be made from a polymeric binder or support structure such as polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, or other polymeric materials. Dispersed in the polymeric support structure may be either an acidic or basic material, such as KOH or H.sub.3 PO.sub.4.

Abstract: An electrochemical capacitor device (10) including an anode (20) and a cathode (30) separated by a separator (40) and surrounded by an electrolyte (50). The anode (20) and cathode (30) is fabricated from a multi-valent, multiple oxidation state material. The material has a high, an intermediate, and a low oxidation state. In an initial condition, both the anode and cathode are in the intermediate oxidation state. During charging, one electrode will be oxidized to the higher states, while the other electrode will be reduced to the lower state. The processes are reversed during discharge.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a substrate with a coating of titanium suboxide thereon. The coating protects the substrate from corrosion. Typically, the substrate is a current collector for a lead acid battery. The present invention is also directed to a process for forming the coating of titanium suboxide coating on the substrate. A colloidal dispersion of titanium suboxide particles in water is formed. The pH of the colloidal dispersion is brought within the range of 3 or less. The substrate to be coated is then placed in the colloidal dispersion. A positive electrode is also placed in the colloidal dispersion. An electric field is then introduced into the colloidal dispersion to effect electrophoretic deposition of the titanium suboxide on the substrate.

Abstract: Temperature-sensitive thermal insulators for batteries are provided for. The thermal insulators are fabricated from barrier film and have one or more expandable chambers containing a fluid. The fluid has a vaporization temperature of from about 90.degree. F. to about 200.degree. F., preferably from about 100.degree. F. to about 130.degree. F. The insulator has a first volume above the fluid vaporization temperature which is greater than a second volume of the insulator below the fluid vaporization temperature.

Abstract: A nonaqueous secondary battery is disclosed, which comprises a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, in which said negative electrode active material contains at least one chalcogenide compound mainly composed of a Group 14 element of the Periodic Table, a Group 15 element of the Periodic Table, In, Zn, or Mg.

Abstract: An electrical-storage battery includes a cell defined by two spaced-apart graphite electrode-plates one of which forms a cathode and the other an anode. The cell contains an electrolyte which is an aqueous solution including sulfuric acid. In a charged condition, the electrode-plate which forms a cathode has a surface layer of lead in contact with the electrolyte, and the electrode-plate which forms the anode has a surface layer of manganese dioxide in contact with the electrolyte. In a battery having multiple cells arranged in electrical series, a single graphite electrode-plate physically separates adjacent cells, but electrically connects the cells. This electrode-plate serves as a cathode for one of the adjacent cells, and as an anode for the other.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode for a lead-acid battery, formed in an essentially continuous process without the need for curing under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. This is accomplished by using a relatively high metallic lead content precursor powder intermingled with a leady-oxide powder. Another aspect of the invention is the use of relatively high surface area leady-oxide powder which contributes to performance. Another important aspect of the invention is that the active material paste is prepared without the use of an acid in a water based process which provides a simpler pasting chemistry. The process eliminates the complex basic lead sulfate reactions found in present methods.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has a negative electrode, a positive electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte with lithium ion conductivity. A composite oxide containing lithium represented by composition formula Li.sub.x Si.sub.1-y M.sub.y O.sub.z (where M is one or more kinds of elements selected from metals other than alkaline metals, and metalloids other than silicon, and x, y and z satisfy O.ltoreq.x, 0<y<1, and 0<z<2) is used as an active material for the negative electrode. The battery exhibits a negative active material with a lower and baser potential and a large charging/discharging capacity to produce a long cycle service life secondary battery which facilitates a large current charging and discharging and reduces deterioration due to excess charging and excess discharging.

Abstract: An improved electrochemical cell is provided using a high surface area can electrodes as the negative electrode in an alkali metal hydroxide electrolyte.

Abstract: A battery separator for tubular positive electrodes composed of a microporous, composite sheet product having first and second major surface, formed from a uniform mixture of a polymer, a filler, a processing aid a porous form stable layer at least partially embedded in either the first or second major surface and having a series of vertical tubes arranged across its surface. The tubular sleeve/separator can be formed of individual tubes, flat sheets formed into a series of tubes or sheets containing half tubes and which are aligned and bonded together to form the series of tubes.

Abstract: The sealed lead acid battery comprises a positive and/or negative electrode made of an active material added with porous polymer particles having an average pore diameter of 0.05 to 10 .mu.m and a particle size of 0.1 to 0.8 mm. The additive amount of the porous polymer particles ranges from 0.2 to 3 wt. %. The active material may be incorporated with porous particles of 0.3 to 5 wt. % previously impregnated therein with sulfric acid. The resultant sealed lead acid battery has a high energy density and is superior in a high efficient discharge characteristic, a cycle life characteristic and a low temperature characteristic.

Abstract: A stable and durable electrode assembly for a lead-acid storage battery to provide a longer-life lead-acid storage battery is described. A synthetic resin-made separator and a glass mat, which is wider than the separator, are coordinately stacked together and then folded in such a manner that the separator is positioned within the glass mat and the side edge portions of the separator overlap and the side edge portions of the glass mat overlap. The overlapped side edge portions are respectively seal-bonded to each other to provide a pocket-type electrode assembly wherein the outer surface thereof is a pocket-type glass mat which surrounds a pocket-type separator.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte battery comprising a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate of a light metal spirally wound with a separator in between and an electrolyte, wherein said separator is a microporous membrane or a non-woven cloth provided with a non-ion-permeable insulating band on at least one side and in a direction along the length of, and in the middle of the width of said separator, or said positive electrode plate comprises manganese dioxide as the cathodic active material and is provided with a band of a manganese lower oxide thereon at the middle and in a direction along the length of the electrode plate, having not only superior high-rate discharge performance but also high capacity and reliability without affecting prior art manufacturing processes used to produce the battery.

Abstract: An integral battery electrode structure for lead/acid battery plates is provided. The principle structure material is elemental lead or lead alloyed with antimony or calcium. At least the surface of the lead or alloy has an ion implanted or atomic embedded graded junction of at least one other atomic species, such as titanium, cadmium, or bismuth. Additionally, highly oxidative atomic species such as fluorine, chlorine, or metallic components such as titanium, tin, vanadium, chromium, or rhodium may be added at the surface of the lead or lead alloy. Optionally, an element such as cadmium, arsenic, uranium, barium or bismuth may be added at the surface and within several atomic layers below the surface in such a manner that the concentration may be from 0.05% to about 10.0% of the total mass in that region but that the total concentration in the electrode structure is from about 50 to about 350 parts per billion.

Abstract: Ceramic electrodes of cadmium germanate and other ternary oxide materials, provide electrodes for secondary battery cells. Open circuit voltages of 1.5 volts are attainable. The absence of crystallographic phase changes on charge/discharge is noted and renders possible the use of solid electrolytes, possibly in a unitary ceramic structure.

Abstract: A process for cutting a moving strip to form a series of plates, such as battery plates, includes the initial step of transporting the strip past a rotary divider including a cutter having radial blades configured to cut the strip into the plates. The cutter further has a set of blades for cutting individual pieces from the strip, which pieces are not part of the plates. As the cutter blades cut the strip to form the plates and pieces, a vacuum system applies suction to draw the pieces cut from the strip inwardly into the cutter through holes in the cutter, and then out of the cutter. The holes are each located adjacent each one of the corresponding blades and are shaped and positioned to permit the cut-away piece to pass through. In a preferred embodiment, the vacuum system includes a pair of vacuum manifolds that apply suction at opposite ends of the cylindrical cutter. An apparatus for carrying out the foregoing process accordingly includes a rotary divider as described above provided with a vacuum system.

Abstract: A battery-plate separator system includes three layers in face-to-face relationship, the first and third layers including a porous mat of randomly oriented fibers, and, between the first and third layers, a second layer comprising a porous organic polymeric sheet with tortuosity and pores sufficiently small to substantially block penetration by metallic particles. A storage battery includes a plurality of positive lead peroxide elec-trodes, a plurality of negative metallic lead electrodes, and the same three-layer separator system in a closed case with a body of electrolyte to which the system is inert, that is absorbed by the separator system, and that is maintained in contact with the electrodes.

Abstract: The addition of cathode materials comprising In.sup.+++, Pb.sup.++ or Cd.sup.++ ion, e.g. in the form of salts such as In(NO.sub.3).sub.3, Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 or the corresponding perchlorates, to oxyanionic electrolyte cells increases cell potential. Such cathodic materials are added to lower melting fused salt oxyanionic electrolytes such as nitrate or perchlorate electrolytes, e.g. LiNO.sub.3, KNO.sub.3 or LiCl0.sub.4, in a concentration sufficient to increase cell potential, using Li or Ca anodes. A suitable metal current collector such as a Ni screen can be used as a cathode. The above cathodic materials can be used in conjunction with other cathodic materials such as AgNO.sub.3, which undergoes reduction to the free metal.