Abstract: Disclosed is an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising an insulating support and provided thereon, a conductive layer, an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer, wherein said conductive layer has a work function W (eV), said intermediate layer has an ionization potential Ip (eV) and a relationship between the work function W (eV) and the ionization potential Ip (eV) satisfies Formula 1:Ip>W+0.5.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor containing an intermediate layer provide between a support and a photosensitive layer is disclosed. The intermediate layer contains at least one of an organic metal compound and a silane coupling agent or a product therefrom and its membranaceous index is 0.5 or more and 10 or less. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has low residual potential wherein no image defects such as spotting are caused over a long period of use.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member which comprises an aluminum substrate having an aluminum oxide film at its surface and a photosensitive layer formed on the substrate, which contains a photoconductive material, wherein the aluminum oxide film has a thickness of from 3 to 15 .mu.m, and a resistivity of from 10.sup.9 to 3.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2 when a DC voltage of 20 V is applied, and an impedance of from 1 to 20 M.OMEGA. at 100 Hz.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed which comprises an electroconductive support, a first interlayer formed on the support and containing low-resistance electroconductive particles having a specific resistance of from 10.degree. to 10.sup.4 .OMEGA.cm, a second interlayer formed on the first interlayer and containing high-resistance electroconductive particles having a specific resistance of from 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.8 .OMEGA.cm, and a photosensitive layer formed on the second interlayer. In the electrophotographic photoreceptor, in which the interlayers have an increased thickness for hiding defects present on the support and contain electroconductive particles dispersed therein, the photosensitive layer is free from the electrification performance decrease caused by charge injection thereinto and the interlayers have excellent leak-preventive properties.

Abstract: A photoconductor for electrophotography includes a conductive substrate and an organic undercoating layer on the conductive substrate. An organic charge generation layer is deposited on the undercoating layer, and an organic charge transport layer is deposited on the charge generation layer. The undercoating layer contains soluble polyamide resin and/or normal-butylated melamine resin as its main components. Alternately, the undercoating layer may contain resin as its main component, into which are dispersed small particles of anatase-type titanium dioxide. The surfaces of the anatase-type titanium dioxide particles may be treated with aminosilane. These undercoating layers produce a laminate-type photoconductor, which exhibits excellent electrophotographic characteristics that are stable during repeated use over long periods of time, and which vary little in a high temperature and high humidity atmosphere, as well as in a low temperature and low humidity atmosphere.

Abstract: To improve photoconductive and photoelectric-conversionary properties, e.g., to improve charging performance and at the same time make its temperature dependence lower, and to prevent exposure memory to achieve good image quality, a light-receiving member comprises a support and a photoconductive layer formed of a non-single-crystal (e.g., amorphous) material mainly composed of silicon atoms and containing at least one kind of hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms, wherein the photoconductive layer has a first layer region and a second layer region which have values different from each other in specific ranges in respect of optical bandgap (Eg) and characteristic energy (Eu) obtained from the linear relationship portion or exponential tail of a function represented by Expression (I):ln .alpha.=(1/Eu).multidot.h.nu.+.alpha..sub.1 (I)where photon energy h.nu. is set as an independent variable, and absorptivity coefficient .alpha. of light absorption spectrum as a dependent variable.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photosensitive member comprising an electrically conductive substrate having an anodized aluminum layer on the surface and a thick photosensitive layer on the substrate.

Abstract: An imaging member comprised of a supporting substrate with a coating thereover and wherein the coating is comprised of resin, electrically conductive metal oxide particles, and insulative metal oxide particles, wherein each electrically conductive particle is substantially electrically isolated and separated from any other of the electrically conductive particles by the insulative particles.

Abstract: A layered type electrophotographic photoconductor includes an electroconductive support; and a photoconductive layer formed thereon, which photoconductive layer contains a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, which are overlaid, with the charge generation layer containing a polyalkylene glycol and/or a derivative thereof and/or a crown ether, and the charge transport layer containing an antioxidant. Alternatively, an undercoat layer may be interposed between the electroconductive support and the photoconductive layer, with the undercoat layer containing a polyalkylene glycol and/or a derivative thereof and/or a crown ether, and the charge transport layer containing an antioxidant.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member including a substrate, a charge blocking layer, an optional adhesive interface layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transport layer, the blocking layer comprising solid finely divided light scattering inorganic particles having an average particle size between about 0.3 micrometer and about 0.7 micrometer selected from the group consisting of amorphous silica, mineral particles and mixtures thereof, dispersed in a matrix material comprising the chemical reaction product of (a) a film-forming polymer selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxy alkyl methacrylate polymer, hydroxy alkyl methacrylate copolymer and mixtures thereof and (b) an organosilane.

Abstract: A light receiving member having a light receiving layer comprising a photoconductive layer and a surface layer disposed on a conductive substrate, wherein the photoconductive layer comprises, from the side of the substrate, a first photoconductive layer constituted by an amorphous material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms, and a second photoconductive layer constituted by an amorphous material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, and at least one kind of atoms selected from hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms, wherein the content of said fluorine atoms in the first photoconductive layer is from 1 to 95 atomic ppm based on the content of said silicon atoms.

Abstract: An organic photoconductor for electrophotography that is light in weight, yields excellent images and is easily disposed of, which comprises a cylindrical conductive substrate that contains cross-linked polyphenylene sulfide as its main component, a blocking layer that contains melamine resin as its main component formed on the conductive substrate, a charge generation layer formed on the blocking layer, and a charge transport layer formed on the charge generation layer.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electrostatographic imaging member comprising: (a) a substrate; (b) a charge blocking layer comprised of nickel hydroxide and nickel oxide, wherein the nickel hydroxide content is at least about 10% based on the number of the nickel hydroxide and the nickel oxide molecules; and (c) a least one imaging layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor include an conductive substrate; an undercoat layer provided on the conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer having charge-generation and charge-transport functions provided on the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer includes a polyamide resin and methylhydrogenpolysiloxane-treated titanium dioxide and preferably styrene-maleic acid half-ester copolymer. The photoconductor can be produced by the steps of: dispersing a polyamide resin and methylhydrogenpolysiloxane-treated titanium dioxide and preferably styrene-maleic acid half-ester copolymer in a mixture solvent of an alcohol-type solvent and a halogenated hydrocarbon-type solvent, thereby preparing a coating liquid for an undercoat layer; applying the coating liquid onto a conductive substrate, thereby providing an undercoat layer on the substrate; and forming a photosensitive layer on the undercoat layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member including a substrate, a hole blocking layer comprising hydrolyzed metal alkoxide or aryloxide molecules and a film forming alcohol soluble nylon polymer, an optional interface adhesive layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transport layer.

Abstract: In an organic photoconductor for electrophotography, improved adhesiveness is realized between a substrate that contains a crosslinked polyphenylene sulfide as its main component and an organic photoconductor layer on the substrate. The substrate is cylindrical and conductive. With A denoting the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and B denoting the thermal expansion coefficient of the organic photoconductor layer, the improvement is realized when 1/2.gtoreq.A/B.gtoreq. 1/4.

Abstract: A photoconductive member, comprises a support for a photoconductive member and an amorphous layer which is constituted of silicon atoms as matrix containing at least one of hydrogen atom and halogen atom and exhibits photo-conductivity, said amorphous layer having a layer region containing carbon atoms in at least a part thereof, the content of the carbon atoms in said layer region being distributed unevenly in the direct on of the thickness of said layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member comprising a support substrate having a two layered electrically conductive ground plane layer comprising a layer comprising zirconium over a layer comprising titanium, a hole blocking layer, an adhesive layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a carbazole polymer and a film forming thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of copolyester, polyarylate and polyurethane in contiguous contact with the hole blocking layer, a charge generation layer comprising perylene or a phthalocyanine pigment particles dispersed in a polycarbonate film forming binder in contiguous contact with the adhesive layer, and a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer being substantially non-absorbing in the spectral region at which the charge generation layer generates and injects photogenerated holes but being capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from the charge generation layer and transporting the holes through the charge transport layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member comprising a support substrate having a two electrically conductive ground plane layer comprising a layer comprising zirconium over a layer comprising titanium,a hole blocking layer, an adhesive layer comprising a copolyester film forming resin, an intermediate layer in contact with said adhesive layer, said intermediate layer comprising a film forming carbazole polymer, a charge generation layer comprising perylene or a phthalocyanine particles dispersed in a film forming polymer binder blend of polycarbonate and carbazole polymer, and a hole transport layer, said hole transport layer being substantially non-absorbing in the spectral region at which the charge generation layer generates and injects photogenerated holes but being capable of supporting the injection of photogenerated holes from said charge generation layer and transporting said holes through said charge transport layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer formed thereon. The photosensitive member is electrified by applying voltage to an electrification means brought into contact therewith, and it has higher impedance (.OMEGA..cndot.cm) at an end portion than at other portion of the area where the photosensitive member is allowed to contact with the electrification means. Also, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the photosensitive member are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: an electrically conductive substrate, a charge injection blocking layer formed on said electrically conductive substrate, a photoconductive layer comprising a single layer formed on said charge injection blocking layer, said photoconductive layer comprising amorphous silicon containing boron, a positive hole capturing layer formed on said photoconductive layer, said positive hole capturing layer being selected from the group comprising amorphous silicon containing less than 50 ppm boron and amorphous silicon being substantially composed of hydrogen and silicon atoms, and a surface layer formed on said positive hole capturing layer. The boron concentration contained in said photoconductive layer is 0.01-1000 ppm. The surface layer is formed by amorphous silicon nitride, amorphous silicon oxide, amorphous silicon carbide or amorphous carbon as a main body. The charge injection blocking layer has amorphous silicon as a main body and contains a group V element.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electrostatographic imaging member comprising: (a) a supporting substrate including an electrically conductive surface; (b) a nickel containing layer comprised of nickel, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the nickel containing layer is the sole charge blocking layer; and (c) at least one electrostatographic imaging layer.

Abstract: A light receiving member comprising a substrate and a light receiving layer disposed on said substrate, said light receiving layer having a stacked structure comprising a plurality of constituent layers each being composed of a non-single crystal material containing silicon atoms as a matrix and at least either hydrogen atoms or halogen atoms, characterized in that said light receiving layer has a region containing at least one kind of atoms selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms at an enhanced concentration distribution in the thickness direction in the vicinity of at least one layer interface of the light receiving layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor for positive electrification comprising at least an electroconductive layer, a charge injection blocking layer, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer. The photoconductive layer comprises a layer having an amorphous silicon layer containing one or more of hydrogen, halogen and a Group III element for controlling electroconductivity and layer having an amorphous silicon germanium layer containing at least hydrogen, halogen and a Group III element. The charge injection blocking layer comprises an amorphous silicon layer containing hydrogen and a Group III element in an amount of equal or less than 1000 ppm. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has excellent electrification characteristics with dark and light sensitivities, stability against repetitive use and may be utilized as a photoreceptor for a semiconductor laser beam printer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor comprising a conductive support, an undercoating layer provided on the conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoating layer, in which the undercoating layer comprises a needle-like titanium oxide particles and a binder resin. The needle-like titanium oxide particles in the undercoating layer show a volume resistance in the range from 10.sup.5 .OMEGA..multidot.cm to 10.sup.10 .OMEGA..multidot.cm when a loading pressure of 100 Kg/cm.sup.2 is applied and have a short axis S having a length of 0.5 .mu.m or less and a long axis L having a length of 10 .mu.m or less and the aspect ratio of L/S ranging from 2 to 10. Further, the needle-like titanium oxide particles are contained in the undercoating layer in the range from 50 wt % to 95 wt % and the surface thereof remains untreated.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of providing high quality even images, which are completely free from image defects and unevenness of image density, which comprises a step for forming a non-monocrystalline deposited film comprising silicon atoms and hydrogen atoms and/or fluorine atoms on an aluminum substrate containing a fine quantity of silicon atoms by a plasma CVD method, wherein the surface of the substrate is cleaned with water in which carbon dioxide has been dissolved before a process for forming the deposited film.

Abstract: In a glow discharge deposition process for the preparation of hydrogenated, Group IV semiconductor alloys, the substrate is maintained at a temperature which is positively correlated with the deposition rate and which is high enough to impart sufficient kinetic energy to the layer to activate the removal of undesirable morphologies, but low enough to prevent degradation of the layer caused by the excessive loss of hydrogen.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in orders, a supporting member, and an intermediate layer and a photoconductive layer. The intermediate layer contains a powder of fine particles of tin oxide containing phosphorus.

Abstract: A printing member for electrostatic photocopying, comprises a substrate having a conductive surface and a photoelectric-sensitive, electrically chargeable layer deposited on the conductive surface of the substrate. The electrically chargeable layer has a non-single crystal semiconductor layer having a built-in-potential, or the non-single crystal semiconductor layer and an insulating or semi-insulating layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate having thereon at least a subbing layer comprising an organometallic compound (e.g., organozirconium or organotitanium compound) and 3 to 30% by weight, based on the organometallic compound, of a compatible binder resin, a charge generating layer prepared by using a coating composition comprising hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystals (preferably those having a novel crystal form) as a charge generating material, a binder resin, and a halogenated benzene as a dispersing medium, and a charge transporting layer in this order. The photoreceptor is excellent in sensitivity and stability on repeated use and is free from coating defects.

Abstract: A negative-charging electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising an electrically conductive support having consecutively thereon (a) a charge injection prevention layer having a thickness of from 0.15 to 10 .mu.m, (b) a photoconductive layer, and (c) a surface layer, the charge injection prevention layer (a) comprising amorphous silicon containing at least one of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom, and containing a nitrogen atom in an atomic ratio of from 0.01 to 0.65 to the silicon atom, the photoconductive layer (b) comprising amorphous silicon containing at least one of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor and process for preparing the same, the photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate having thereon a photoconductive layer and a surface layer in this order, the photoconductive layer comprising amorphous silicon containing at least one of hydrogen and a halogen, and the surface layer comprising a dried and/or cured product under a reduced pressure of an inorganic or organic high molecular weight material containing fine particles of a conductive metal oxide dispersed therein.

Abstract: A photoconductor coupled liquid crystal light valve having at least a photoconductive layer, an optical reflection layer, and a liquid crystal layer between a pair of electrodes, wherein the photoconductive layer is made of amorphous silicon layer, and an impurity doped in the photoconductive layer is uniform in amount in the in-plane direction of the photoconductive layer and continuously higher in concentration in the layer-thickness direction from the electrode side toward the optical reflection layer side.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising an electrically conductive substrate having thereon a subbing layer and a photosensitive layer in sequence, wherein the subbing layer is a layer formed by using a hydrolyzable compound, the layer having a residual organic group content of at least 25 mol % based on the total organic group content of the hydrolyzable compound used, or (ii) by coating a solution of the hydrolyzable compound in an organic solvent in which the hydrolyzable compound has been hydrolyzed to a degree of at least 50%. The coating composition exhibits satisfactory film-forming properties to form a subbing layer without causing cracks which thereby provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor with excellent stability on repeated use.

Abstract: An x-ray photoreceptor for use in a xerographic system having a high arsenic layer 5 to 40 microns in thickness between the substrate and the selenium layer for trapping positive charge injected from the interface. Since this positive charge otherwise tends to discharge a negatively charged plate, the provision of this trapping layer will allow the plate to be used for either positive or negative charging.

Abstract: An electrostatic information recording medium according to this invention includes an inorganic oxide layer 3 and a photoconductive layer comprising a charge-generating layer 4 and a charge-transport layer 5 laminated onto an electrode 2 in this sequence, as illustrated in FIG. 1. To record information, the information is exposed to light while voltage is being applied between the electrode 3 and another opposite electrode, or alternatively voltage is applied therebetween while the information is being exposed to light.After information recording, the electrostatic information recording medium is uniformly electrified on its surface as by corona charging, whereby the information can be easily reproduced in the form of electrostatic information. This recording medium, if tone-developed, can be used as an original plate for electrostatic printing.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member, has an electroconductive support, an interlayer, and a photosensitive layer provided in the order named. The interlayer contains a polyamide having a structural unit represented by the formula (I) below: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, R.sub.2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, and n is an integer of one or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor composed of an electroconductive substrate, and a photoconductive layer consisting of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer successively formed on the substrate in this order, the charge transport layer containing a carbon-carbon double-bond-containing charge transporting material, and a carbon-carbon double-bond-containing monomer or polymer, which serves as a binder resin, and readily reacts with the above-mentioned charge transporting material by the application of light or heat thereto.

Abstract: An electrophotographic light-receiving member comprising a conductive substrate 101 and laminated thereto a non-monocrystalline material photoconductive layer 102 and a surface layer 103. The photoconductive layer 102 is mainly composed of silicon atoms and contains at least carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. The percentage of carbon atoms having a carbon-carbon bond in the photoconductive layer is controlled to be not more than 60% based on the whole carbon atoms contained therein, and, in an instance in which a blocking layer 104 is provided between the conductive substrate 101 and the photoconductive layer 102, the percentage of carbon atoms having a carbon-carbon bond in the blocking layer is also controlled. This makes it possible to prevent clusters of carbon atoms from being formed in the photoconductive layer or blocking layer.

Abstract: An intermediate layer having fine hydrophobic silica particles is positioned between a substrate and a photosensitive layer. The fine hydrophobic silica particles preferably have a primary particle-averaged particle size of not more than 50 nm and desirably the surface of the fine hydrophobic silica particles is alkyl-silylated or treated with silicone.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising at least a substrate having thereon a charge transporting layer and a charge generating layer, wherein the charge transporting layer is a porous anodized aluminum film which is formed by anodizing a substrate at least a surface of which comprises aluminum or an aluminum alloy, with a conductive substance formed from an oxyacid salt of a transition metal being deposited to the inner wall of the pores thereof. The photoreceptor is excellent in physical properties, electrophotographic characteristics, and adhesion between the charge transporting layer and charge generating layer.

Abstract: An improved electrophotographic recording material of the type comprising an electrically conductive substrate having a blocking layer composed of an amorphous material including silicon atoms, hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms disposed on the substrate, and a photoconductive layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon disposed on the blocking layer. The photoconductive layer includes carbon atoms, the blocking layer and the photoconductive layer are doped with an element of Group III of the Periodic Table of Elements, and the ratio of the carbon percentage to the percentage of the element of Group III of the Periodic Table of Elements is the same in the blocking layer and in the photoconductive layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor comprising a conductive support, an undercoating layer formed on the conductive support, and a photosensitive layer laminated on the undercoating layer, wherein the undercoating layer comprises non-conductive titanium oxide particles and a polyamide resin, the non-conductive titanium oxide particles being 80 to 99 wt % of the undercoating layer, and the undercoating layer has a thickness of 0.5 to 4.8 .mu.m.

Abstract: An image forming member for electrophotography constructed with a substrate and a photoconductive layer formed thereon, wherein the photoconductive layer comprising an amorphous material containing therein silicon atom as the matrix and halogen atom as the constituent atom.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member comprising a substrate having an electrically conductive metal oxide surface, a hole blocking layer and at least one electrophotographic imaging layer, the hole blocking layer comprising a reaction product of(a) a material selected from the group consisting of a hydrolyzed organozirconium compound, a hydrolyzed organotitanium compound and mixtures thereof,(b) a hydroxyalkylcellulose,(c) a hydrolyzed organoaminosilane, and(d) the metal oxide surface.

Abstract: The step of conducting an anodic oxidation of an aluminum substrate in a sulfuric acid bath, and the further step of conducting an anodic oxidation of the aluminum substrate in an organic acid bath, are conducted in this order, with the organic acid capable of staining the substrate. In this way, an anodized stained membrane having a thickness of 0.5-4 .mu.m is formed on the substrate so as to be covered with a sulfate membrane which is 3-20 .mu.m thick. An evenly roughened interface is provided between the stained membrane and the sulfate membrane in such a state that the light beam incident upon or reflected by the surface of the substrate is refracted in a diffused manner. A photosensitive layer composed of an organic material is formed on the sulfate membrane.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for use in electric photography, which comprises in sequence a conductive substrate; a carrier transport layer consisting of a selenium/arsenic alloy; a carrier generation layer consisting of a selenium/tellurium alloy; and an overcoat layer consisting of a selenium/arsenic alloy; wherein carrier injection preventive layers consisting of a selenium/arsenic/sulfur alloy are inserted between the conductive substrate and the carrier transport layer, and between the carrier generation layer and the overcoat layer, or between the carrier generation layer and the overcoat layer, or between both.

Abstract: A photoreceptor for contact charging to be used in an electrophotographic process, which includes an electrically conductive base and a photosensitive layer formed on the base so as to be charged by contact charging, and is characterized in that even when pin holes or photosensitive layer lacking portions in the form of pin holes are present on he photosensitive layer, short-circuiting is safely and positively prevented over a long period. The electrically conductive base further includes a base main body of aluminum alloy having Brinell hardness higher than 40 H.sub.B, and an alumite treatment applied over the surface of the aluminum alloy base main body.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a photoreceptor for electrophotography excellent in electrophotographic characteristics such as charging properties and sensitivity, which process comprises the steps of forming on a substrate, which comprises an electroconductive support or a support having an electroconductive film thereon, a thin film composed of a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide and silicon oxides, containing predominantly SiO.sub.2, by deposition from the vapor phase to produce an under coat layer, and forming on said under coat layer a carrier generation layer and a carrier transport layer in this order.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic highly photosensitive material used for copying machines based on electrophotographic method. The photosensitive material has a high developing sensitivity even using the same developing agent and the same developing system, and makes it possible to form images having high density and high contrast. The organic highly photosensitive material comprises an aluminum substrate having a surface-treated layer and an organic photosensitive layer formed thereon, wherein the surface-treated layer of the aluminum substrate has an impedance Z that lies within a predetermined range.