Abstract: The invention relates to a fed batch production process for a composition of sophorosides, in which culturing takes place of at least one Candida bombicola or Candida apicola strain and the cultured strain is exposed in a reaction zone to an excess sugar supply and a continuous supply of at least one appropriate substrate at a supply rate to the reaction zone between 0.01 and 4 grams per hour and per liter of initial reaction volume and for a supply time such that the residual concentration of the substrate in the reaction zone is maintained at a value at the most equal to 18 grams per liter of initial reaction volume for the supply time and the composition of sophorosides produced is recovered.

Abstract: A process is disclosed that quantitatively bioconverts indene to (1S,2R)-indene oxide and (1S,2R)-indandiol, by the action of fungal haloperoxidase followed by various chemical step(s), e.g., adjusting the pH.

Abstract: A method for degrading coal tar, coal tar distillation fractions, and organic compounds, specially those compounds having three or more fused rings of the type often associated with coal tar, whether derived from coal tar or synthesized independently. According to the present invention degradation takes place by means of the nonspecific degradation reaction used by white rot fungi to degrade lignin. The degradation reaction occurs in part by means of a lignin degrading enzyme and hydrogen peroxide, both produced by white rot fungi.

Abstract: A method of processing waste is disclosed wherein the municipal solid waste is segregated and processed to recover reusable rubber, metal, plastic, glass and the remaining organic portion of the waste stream is used to make ethanol and other chemicals. One process utilizes a pretreatment step with dilute sulfuric acid to reduce the heavy metal content of the cellulosic component of the municipal solid waste which can inhibit the fermentation of the sugars obtained from such waste. In another, the heavy metal content of the cellulosic component of municipal solid waste is removed via an ionic exchange process, after hydrolysis with sulfuric acid. A process for an economical, energy efficient production of ethanol from municipal solid waste is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the production of dulcitol by fermentative reaction of lactose by galactokinase-negative mutants of genus Kluyveromyces is described, which is characterized in that5 g to 25 g of glucose is added to the fermentation culture after substantial hydrolysis of the lactose per liter orthe fermentation is performed under the conditions of the resting-cell process.

Abstract: Prophylactic and therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors and, in particular, compositions derived from an Aspergillus fermentation extract, and the use thereof, either directly or to prepare a medicament, for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors in mammals. Such tumors include papilloma-induced tumors. The composition is topically administered.

Abstract: The white rot fungus Scytinostroma galactinum strain F361 and mutants thereof are particularly effective in selectively grading the lignin component of lignin-containing materials, particularly processed wood pulps including chemical pulps, and also particularly effective in degrading lignin degradation products such as chlorinated degraded lignin by-products as found, for example, in E-1 effluents, and also in degrading chlorine-containing aromatic compounds generally as found in aqueous waste streams containing the same.

Abstract: A method for culturing fungal and plant cells in a culture medium containing an elicitor to increase production of a metabolite produced by the cells. For example, tobacco leaves produce the metabolite nicotine and the nicotine is produced in significantly greater amounts when the tobacco is cultured in a elicitor-containing medium. The elicitor is an oxidized Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), or a glycosylated BSA, or an oxidized lysozyme, or glycosylated lysozyme or azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. Further, metabolite production is increased 1000% over the production of the metabolite when an elicitor is not added during the culturing method.

Abstract: The white rot fungus Scytinostroma galactinum strain F361 and mutants thereof are particularly effective in selectively grading the lignin component of lignin-containing materials, particularly processed wood pulps including chemical pulps, and also particularly effective in degrading lignin degradation products such as chlorinated degraded lignin by-products as found, for example, in E-1 effluents, and also in degrading chlorine-containing aromatic compounds generally as found in aqueous waste streams containing the same.

Abstract: A broad spectrum biological herbicide comprises a mammal-sparing bioherbicide fungal mutant, e.g., a S. sclerotiorum mutant, of limited survival time and geographical dissemination characteristics under standard agricultural conditions. The invention also relates to a method of obtaining herbicides of the invention comprising obtaining viable wild type bioherbicide fungal spores, subjecting these to UV light to reduce the number of viable fungi to less than 5% the initial number of spores, selecting mutants which differ from the wild type in at least one characteristic such as altered phenotype or morphology, and further selecting a mammal-sparing bioherbicide fungal mutant of reduced survival time and geographical dissemination characteristics under agricultural conditions when compared with the wild type. The invention also relates to a method of using the broad spectrum biological herbicide to reduce the number of weeds in an area.

Abstract: The production of natural delta-decanolide and/or delta-dodecanolide or mixtures thereof, by means of the biohydrogenation of a substrate containing the corresponding unsaturated lactones, delta-decen-2-olide and delta-dodecen-2-olide, respectively, and mixtures thereof, is performed by means of the use of a microorganism chosen from the group consisting of Saccharomyces delbrueckii, Pichia ohmeri, Hansenula anomala, Pichia stipitis, Debaromyces hansenii, Zymomonas mobilis, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Schawnniomyces occidentalis, Sarcina lutea and Geotrichum candidum.

Abstract: Ascosteroside, obtainable by cultivation of a strain of Ascotricha amphitricha A.T.C.C. No. 74237, analogs thereof and salts and prodrugs of these compounds. The compounds have antifungal activity for use in a method for treating and preventing a fungal infection. Further, the compounds are useful in a method for inhibiting fungal growth.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for treating culture medium with a dilute acid such as nitric acid, are disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, nitric acid is sprayed on to a floating oily layer of hydrophobic materials at the surface of a stilled culture rich in aerobic bacteria, which materials can obstruct oxygen take up. The nitric acid surface treats the protective hydrophobic third phase, increasing its surface viscosity and the undesired lipid or oily materials to be readily removed mechanically. Oxygen take up and thence microorganismic growth are promoted. Quite small quantities of dilute acid are effective and leave no toxic residue. An optional embodiment entrains nitrogen dioxide in the aeration gases to form nitric acid in situ for surface treatment of thin oily films occluding bubbles in the culture broth.

Abstract: Prophylactic and therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors and, in particular, compositions derived from an Aspergillus fermentation extract, and the use thereof, either directly or to prepare a medicament, for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors in mammals. Such tumors include papilloma-induced tumors. The composition is topically administered.

Abstract: A structural gene encoding a polypeptide with .DELTA.8-7 sterol isomerase activity is disclosed, Recombinant DNA molecules useful for transforming yeast and mutant yeast transformed with such recombinant DNA molecules are also disclosed. The structural gene is useful for modulating the accumulation of sterols in yeast comprising increasing the expression level of a structural gene encoding a polypeptide having .DELTA.8-7 sterol isomerase activity in a mutant yeast having single or double defects in the expression of sterol biosynthetic enzymes is provided.

Abstract: The fungus Phlebia tremellosa is useful in reducing the pitch content of pulps and pulpwoods used in making cellulosic products.

Abstract: The aldehydes, N-hexanal, 3-(Z)-hexen-1-al and 2-(E)-hexen-1-al, and their corresponding alcohols are enzymatically produced in high yield from linoleic, linolenic acid or a natural precursor thereof such as hydrolyzed oil. The acid or natural precursor is mixed with soy flour containing lipoxygenase which converts the acid to 13-hydroperoxy-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid or 13-hydroperoxy-octadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid. Guava homogenate containing lyase is added to convert the 13-hydroperoxy-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid into n-hexanal or the 13-hydroperoxy-octadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid into 3-(Z)-hexen-1-al. The n-hexanal or 3-(Z)-hexen-1-al is recovered, or reduced with yeast to n-hexanol or 3-(Z)-hexen-1-ol, respectively. Alternatively, the 3-(Z)-hexen-1-al is isomerized to obtain 2-(E)-hexen-1-al which is recovered or reduced with yeast to 2-(E)-hexen-1-ol which is recovered. The yeast used for reducing and isomerizing is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract: A process for producing substantially pure R-ketoprofen by the enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic ketoprofen choline ester is disclosed. The process utilizes either intact Beauveria bassiana hyphae or an R-specific ester hydrolase isolated therefrom. The ester hydrolase has an approximate molecular weight of 17,800 daltons and an N-terminal sequence of Ala-Pro-Asp-W-Ile-Ile-Gln-Gly-Leu-Ser-Arg-Ala-X-Asp-Gly-Gln-Asp.

Abstract: The white rot fungus Scytinostroma galactinum strain F361 and mutants thereof are particularly effective in selectively grading the lignin component of lignin-containing materials, particularly processed wood pulps including chemical pulps, and also particularly effective in degrading lignin degradation products such as chlorinated degraded lignin by-products as found, for example, in E-1 effluents, and also in degrading chlorine-containing aromatic compounds generally as found in aqueous waste streams containing the same.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a method for producing beta-carotene using a mated culture of Mucorales fungi. The method includes mutating and selecting negative (minus mating type) and positive (plus mating type) Mucorales fungal microorganisms, culturing the selected negative and positive microorganisms in an effective medium to form a mated culture that produces beta-carotene, and recovering beta-carotene therefrom. The present invention provides mated cultures that overproduce beta-carotene and is also directed to certain negative and positive microorganisms used to overproduce beta-carotene. The present invention also provides beta-carotene formulations produced by the claimed method, and the use of such formulations, for example, to enhance pigmentation, to reduce damage caused by reactive oxygen species or phototoxic molecules, to prevent or treat cancer or cardiovascular disease, to provide a Vitamin A supplement, to enhance lactation, and to increase fertility.

Abstract: A method of processing waste is disclosed wherein tile municipal solid waste is segregated and processed to recover reusable rubber, metal, plastic, glass and tile remaining organic portion of the waste stream is used to make ethanol and other chemicals. A pretreatment step with dilute sulfuric acid is employed to reduce tile heavy metal content of tile cellulosic component of the municipal solid waste which inhibits the fermentation of the sugars obtained from such waste.

Abstract: The invention refers to a new microbial process for preparing .beta.,.delta.-dihydroxy-7-[1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2.6-dimethyl-8-(2-methy l-butyryloxy)-naphthalen-1-yl]-heptanoic acid .delta.-lactone of formula (I) and .beta.,.delta.-dihydroxy-7-[1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2.6-dimethyl-8-(2-methy lbutyryloxy)-naphtalen-1-yl]-heptanoic acid of formula (II), ##STR1## by the aerobic fermentation of the submerged culture of an imperfect fungus strain biosynthesizing the above compounds, in a nutrient medium containing utilizable carbon and nitrogen sources as well as mineral salts, and by isolating the product of formula (I), which comprises cultivating a strain of the new Aspergillus obscurus fungus species producing the above compound(s) of formulas (I) and/or (II), in a temperature range of 25.degree. to 30.degree. C. and, if desired, separating the product(s) formed from the fermentation broth, then isolating it in the lactone form of formula (I) and, if desired, purifying the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of lignolytic enzymes by means of white rot fungi. In the process, a culture composed of the fungi of the subclass of the Aphyllophorales is placed in a closed fermentation vessel filled with a nutrient solution and the suspension is gently moved for the production of pellets of Aphyllophorales, such that there cannot be any shearing forces which would destroy the pellets, wherein the enzymes are produced with the addition of yeasts or benzaldehydes, chlorobenzaldehydes, nitrobenzaldehydes, hydroxybenzaldehydes, aminobenzaldehydes, methylbenzaldehydes, diaryls or triaryls, dialkylalkanes, trialkyl alkanes, open-chained or cyclic imines or derivatives of the aforementioned substances as inductive compounds, wherein the induction may take place one time or several times, and the enzymes are subsequently harvested.

Abstract: A process for the production of a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of bishomo-.gamma.-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid comprising the steps of culturing a microorganism belonging to the genus Mortierella and capable of producing at least one of the fatty acids to obtain a cultured product, and recovering at least one of the fatty acids; and a process for the production of lipid containing such fatty acids.

Abstract: A biodegradable plastic added at an amount of a hydrophilic property imparting-substance providing wettability such that the contact angle of plastic surface to water is 70.degree. or less whereby the decomposability thereof with Basidiomycetes, the cultured products thereof and/or the processed products thereof is improved. A method for decomposing plastic under the conditions with limitation to nitrogen and/or carbon in decomposing such biodegradable plastic. In accordance with the present invention, the plastic which has conventionally been decomposed with difficulty can be decomposed efficiently.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for killing fungal cells without lysing in fermentation processes in order to prepare the fermentation mixture for processing to recover or extract an extracellularly expressed enzyme from the fermentation mixture. A preferred method of this invention comprises adjusting the pH of the fermentation mixture to less than 2.79 using a mineral acid, then adding sufficient acetic acid to the mixture to affect a substantially complete cell kill in mixture. A salt of the acetic acid can be used. The organic acid or salt can be added, then the pH adjusted to the desired level. Other organic acids can be used, in which case the pH of the mixture is adjusted to the pK.sub.a of the selected organic acid before the organic acid is added to the mixture.

Abstract: A process for producing ethanol from mixed sugar streams from pretreated biomass comprising xylose and cellulose using enzymes to convert these substrates to fermentable sugars; selecting and isolating a yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ATCC No. 2476, having the ability to ferment these sugars as they are being formed to produce ethanol; loading the substrates with the fermentation mix composed of yeast, enzymes and substrates; fermenting the loaded substrates and enzymes under anaerobic conditions at a pH range of between about 5.0 to about 6.0 and at a temperature range of between about 35.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C. until the fermentation is completed, the xylose being isomerized to xylulose, the cellulose being converted to glucose, and these sugars being concurrently converted to ethanol by yeast through means of the anaerobic fermentation; and recovering the ethanol.

Abstract: A method for suppressing coloring of human serum albumin expressed by genetic engineering, which comprises culture and/or purification in the presence of an amine compound selected from the group consisting of alkylamines, diamines, guanidines, benzamidines, basic amino acids, and aminophenylacetic acids. According to the present invention, coloring of HSA expressed by genetic engineering can be suppressed to from one-half to one-tenth of that without treatment for coloring suppression. In addition, HSA can be recovered in high yields, and the treatment of the invention does not affect the inherent properties of HSA.

Abstract: Novel yeast extracts from Candida utilis which can be used as flavor enhancers and emulsifiers are disclosed. One flavor enhancing extract and one emulsifying extract is derived from raw Candida utilis; one flavor enhancing extract and one emulsifying extract is derived from pasteurized Candida utilis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing an extracellular product from an aerobic microorganism. The microorganism is grown in an aqueous medium on one side of an oxygen-permeable surface while the opposite side of the surface is contacted with oxygen. The extracellular product is then harvested from the aqueous medium. The method is particularly useful in producing lignin peroxidase from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Abstract: A method for producing spagyric essences in the form of standardized products with defined alcohol contents in respect to the dried residue of plants used in said method. The components of a spagyric essence which are important from the spagyric point of view--fermentation alcohol, volatile aromatic substances and soluble mineral salts--are obtained totally and in pure form. The production process is distinguished by a way to prepare the yeast fermentation which prevents the development of undesirable micro-organisms, by gentle vacuum distillation, by complete incineration with exhaustive extraction of the mineral substances and by different methods for removing impurities which were also extracted. Spagyric essences or primary tinctures are used as medicaments in human and veterinary medicine.

Abstract: A method for producing human serum albumin which comprises cultivating a human serum albumin-producing host prepared by genetic engineering, in a medium containing a fatty acid having 10 to 26 carbon atoms, or its salt, and a method for cultivating the host. HSA production can be greatly increased by the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a method for producing beta-carotene using negative (minus mating type) Mucorales fungal microorganisms. The method includes mutating and selecting negative Mucorales fungal microorganisms, culturing the selected negative microorganisms in an effective medium to produce beta-carotene, and recovering beta-carotene therefrom. The present invention provides negative microorganisms that overproduce beta-carotene, beta-carotene formulations produced by the disclosed method, and the use of such formulations to enhance pigmentation, to reduce damage caused by reactive oxygen species or phototoxic molecules, to prevent or treat cancer or cardiovascular disease, to provide a Vitamin A supplement, to enhance lactation, and to increase fertility.

Abstract: Taxol is produced from a taxol-producing microorganism Taxomyces andreanae BS 279.92. Radioactive taxol products and methods for use of the radioactive labelled taxol are described.

Abstract: A process for production of omega 9 type polyunsaturated fatty acid or a lipid containing the fatty acid, comprising the steps of culturing a microorganism having an ability to produce omega 9 type polyunsaturated fatty acid or a lipid containing said fatty said, and recovering the omega 9 type polyunsaturated fatty acid or the lipid containing said fatty acid.

Abstract: A cyclosporin derivative with incorporated "8-(3-fluoro-D-alanine)" or "8-(2-deutero-3-fluoro-D-alanine)" has been isolated from the fermentation broth of incubating Tolypocladium inflatum MF5080 (NRRL 8044) with 3-fluoro-D-alanine or its 2-deuterated isomer respectively. The modified cyclosporins exhibit immunosuppressive properties.

Abstract: A process for the production of a highly unsaturated fatty acid comprising the steps of culturing a microorganism belonging to the genus Echinosporangium and capable of synthesizing highly unsaturated fatty acids to produce highly unsaturated fatty acids or a lipid containing highly unsaturated fatty acid, and recovering the highly unsaturated fatty acid; and a process for the production of a lipid containing highly unsaturated fatty acids comprising the steps of culturing a microorganism belonging to the genus Echinosporangium and capable of synthesizing highly unsaturated fatty acids to produce a lipid containing highly unsaturated fatty acids, and recovering the lipid containing highly unsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract: Novel antibiotics NK374186A, NK374186B, NK374186B3 and NK374186C3 having antibacterial, antineoplastic, immunomodulation, and liver regeneration promoting activities are provided.NK374186A, NK374186B, NK374186B3 and NK374186C3 are obtained by culturing NK374186 strain (FERM P-12285) (FERM-BP 3870) belonging to the genus Penicillium. NK374186A is a compound represented by a rational formula of C.sub.34 H.sub.61 N.sub.3 O.sub.12 S.sub.9 and having a molecular weight of M+ 735 (FD-MS m/z); NK374186B is a compound represented by a rational formula of C.sub.34 H.sub.61 N.sub.3 O.sub.9 and having a molecular weight of M+ 655 (FD-MS m/z); NK374186B3 is a compound represented by a rational formula of C.sub.34 H.sub.61 N.sub.3 O.sub.9 and having a molecular weight of M+ 655 (FD-MS m/z); and NK374186C3 is a compound represented by a rational formula of C.sub.32 H.sub.59 N.sub.3 O.sub.7 and having a molecular weight of M+ 597 (FD-MS m/z).

Abstract: The enzymatic preparation of cephalosporanic derivatives, or their salts, ving the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is --CO--COOH or --COOH, R.sub.1 is H, OH, or --O--CO--R" and R" is an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, is carried out by the oxidative deamination of compounds, or their salts, having the formula: ##STR2## with an oxidase D-Aminoacid enzyme derived from Rhodotorula glutinis NCIMB 40412. The enzyme can be in a free or immobilized form.

Abstract: Control of pitted morningglory employing a phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum capsici Number NRRL 18944 or a mutation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a funcidally active principle (fungicidal agent) obtainable by cultivation of fungi of the genus Phaeoramularia or Cercospora. The principle can be used for controlling fungi in plants and animals, including mammals.

Abstract: Yeast extracts from Candida utilis which can be used as flavor enhancers and emulsifiers are disclosed. One flavor enhancing extract and one emulsifying extract is derived from raw Candida utilis; one flavor enhancing extract and one emulsifying extract is derived from pasteurized Candida utilis.

Abstract: A vaccine for the prophylaxis of dermatophyte infection in animals, such as horses and guinea pigs, comprising a suspension of two strains of killed T. equinum in an effective amount combined with an adjuvant. The vaccine of the invention contains advantages over prior art dermatophyte vaccines in that it reduces the risk of infection in inoculated animals and persons utilizing the vaccine and provides cross-immunity to dermatophytes other than T. equinum.

Abstract: A certain fermentation product of Actinomadura strain Q473-8 yields, when suitably treated, a novel compound having both antibiotic and antitumor activities.

Abstract: A vaccine for the prophylaxis of dermatophyte infection in animals, such as guinea pigs, cats, rabbits, horses and lambs comprising a suspension of killed T. equinum, T. mentagrophytes (var. granulare), M. canis and M. gypseum in an effective amount combined with an adjuvant. The vaccine of the invention contains advantages over prior art dermatophyte vaccines in that it reduces the risk of infection in inoculated animals and persons utilizing the vaccine and provides cross-immunity.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of D-pantolactone, comprising employing specific microorganisms to convert D,L-pantolactone as the starting material into D-pantoic acid by selective asymmetric hydrolysis of the D-form only in the D,L-pantolactone, and then separating D-pantoic acid and converting it into D-pantolactone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing vanillin. Culturing of a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Pycnoporus or of their variants and mutants is performed in a culture medium to which a benzenoid precursor of vanillin has been added, and the vanillin produced by bioconversion of the benzenoid precursor is recovered.

Abstract: An antibiotic R106 represented by the general formula I): ##STR1## wherein: R is methyl or ethyl;X.sub.1 is MePhe, .beta.-HOMePhe or Phe;X.sub.2 is allo-Ile, Val or Leu;X.sub.3 is MeVal or Val;X.sub.4 is .beta.-HOMeVal, .gamma.-HOMeVal, MeVal, Val, N,.beta.-MeAsp, .beta.-HOMePhe, MePhe, MeDH.sub.2,3 Val or MeDH.sub.3,4 Valis produced by a process which comprises culturing a strain of the genus Aureobasidium that is capable of producing the said antibiotic R106 and collecting the said antibiotic from the fermentation broth. The antibiotic R106 compounds are useful in the treatment of fungal infection.

Abstract: A process for the production of .beta.-carboline derivatives of general formula I ##STR1## in which X represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom,Y represents a carbon-oxygen bond or a methyl group,R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group with up to 6 carbon atoms andR.sub.2 represents an alkyl group with up to 4 carbon atoms,from 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-.beta.-carboline derivatives of general formula II ##STR2## in which X, Y, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 have the above-mentioned meaning, is described, which is characterized in that the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-.beta.-carboline derivatives are fermented with a fungi culture of genus Fusarium or Myrothecium.

Abstract: Method of fermentative production and isolation of Cyclosporin A by aerobic fermentation of a fungus microorganism in a medium containing mineral salts, a nitrogen-containing substrate, including using a producer strain consisting of strain Wb 6-5 of Tolypocladium inflatum, IMET 43 899 Sesquicilliopsis rosariensis G.ARNOLD, IMET 43 888, Sesquicilliopsis rosariensis G.