Abstract: A microbiological process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid starting from 3-cyanopyridine. For this process, new microorganisms are used, which are capable of growing with 3-cyanopyridine as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source and of biotransforming it as substrate in 6-hydroxynicotinic acid.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the terminal oxidation of alkyl groups in 5- or 6-ring heterocycles which are substituted with at least one alkyl group with more than 2 carbon atoms to carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the production of 6-hydroxypyrazinecarboxylic acid and/or its salts with microorganisms using picolinic acid and/or its salts. The microorganisms grow with picolinic acid and/or its salts as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source. In this way the formed 6-hydroxypyrazinecarboxylic acid is accumulated in the medium and then isolated.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the production of 6-hydroxypicolinic acid starting from picolinic acid and/or its salts. The concentration of picolinic acid and/or its salts is selected so that the 6-hydroxypicolinic acid is not further metabolized. The process is performed either by microorganisms of genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Alcalioenes, Aerococcus, or Rhodotorula, or with biomass using picolinic acid, which grow with picolinic acid as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms been previously induced.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the preparation of R-configured trialkylsilylethynyl .alpha.-alcohols from similarly substituted .alpha.-ketones, and vice versa, catalyzed by the alcohol dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus kefir, ATCC No. 35411. Also disclosed is the acceptance or transfer of a hydride ion from or to the pro-R face of NADPH or NADP, respectively, as catalyzed by that enzyme.

Abstract: A process using microorganisms which contain genes, which form an active xylene monooxygenase, which form no effective, chromosomally or plasmid-coded alcohol hydrogenase, and which are, thus, capable of hydroxylating methyl groups on aromatic 5- or 6-atom heterocycles to the corresponding hydroxymethyl derivatives, for the production of hydroxymethylated 5- or 6-atom heterocycles.

Abstract: A microbiological process for oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas, which utilize toluene, xylene or cymene. An inducer, the aromatic heterocycle, as the substrate, and a carbon source and energy source are fed in and, after the maximal product concentration is reached, the product is separated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of carebastine and similar materials from ebastine or terfenadine by oxidization using microorganisms. Carebastine and similar materials are used for the treatment of allergic disorders and as antihistamines.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the production of 6-hydroxypicolinic acid starting from picolinic acid and/or its salts. The concentration of picolinic acid and/or its salts is selected so that the 6-hydroxypicolinic acid is not further metabolized. The process is performed either by microorganisms of genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Aerococcus, or Rhodotorula, or with biomass using picolinic acid, which grow with picolinic acid as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source.

Abstract: Microorganisms, which are capable of growing with pyrazine as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source. These microorganisms hydroxylate pyrazine derivatives of general formula: ##STR1## to hydroxylated pyrazine derivatives of general formula: ##STR2## and the latter are accumulated in the growth medium.

Abstract: Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acids are prepared by the action of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-3,4-dioxygenase on 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acids in a liquid medium which lacks active decarboxylase and which has a pH from 4 to 9, an ionic strength below about 1 molar, and a low concentration of metal cations and complex anions. In close temporal proximity, the 2-hydroxy-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde which forms is allowed to react with a source of ammonia or a primary amine, avoiding substantial decarboxylation.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel N-derivatives of 1-deoxy-nojirimycin, to the processes for their preparation and to their end-use applications, particularly as to their use in the treatment of diabetes.

Abstract: A process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid from nicotinic acid by means of enzymatic hydroxylation in the presence of microorganisms of the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus or Achromobacter. By maintaining a specific concentration range during the addition of nicotinic acid, the biomass formation can take place in the same process step as the product formation, without product losses occurring by further decomposition.

Abstract: An improved biological conversion of a nitrile such as acrylonitrile or a cyanopyridine into the corresponding carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid or a nicotinic acid by the action upon the nitrile of a nitrilase enzyme, in which the improvement resides in the use as the source of the enzyme of a microorganism of Rhodococcus, such as Rh. rhodochrous J-1, FERM BP-1478, which is cultured in the presence of a lactam compound.

Abstract: A method for resolving racemic mixtures of compounds having the formula ##STR1## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that includes the steps of reacting the OR.sub.3 group of either compound with an esterifying agent in the case where R.sub.3 is H or a lower alkyl group; sujecting the compound to the action of an esterase capable of preferentially hydrolyzing either the (+) or (-) enantiomeric form of the compound; and separating the unhydrolyzed compound from the hydrolyzed compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel method for preparing pyrocatecholic compounds from monophenolic compounds using catalysis by monophenol monooxygenase in an aqueous solution containing metal ions. The metal ions form complexes with the pyrocatecholic products. This method increases the yield of pyrocatecholic products. In particular, the method of the instant invention can be used to increase the yield of L-DOPA, a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms have been previously induced.

Abstract: In a process for polymerizing monomers with free-radical initiators in aqueous solution to produce polymers useful in oil field applications, wherein said polymerization process employs an oxygen-scavenging agent, the improvement which comprises employing said oxygen scavenging agent and oxidase enzyme with a substrate therefor, optionally with a catalase, such as alcohol oxidase and methanol, to consume dissolved oxygen in a polymerization admixture. Oxygen-scavenging under field conditions with the oxidase/substrate system permits consistent production conveniently of water based polymer solutions of good viscosity for oil field applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylbenz[b]phenanthridine-7,12-dione and its derivatives of formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or the radical of formula II ##STR2## and salts of the compound, wherein R.sup.1 is the radical of formula II. These compounds can be obtained by means of a novel microbiological process and used for the therapeutic treatment of tumors.

Abstract: Process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid from nicotinic acid. The hydroxylation is carried out enzymatically in the presence of a microorganism of the species Pseudomonas, Bacillus or Achromobacter, for example, Achromobacter xylosoxydans. Preferably the enzymatic hydroxylation is carried out at 20.degree. to 40.degree. C. and a pH of 5.5 to 9.0 under aerobic conditions. Also, preferably a 0.1 percent by weight solution up to a saturated (preferably a 0.5 to 10 percent by weight) nicotine acid solution is used.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing the R and S enantiomers of a compound of the formula; ##STR1## which comprises; (1) reacting an enzyme with a prochiral diester of the formula ##STR2## where M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 are the same, to produce a chiral monoester of the compound of formula II;(2) treating the chiral monoester product of step (1) with an amine and a trialkyl aluminum compound to produce the R enantiomer of the compound of formula I; or reacting the chiral monoester product of step (1) with an acid activating agent, an amine, and a base to produce the S enantiomer of the compound of formula I.

Abstract: A kinetic resolution of pyridazinones of the following formula (A): ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is alkyl by enzymatic hydrolysis results in good optical purity of the phenolic product. This is significant considering the distance in the molecule (A) from the C-5 chiral center to the site of hydrolysis.

Abstract: In a process for the reduction of ketones, the keto compounds are enantioselectively reduced to give secondary alcohols by means of microorganisms. Keto compounds of the formulaR.sup.3 NH--CHR.sup.1 --CO--CH.sub.2 --COOR.sup.2in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings defined herein are used as starting compounds.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing orotic acid, the process involves culturing in a medium a microorganism of the genus Corynebacterium which is capable of producing orotic acid and has resistance to a pyrimidine analogue or to both a pyrimidine analogue and a sulfa drug, until orotic acid is accumulated in the culture, and recovering orotic acid therefrom.

Abstract: A process for the regiospecific and stereospecific hydroxylation of quinine, quinidine and their derivatives, in position 3S, is characterized by the use of certain microorganisms being reacted on the compound to be hydroxylated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing optically active compounds by a biochemical method in which specific compounds having pyridine skeletons and hydroxyl groups are reacted with esters in the presence of hydrolases.The compounds have the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein X is selected from substituted pyridyl groups. Y is selected from hydrogen and halogen atoms, a cyano group, and a trifluoromethyl group. R is an alkylene group having 1-20 carbon atoms, and n is 0 or 1. Q is an alkylene group having 1-20 carbon atoms and m is 0 or 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to intermediates for synthesizing BH.sub.4 and derivatives thereof. The intermediates are shown as follows: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group; R.sub.2 is an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or polyhydroxyalkyl group; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and represent alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group; R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, and R.sub.8 are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom or acyl group; R.sub.9 is an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group; R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom or acyl group; n is an integer of 5 or less; and HX is an acid. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of L-biopterin.

Abstract: A hybrid chemical/biological process which is highly effective to destroy the herbicide, Atrazine, in wasterwater solutions is herein disclosed. The process comprises subjecting the atrazine molecule in an aqueous carrier to ozone to produce the oxidized product, diamino-s-triazine and thereafter, metabolizing the diamine in soil having indigenous and selected microogranism capable of degrading the diamine to carbon dioxide. Also disclosed is a disposal system capable of preforming the process of the invention in a single system.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the bioconversion of a non-growth aromatic feed to an accumulated quantity of a picolinic acid product with reduced accumulation of 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, and conducted in the presence of ammonium or a primary amine, which acid subsequently can be converted by chemical means to a pyridine product.

Abstract: A process in which a culture of a methane-oxidizing bacterium or an extract thereof containing a methane oxidizing system is used as oxidizing agent for the oxidation of a higher short-chain alkane, an alkene or a cyclic organic compound.

Abstract: A process for producing a primary or secondary alcohol derivative of a phosopholipid which comprises reacting the phospholipid with a primary or secondary alcohol in the presence of phospholipase DM.

Abstract: A process for producing a sphingophospholipid derivative comprising reacting a sphingophospholipid with a specified compound having an alcoholic hydroxyl group selected from the group consisting of specified primary alcohol compounds, specified secondary alcohol compounds and specified saccharides or their phenol glycosides in the presence of phospholipase DM.

Abstract: Acids, esters, imine acids, imine esters, and imine amides derived from 6-formyl-4,7,9-trihydroxy-1-phenazinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester and from 6-formyl-4,7,9-trihydroxy-8-methyl-1-phenazinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester demonstrate anti-microbial and antineoplastic activity.A purified strain of Streptomyces galanosa, NRRL 15738, is capable of producing 6-formyl-4,7,9-trihydroxy-8-methyl-1-phenazinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester in isolable quantities from a fermentation broth containing assimilable sources of carbon and nitrogen.

Abstract: Process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid by biotechnological methods. Nicotinic acid is enzymatically hydroxylated in the presence of equivalent quantities of magnesium or barium ions with the help of nicotinic acid-hydroxylating microorganisms. The resultant magnesium or barium salt of the 6-hydroxynicotinic acid is separated from the reaction mixture. Then the 6-hydroxynicotinic acid is freed from the separated salts. Examples of the microorganism are the species Pseudomonas, Bacillus or Achromobacter, for example, Achromobacter xylosoxydans. Preferably the enzymatic hydroxylation is carried out at 20.degree. to 40.degree. C. and a pH of 5.5 to 9.0 under aerobic conditions.

Abstract: This invention provides for a method for producing secondary metabolites of higher plants, such as Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Coptis japonica, and Nicotinia tabacum, by suspension cultures of a mass of undifferentiated cells (callus). The cultures are carried out in at least two stages in liquid media. The first stage culturing is carried out in a liquid medium conventionally used for the tissue culture of plants, which contains indispensably inorganic substances and carbon sources and, additionally, phytohormones, vitamins and/or amino acids. While, the second stage culturing is carried out in another liquid medium, of which the concentration of at least one of the constituents is substantially varied, namely decreased or increased, from the first stage liquid medium. According to such two stage liquid medium cultures, the productivity of the second metabolites, such as shikonin, berberine and nicotine, are significantly increased, even though the rate of cell growth in the second stage is relatively low.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the bioconversion of a non-growth aromatic feed to an accumulated quantity of a 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde intermediate, which subsequently is converted by chemical means to picolinic acid and pyridine products.

Abstract: Neplanocin A derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen or benzoyl, R.sub.3 is hydrogen or OR.sub.8, R.sub.5 is hydrogen or acetyl, R.sub.6 is hydrogen, acetyl or benzoyl, when R.sub.3 is hydrogen, R.sub.4 is hydrogen or halogen, hydroxy, acetoxy, acetylthio, amino or azide, and when R.sub.3 is OR.sub.8, R.sub.4 is hydrogen, R.sub.8 is hydrogen or acetyl, or R.sub.8 and R.sub.5 together form benzylidene, and at least one of R.sub.8, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is other than hydrogen. The compounds of the present invention have inhibitory action for the growth of L 5178 Y cells and have the same or superior activity as neplanocin A, and hence are useful as antitumor agents.

Abstract: A process in which a culture of a methane-oxidizing bacterium or an extract thereof containing a methane oxidizing system is used as oxidizing agent for the oxidation of a higher short-chain alkane, an alkene or a cyclic organic compound.

Abstract: Phenazine compounds represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a hydrogen atom, an unsubstituted or substituted lower alkanoyl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted arylcarbonyl group have antibacterial and anti-tumor activities.Some of these compounds are produced by incubation of a microorganism.

Abstract: The invention concerns novel sparsomycin (S.sub.c -R.sub.s) derivatives having superior cytostatic activity compared to sparsomycin itself. Said derivatives contain a lipophilic group R.sup.2, selected from C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 -alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl, which is preferably n-octyl or benzyl.

Abstract: A process for the stereospecific inversion of the [S] enantiomer of an .alpha.-aryloxypropionic acid of formula I: ##STR1## wherein G is OR.sup.1 or ##STR2## R.sup.1 is hydrogen or a protecting group and R.sup.2 is hydrogen or methyl, U and V each independently represent hydrogen or halogen, and R is a carboxyl group, or an enzymic equivalent thereof, which process comprises contacting said [S] enantiomer with a microorganism having a stereospecific inverting enzyme system, or with an extract of the microorganism contacting said enzyme system, to convert the [S] enantiomer to the corresponding [R] enantiomer.

Abstract: A process for the stereospecific inversion of the [S] enantiomer of an .alpha.-aryloxypropionic acid of formula I: ##STR1## wherein E is OR.sup.1 or ##STR2## R.sup.1 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heterocyclic ring system, and R.sup.2 is hydrogen or methyl, U and V each independently represent hydrogen or halogen and R is a carboxyl group, or an enzymic and herbicidal equivalent thereof, which process comprises contacting said [S] enantiomer with a microorganism having a stereospecific inverting enzyme system, or with an extract of the microorganism containing said enzyme system, to convert the [S] enantiomer to the corresponding [R] enantiomer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for decomposing 2,4-dihydroxy-6-amino-s-triazine derivatives in effluents. The essential feature of the process is that the effluent is brought into contact under aerobic conditions with either of the strains Pseudomonas sp. NRRL B-12228 or Pseudomonas sp. NRRL B-12229. It is likewise possible according to one variant of the process to convert 2-hydroxy-4,6-diamino-s-triazine derivatives present into 2,4-dihydroxy-6-amino-s-triazine derivatives by bringing the effluent into contact with Pseudomonas sp. NRRL B-12227.

Abstract: Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor A-58365 factor A is produced in enhanced yields by culturing Streptomyces chromofuscus NRRL 15098 under submerged aerobic fermentation conditions in a proline supplemented aqueous nutrient culture medium containing assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salts.

Abstract: Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor A-58365 factor B is provided in greater abundance than coproduced Factor A by culturing Streptomyces chromofuscus NRRL 15098 under submerged aerobic fermentation conditions in an aqueous nutrient culture medium supplement with the amino acids proline and lysine.

Abstract: Moranoline, or 2-hydroxymethyl-3,4,5-trihydroxy piperidine, is prepared by directly reducing an actinomycetes culture solution containing nojirimycin, followed by isolation, as for example, through the utilization of an ion exchange resin. The corresponding N-methyl derivative can be obtained through the addition of formaldehyde to the culture solution prior to the reduction.

Abstract: Neplanocin-B and -F of the formula ##STR1## in which Y is oxygen or a valence bond, are produced by culturing Ampullariella sp. A 11079 FERM-P No. 4494 in a nutrient medium and then separating the neplanocin-B and -F thus produced from the culture medium.

Abstract: Antibiotic A-32256 which is produced by submerged, aerobic fermentation of a Streptomyces sp. NRRL 12067. The antibiotic has shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and various anaerobic species. In addition, the antibiotic has shown antitrichomonas activity in vitro, as well as activity for improving ruminant feed efficency and as a mosquito larvacide.

Abstract: According to the present invention inhibitors for glycoside hydrolases, and in particular glucosidase inhibitors especially saccharase inhibitors, which are active in the digestive tract are formed by culturing organisms of the family Bacillaceae, particularly by strains of the genus Bacillus.It has also been found that certain strains of organisms of the family Bacillaceae, especially strains DSM 7, DSM 704 and DSM 675 produce the antibiotic known as 1-desoxynojirimycin. The invention therefore provides a method of producing 1-desoxynojirimycin which comprises culturing a 1-desoxynojirimycin producing organism of the genus Bacillus. Inhibitors for glycoside hydrolases and the invention includes methods for producing such inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions containing the inhibitors and methods of treatment involving the use of the inhibitors.