Abstract: A composition and plate-making process for a lead acid battery for reducing active material shrinkage in negative battery plates. A polymer is mixed with lead oxide, water, an expander and sulfuric acid to form a negative paste composition comprising the expander and basic lead sulfate crystals with the polymer absorbed on the crystal surfaces. The paste having the polymer addition is then pasted onto a grid where the paste is dried, cured and reacted to form a negative battery plate of the lead acid battery. The negative battery plate comprises a sponge lead negative active mass that exhibits less shrinkage by virtue of the polymer addition.

Abstract: A non-aqueous-electrolyte based secondary battery includes a mixture of lithium manganate and lithium nickelate as a cathode active material, and includes at least one element selected from Bi, Pb, Sb and Sn.

Abstract: A negative active material is characterized by being prepared by adding a lignin having a unit structure represented by the formula (I) as the main structure to a lead oxide. Since the lignin of the formula (I) is added, the negative active material can be prevented from shrinkage due to charge/discharge.

Abstract: A lead-acid cell includes a case, positive and negative plates within the case, microporous separator material between adjacent plates and electrolyte in a starved amount, with the case having jar and covers joined by a weldment along overlapping cover and jars. The positive plates include a grid frame with an intermediate member extending between spaced apart generally peripheral portions of the frame, with pasted active material on the grid frame separated substantially into two portions by the intermediate member. Compressive force is adjustably continuously applied to the positive and negative plates within the case. The plates are suspended within the case at positions removed from the wall of the case, while plate growth is permitted in a manner that plate shorting is avoided.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing a battery 18 having battery electrodes 20 and 22 with a desired porosity, using an electrochemical model 42 and a thermal model 44, that includes determining energy and current requirements for a particular application. Characteristics of the battery 18 in response to said energy and current requirements are determined. The battery characteristics and energy and current requirements are prepared for use in the electrochemical model 42 and the thermal model 44. The porosity of the battery electrodes is determined by solving equations within the electrochemical model 42 and the thermal model 44. Porosity of the battery electrodes is varied until voltage potential across the battery varies by less then a predetermined tolerance factor for an operating range state of charge. A paste mixture is created in response to the desired battery electrode porosity. The paste mixture is applied to a grid followed by curing of the grid and paste.

Abstract: A method for forming a corrosion resistant electrode for a battery includes supplying an electrode for use in the battery and exposing the electrode to an environment including vaporized carbon. At least some of the carbon from the environment may be transferred to the electrode.

Abstract: Provided for herein is a process of forming a negative battery paste comprising combining a barium containing material at least partially dissolved in a portion of water with an organic expander, carbon black, and a lead oxide containing material to form a first mixture, followed by combining the first mixture with an amount of sulfuric acid to form the negative battery paste.

Abstract: Reticulated vitrified carbon compositions which contain particles of Cu, Sn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, or alloys or mixtures thereof dispersed therein and reticulated vitreous carbon compositions wherein some or all of said metal or alloy particles have been converted into salts or mixtures of salts thereof. Processes for the preparation of such compositions.

Abstract: A lead acid battery can be obtained which exhibits excellent life properties while keeping the level of self-discharging and electrolyte loss equal to that of those comprising a Pb—Ca alloy collector. In other words, the present invention lies in a positive collector for lead acid battery comprising a substrate and a surface layer made of an alloy composition different from that of the substrate formed on at least a part of the surface of the substrate, characterized in that the substrate is a Sb-free lead alloy or lead and said surface layer is a lead alloy layer comprising one or more metals selected from the group consisting of alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the grid has an essentially PbO free PbO2 coating covering all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid. Also described is a method of forming an electrode, comprising applying an essentially PbO free PbO2 coating to a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the coating covers all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid.

Abstract: A storage battery including an electrode and an electrolyte material, in which the electrode has a grid with a mesh area of about 50 mm2 or less and an active material provided on the grid. Accordingly, it is made possible to prevent a decrease in the negative electrode's conductivity due to a contraction of the negative electrode active material that takes place extensively when a cycle of charge and discharge is repeated particularly at high temperatures with a resulting remarkable improvement in cycle life characteristics of a lead-acid storage battery.

Abstract: A lead-acid storage battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte material. The foregoing negative electrode has a first grid with a first grid geometry and a first active material provided on the above first grid. The foregoing positive electrode has a second grid with a second grid geometry and a second active material provided on the above second grid. A first mesh area of the foregoing first grid is smaller than a second mesh area of the foregoing second grid, thereby achieving an excellent high rate discharge cycle life.

Abstract: A composition and plate-making process for a lead acid battery for reducing active material shrinkage in negative battery plates. A polymer is mixed with lead oxide, water, an expander and sulfuric acid to form a negative paste composition comprising the expander and basic lead sulfate crystals with the polymer absorbed on the crystal surfaces. The paste having the polymer addition is then pasted onto a grid where the paste is dried, cured and reacted to form a negative battery plate of the lead acid battery. The negative battery plate comprises a sponge lead negative active mass that exhibits less shrinkage by virtue of the polymer addition.

Abstract: A battery paste is disclosed. One such paste consists essentially of at least one lead oxide (i.e., an uncalcined oxide of lead) and at least one lead oxide sulfate, sufficient water to moisten the paste, and from 0.02 percent to 15 percent based on the weight of the lead oxide plus the weight of the lead oxide sulfate, calculated as the lead oxide, of glass fibers having an average diameter not greater than 15 micron. Another paste consists essentially of at least one lead oxide and at least one lead oxide sulfate, sufficient water to moisten the paste, and from 1 percent to 15 percent based on the weight of the lead oxide plus the weight of the lead oxide sulfate, calculated as the lead oxide, of glass fibers of a specific composition that enables specific beneficial ions to diffuse into the paste during the life of the battery.

Abstract: A battery electrode material composed of a composite material including fiber agglomerates having micro-pores and an electrode active material included within the micro-pores of the fiber agglomerates. The agglomerates are formed by tangled masses of vapor-grown carbon fibers having fiber contact points. Furthermore, at least a portion of the fiber contact points are chemically bonded fiber contact points. Also disclosed is a secondary battery including electrodes made from the battery electrode material.

Abstract: Lead acid batteries and related compositions and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive and an expander component associated with the negative plate that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive associated with a plate that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A recombinant battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having an additive associated with the separator that improves the overall efficiency of the lead acid battery.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive associated with a plate that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive having a plurality of chemically different functional groups and an expander component associated with the negative plate that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive having a plurality of chemically different functional groups, associated with the separator that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: A recombinant battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having an additive associated with the separator that improves the overall efficiency of the lead acid battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel materials based on coated metal particles for use as active positive-electrode material in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: Microthin sheet technology is disclosed by which superior batteries are constructed which, among other things, accommodate the requirements for high load rapid discharge and recharge, mandated by electric vehicle criteria. The microthin sheet technology has process and article overtones and can be used to form corrugated thin electrodes used in batteries of various kinds and types, such as spirally-wound batteries, bipolar batteries, lead acid batteries, silver/zinc batteries, and others. Superior high performance battery features include: (a) minimal ionic resistance; (b) minimal electronic resistance; (c) minimal polarization resistance to both charging and discharging; (d) improved current accessibility to active material of the electrodes; (e) a high surface area to volume ratio; (f) high electrode porosity (microporosity); (g) longer life cycle; (h) superior discharge/recharge characteristics; (i) higher capacities (A·hr); and (j) high specific capacitance.

Abstract: In the manufacture of lead acid battery electrodes, the oxidation of lead, particularly recycled lead containing silver, is enhanced by addition of magnesium to the lead.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery with stress applied perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes, at least one of the elements chosen from among the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the electrolyte has been modified so that the quantity of sulfuric acid in the positive electrode and/or negative electrode represents at least 0.20 mole of H2SO4 per mole of active material in the charged state.

Abstract: An organic expander composition for improving the cycle life and the cold crank ability properties of lead-acid batteries as compared to standard or oxylignin organic expanders. The organic expander composition is obtained by a blend of oxylignin and kraft lignin.

Abstract: The performance of electrochemical energy devices such as batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and sensors is enhanced by the use of electrically conducting ceramic materials in the form of fibers, powder, chips and substrates.

Abstract: A plate making process for a lead acid battery which eliminates the need for steaming and curing steps to produce the active material. Mixing, reacting and crystallizing occur in a closed reactor under controlled temperature and mixing conditions to produce a paste having the desired crystal morphology. A polymer is then added to the paste to bind the crystals together and to produce desired rheological properties in the paste. The paste having the polymer addition is then pasted onto a grid where the paste is dried to form a battery plate of the lead acid battery. The process is applicable for both the positive and negative plates of a lead acid battery.

Abstract: Composition of matter useful as an active mass of positive electrodes for a lead acid storage cell has an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially as shown in the. Figure. The matter is formed from lead-cadmium deposits using a methanesulfonic acid electrolyte system and pulse current.

Abstract: An active paste for an lead-acid electrochemical cell which in a preferred embodiment includes tin; a method of manufacturing the same; and an electrochemical cell utilizing the same. The tin may be a tin sulfate, tin oxide, or metallic tin. The active paste sandwiches a primarily lead film which may, but need not, also include tin, to form a positive electrode. One or more positive electrodes are interleafed with a number of negative electrodes, separated by a separator material. The assembly is placed in a container and electrolyte is introduced. In alternate embodiments, the paste may include some combination of antimony, arsenic, germanium, indium, selenium, gallium, tellurium or other semiconductor materials with or without tin compounds.

Abstract: A cathode and a solid state electrochemical cell comprising said cathode, a solid anode and solid fluoride ion conducting electrolyte. The cathode comprises a metal oxide and a compound fluoride containing at least two metals with different valences. Representative compound fluorides include solid solutions of bismuth fluoride and potassium fluoride; and lead fluoride and potassium fluoride. Representative metal oxides include copper oxide, lead oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide and silver oxide.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method of increasing the available amount of acid at PAM and NAM in lead battery electrodes and still retain a short distance between the electrode surfaces. With mechanical support of PAM (for example in tubular batteries) in spite of low PAM densities it is possible to almost completely prevent the formation of mud. Spaces for acid should therefore be mechanically strong and supporting in order to retain unchanged PAM volume. In order to prevent that the porous bodies are filled with lead powder, lead sulphate or other components during manufacture, they may be impregnated with a filler material such as for example plastic or wax which is removed after forming the electrodes or after any other suitable process. The filler material may also be an inorganic salt which dissolves only at filling with acid leaving a desired porosity.

Abstract: A lightweight, high-energy electrode plate for a lead acid battery, and method for making an electrode plate, comprising a highly conductive non-lead substrate having a specific gravity no greater than 70% that of lead, a pair of outer layers of thin sheets of imperforate conductive foil that is corrosive resistant to the electrolyte acids of the battery and that are welded together to encapsulate the non-lead substrate.

Abstract: A lead acid storage battery cell having a sealed housing in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are immersed in a liquid electrolyte. The negative electrode is partially exposed to a gas space within the battery cell housing. A pressure relief valve allows excess gas to escape the battery cell while preventing air from outside the cell from entering the gas space. Exposing a section of the negative plate to oxygen gas that evolves within the battery and collects in the gas space reduces water consumption of the cell and extends the maintenance-free life of the battery. The addition of a catalyst to recombine oxygen and hydrogen offers further improvement.

Abstract: An enclosed lead storage battery includes an enclosed container, a group of electrode plates including positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates, and separators, with the group of electrode plates and the separators being housed in the container. The positive electrode plates, negative electrode plates, and separators are layered side by side, with each of the positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates including a top side, a bottom side, and opposite lateral sides. At least one of the positive electrode plates and at least one of the negative electrode plates provide a grid having no frames at opposite lateral sides of the grid, such as an expanded grid. To prevent a short-circuit between the positive and negative electrode plates, the battery includes a porous mat disposed between the container and the opposite lateral sides of the grid.

Abstract: This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) two microporous pseudo-boehmite layers and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer interposed between the microporous pseudo-boehmite layers; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery, a positive active material includes tin in an amount of from not less than 0.2% to not more than 5% based on the weight thereof. The density of the positive active material after formation is from not less than 3.75 g/cc to not more than 5.0 g/cc. When the lead-acid battery is produced by a battery container formation, a time required between the infection of an electrolyte and the beginning of battery container formation is from not less than 0.1 hours to not more than 3 hours.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive that reduces the detrimental effects of at least one impurity on the negative plate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having an anode active material with a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. The active material comprises a salt of a metal or a semi-metal and a compound selected from the group consisting of oxo-acids, thiocyanic acid, cyanogen, and cyanic acid, wherein each said oxo-acid comprises an element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, boron, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, manganese, and vanadium, salts of said oxo-acids of phosphorus and boron being restricted to hydrogenphosphates and hydrogenborates.

Abstract: An active paste for an lead-acid electrochemical cell which in a preferred embodiment includes tin; a method of manufacturing the same; and an electrochemical cell utilizing the same. The tin may be a tin sulfate, tin oxide, or metallic tin. The active paste sandwiches a primarily lead film which may, but need not, also include tin, to form a positive electrode. One or more positive electrodes are interleafed with a number of negative electrodes, separated by a separator material. The assembly is placed in a container and electrolyte is introduced. In alternate embodiments, the paste may include some combination of antimony, arsenic, germanium, indium, selenium, gallium, tellurium or other semiconductor materials with or without tin compounds.

Abstract: The invention pertains to linear electrochemical functional elements which consist of strip-shaped ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and/or hydrogen-diffusion electrodes accessible at the ends which are enclosed on all sides in an insulating manner by a jacket of a solid material. The invention describes the structure, production and use of the functional elements in electrochemical measuring techniques.

Abstract: A battery paste for a lead oxide battery plate comprising lead oxide, sulfuric acid and a naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, the condensate being water soluble and having a molecular weight of about 9,000 to 15,000; methods for preparing the battery paste are also disclosed.

Abstract: An active paste for an lead-acid electrochemical cell which in a preferred embodiment includes tin; a method of manufacturing the same; and an electrochemical cell utilizing the same. The tin may be a tin sulfate, tin oxide, or metallic tin. The active paste sandwiches a primarily lead film which may, but need not, also include tin, to form a positive electrode. One or more positive electrodes are interleafed with a number of negative electrodes, separated by a separator material. The assembly is placed in a container and electrolyte is introduced. In alternate embodiments, the paste may include some combination of antimony, arsenic, germanium, indium, selenium, gallium, tellurium or other semiconductor materials with or without tin compounds.

Abstract: A battery element of a lead acid battery including a negative plate, a positive plate and a separator having a metal inhibiting additive that reduces the detrimental effects of impurity metal on the negative plate.

Abstract: A polymer containing a recurring unit of a conjugated N-fluoropyridinium salt and an active material for a positive electrode, an electrolyte, a battery material for the positive electrode and a battery which use such a polymer. That polymer provides a battery material and a primary battery or a secondary battery which have high electromotive force, high energy density, high environmental acceptability, a low internal resistance in charging and discharging and strong recoverability of the electromotive force, and can be useful as a fluorinating agent.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a hardened lead storage battery electrode wherein fine, particulate solids, that are insoluble in lead, are incorporated into a lead matrix. The method includes the steps of incorporating solids, dissolved or suspended in an electrolyte, into a lead matrix such that shaping simultaneously occurs during the deposition of lead due to a suitable fashioning of a plurality of electrically conductive surface regions; vigorously agitating the electrolyte by introducing air through an apertured plate in the bottom of an electrolyte vessel providing an electro-chemical cell including a cathode and a Cu/Ta/Pt anode and an electrolyte solution including HBF.sub.4 and an electrolyte selected from PbO, Pb(OH).sub.2 and PbCO.sub.3 or including a graphite anode and an electrolyte solution of Fe(BF.sub.4).sub.2 and Fe(BF.sub.4).sub.3. The electrolyte is prepared from a raw material selected from lead, waste material containing lead and desulfured lead storage battery electrolyte paste.