Abstract: Strains of Aureobasidium pullulans (de bary) Arnaud can be used for the commercial production of gluconic acid by fermentation in aqueous liquid containing sugar, which in continuous culture from glucose form greater than or equal to 90% and greater than or equal to 90% molar selectivity. The process is conducted with an Fe and Mn optimized medium with a nitrogen-independent (N-independent) ion concentration. The iron (Fe) concentration with 3 g/l NH.sub.4 Cl is greater than or equal to 0.5 mM, and the manganese (Mn) concentration with 3 g/l NH.sub.4 Cl is greater than or equal to about 0.5 mM manganese (Mn). The pH is regulated between about 4.5 and about 8, in particular at 6.5-7, and the temperature between 24 and 32.degree. C., in particular at 29-30.degree. C. Particularly successful strains are Aureobasidium pullulans (de bary) Arnaud with the registration numbers DSM 7085, DSM 7086, DSM 7087, and DSM 7088.

Abstract: Taxol is produced from taxol-producing microorganisms. Methods of obtaining he taxol-producing microorganisms are described. Radioactive labelled taxol products and methods for use of the radioactive labelled taxol and for the treatment of leukemia and cancer cells are described.

Abstract: A method and vaccine for treatment of pythiosis in humans and animals is described. In particular a vaccine comprising a mixture of extracellular and intracellular proteins is described. The vaccine enables cures of chronic pythiosis in some patients.

Abstract: This invention is a healthful composition comprising a hot-water extract of the cultivated mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.The healthful composition of the invention is an oral healthful composition which is highly safe and has excellent cardiotonic, hypotensive, antitussive and anti-fatigue effects.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of lactic-acid-containing, optically active, cyclic depsipeptides having 18 ring atoms with the aid of fungal strains of the species Fusarium or enzymatic preparations isolated therefrom.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of ethanol and other fermentation products including citric acid, butanol and isopropanol from non-virgin biomass having deleterious materials therein is provided. The deleterious materials prevent or retard the production of ethanol and other fermentation products when the non-virgin biomass is combined with a fermentation material. The method includes primary processing, secondary processing and/or blending the non-virgin biomass with virgin biomass such that the effect of the deleterious materials is reduced, thereby allowing production of ethanol and other fermentation products when the biomass is combined with the fermentation material.

Abstract: A process for the microbiological or enzymatic hydrolytic resolution of racemic trans-2-(alkoxycarbonylethyl) lactams of the formula I: ##STR1## wherein R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl or methoxyethoxyethyl and R.sup.1 is hydrogen or a protecting group is disclosed, whereby an optically enriched compound of the formula Ib or IIa: ##STR2## is obtained.

Abstract: Taxol is produced from taxol-producing microorganisms. Methods of obtaining he taxol-producing microorganisms are described. Radioactive labelled taxol products and methods for use of the radioactive labelled taxol and for the treatment of leukemia and cancer cells are described.

Abstract: Methods are provided for increased and controlled production of choline and inositol, choline and inositol metabolites, and choline- and inositol-containing phospholipids in yeast, comprising the step of increasing phosphatidylcholine (PC) turnover in yeast. Methods are also provided for detecting phospholipase D-mediated turnover of phosphatidylcholine in vivo in yeast, comprising an assay for choline excretion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to Mucoriopsis ellipsoidus fungus. The invention also provides methods of extracting chitin from Mucoriopsis ellipsoidus and the chitin produced by this process.

Abstract: In the method of producing erythritol by cultivating a yeast strain capable of producing erythritol from fermentable carbohydrate in a culture medium containing the carbohydrate as a main carbon source to recover erythritol from the culture, erythritol can be produced efficiently in high yield by using ammonium sulfate as a main nitrogen source in the culture medium.

Abstract: The disclosed invention is a method for controlling weeds belonging to the genus Cyperus comprising applying a herbicidal composition containing strain Ascochyta sp. FERM BP-5176 to the weeds in a field. The composition protects crops such as rice, wheat, maize, egg-plant, soybean, cabbage and cucumber in the field. Further, the weed belonging to the genus Cyperus encompasses the species Cyperus microiria, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus difformis or Cyperus brevifolia var. leiolepsis.

Abstract: A process for the fed batch production of a sophorolipid composition is described, in which culturing takes place of at least one Candida bombicola strain in a culture medium incorporating a sugar and a nitrogen source and said cultured strain is exposed in a reaction zone to a supply of an appropriate substrate under adequate aeration, temperature and pH conditions and at least once the following sequence is performed: a) the strain is continuously supplied with substrate at a supply rate in the reaction zone between 0.

Abstract: Microbial cells and/or a preparation thereof of a microorganism is allowed to act on ester of .gamma.-halogenated-acetoacetic acid, and its carbonyl group at .beta.-position is stereospecifically reduced to produce ester of (S)-.gamma.-halogenated-.beta.-hydroxybutyric acid in a short period of time at a highly accumulated degree and at a high yield, the microorganism being selected from the group consisting of those belonging to the genera Phoma, Nectria, Pseudonectria, Spondylocladium, Melanospora, Metarhizium, Gliocladium, Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Curvularia, Hormonema, Sydowia, Sarcinomyces, Dothiora, Xanthothecium, Dothidea, Pringsheimia, and Selenophoma.

Abstract: Apple scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is considered to be the most important single disease of apple worldwide and one of the most costly to control. Currently, the strategy for apple scab control relies on multiple applications of fungicides, often 8 to 12 fungicide sprays each growing season. These sprays represent an appreciable input of costs to growers and additionally, they can have a substantial impact on the environment. A new microbial pest control agent belonging to the genus Microsphaeropsis has been isolated. The application of this agent after harvest inhibits the formation of pseudothecia of V. inaequalis and consequently reduces the amount of primary inoculum the following spring which will result in a reduced spraying schedule.

Abstract: A process for the production of sophorolipids by a stock of Candida bombicola or apicola in a medium that contains a source of nitrogen and a substrate is described. The process includes a first fermentation cycle that includes a stage of growth of the stock and a stage of production of a fermentation wort. The following stages are carried out at least once:a) a portion of the wort is drawn off;b) a mineral that contains nitrogen is added to the remaining portion to constitute a second medium;c) a new fermentation cycle is carried out from this second medium, and another wort is produced.Sophorolipids are recovered from these worts of stages (a) and (c). The duration of the first and new fermentation cycles is at least 30 hours.

Abstract: A compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a hydrate thereof, a process for preparing said compound, and a pharmaceutical composition having antiviral activity which comprise said compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel antifungal agents having the formula: ##STR1## as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester of prodrug thereof, whereinR is: ##STR2## --C(O)--R.sub.1 wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, aryl-aryl-, arylalkoxy-aryl-, aryl-aryl-aryl-, arylkoxy-aryl-aryl-, or ##STR3## wherein R.sub.2 is alkylamino, dialkylamino, (heterocyclic)alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl; andX is O, NH, or NR.sub.3 wherein R.sub.3 is alkyl or aryl. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and a process for preparing the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: Taxol is produced from taxol-producing micro-organisms. Methods of obtain the taxol-producing microorganisms are described. Radioactive labelled taxol products and methods for use of the radioactive labelled taxol and for the treatment of leukemia and cancer cells are described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for making a highly productive fusant of Tolypocladium inflatum, a producing strain of cyclosporin A with immunosuppressive properties wherein the selection of the fusant KD461, designed to produce a large amount of cyclosporin A, was made available by the following steps of: developing amino acid-dependent mutants of Tolypocladium inflatum, wild strain isolated from soil, which mutants are induced by UV radiation; conjugating L-valine-dependent and L-leucine-dependent mutants to promote the demand and utility of L-valine and L-leucine, precursors of cyclosporin A, together with an organic nitrogen-source.

Abstract: The present invention concerns novel compounds obtained by fermenting a microorganism of the genus Memnonoiella or Stachybotrys, which compounds are inhibitors of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25). The present invention also relates to the use of these novel compounds in treating manic depression and pharmaceutical formulations comprising said compounds as active ingredient; a further object is the use of these compounds in an analytical method for detecting inositol monophosphatase.

Abstract: Asymmetric bioreduction of a ketone substrate with yeast produces the corresponding (R)-alcohol of structure: ##STR1## a key intermediate in the synthesis of a .beta..sub.

Abstract: An improved continuous process for producing ethanol from cellulosic materials employs an intermittently agitated, perpetually fed, solids retaining reactor vessel. Cellulosic substrate, catalysts and fermentation agents are introduced into a reaction vessel to form a slurry. The slurry is agitated for a first selected time interval under conditions sufficient to initiate and maintain a fermentation reaction and then allowed to settle during a second selected time interval. At the end of the second selected time interval an ethanol-containing effluent is removed from the vessel. Thereafter, additional cellulosic material, catalysts and fermentation agents are added to the reactor vessel. This operating cycle is repeated virtually perpetually to effect the ethanol production. It can be implemented using a single bioreactor or a cascade of bioreactors.

Abstract: The invention is directed to methods of converting high mannose type glycosylation patterns to hybrid or complex type glycosylation patterns.

Abstract: A composition and method are provided for clarifying and deodorizing a standing body of water such as fresh and salt water pools and water of spas, cooling towers, lakes and ponds such as aquaculture ponds. The composition contains by weight about 20.26% of a fermentation supernatant from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture, about 0.1% sodium benzoate, about 0.01% imidazolidinyl urea, about 0.15% diazolidinyl urea and about 9% non-ionic surfactant. Preferably, anionic and cationic surfactants and urea are absent from the composition. The composition may also contain about 0.05%, by weight, calcium chloride. The method is carried out by adding a solution of the composition to a body of water to provide in the water by weight about 0.02% to about 0.1% of a fermentation supernatant from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture, about 0.00005% to about 0.0001% sodium benzoate, about 0.000002% to about 0.00001% imidazolidinyl urea, about 0.00003% to about 0.00015% diazolidinyl urea, about 0.002% to about 0.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of the following chemical formula or their pharmaceutically-acceptable salts: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or chloro. Also, the present invention provides a process for the production of the compound of formula I, which comprises cultivating a microorganism having the identifying characteristics of Aspergillus fischeri var. thermomutatis ATCC 18618 or the like, and then isolating the compound of formula I from the fermentation broth. The pyrrolobenzoxazine compounds of formula I of this invention have broad antiparasitic activity, and thus are useful as antiparasitic agents, especially as anthelmintics.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for killing cells in fermentation mixtures in order to prepare the fermentation mixture for processing to recover or extract a desired product from the fermentation mixture. A preferred method of this invention comprises in either order, adjusting the pH of the fermentation mixture to a value equal to or less than about two pH units below the pK.sub.a of the compatible organic acid using a mineral acid, and adding a sufficient amount of a compatible organic acid and/or organic acid salt to the mixture to effect a substantially complete cell kill. The method of this invention is useful for killing microorganisms such as yeast, bacteria or fungi in any culture or fermentation mixture and is particularly useful in systems where it is desired to kill the cells without lysing them.

Abstract: A novel, cyclosporin-producing microbe is described. A process for the production of cyclosporin, comprising culturing the novel microbe and recovering the desired form of cyclosporin produced, is described.

Abstract: Saccharomyces mutants with defects in N-glycosylation which are obtainable by ?.sup.3 H!-mannose suicide selection, introduction of one or several selective markers, selection of those strains which, after transformation with the plasmid YEpL/glucose oxidase, secrete 10 mg/l glucose oxidase or more into the culture medium after culture under standard conditions, are allelic to the ngd mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DSM 7042, DSM 7338, DSM 7160 and/or 7340 and express proteins with a uniform carbohydrate structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to recombinant DNA technology. Specifically this invention relates to new recombinant eukaryotic cells transformed with SSO genes. Eukaryotic cells transformed with several copies of SSO genes, or overexpressing the Sso protein by some other means, have an increased capacity to produce secreted foreign or endogenous proteins. Further, the said new recombinant cells, when transformed with genes expressing suitable hydrolytic enzymes can utilize appropriate macromolecular compounds more efficiently, which results in increased cell mass production and/or more versatile utilization of the compounds in relevant biotechnical applications.

Abstract: This invention relates to the extraction of biological compounds from plants and animals and to the preparation and tinctures and essences from the extracted materials. The materials are extracted using alcoholic and/or phosphate buffered saline solutions. The extraction step can be performed repeatedly on the residue from the previous step. The rich solution resulting from the extraction can be freeze dried for further use or employed as a fermentation feed. The fermenter product can be freeze dried for further use. The invention also makes use of the residues resulting from the extraction and fermentation reactions.

Abstract: A process for producing recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) which comprises culturing an HSA producing host prepared by gene manipulation techniques at a temperature of from 21.degree. to 29.degree. C. Culturing the HSA producing host under such a specified temperature condition makes it possible to increase productivity of HSA production, improve the growth yield of an HSA producing host, and reduce the degree of coloring in the HSA preparation.

Abstract: A method for identifying substances with a potential herbicidal and growth-regulating action by means of plant transporter proteins (transporters), the use thereof and substances identifiable by the method and having a herbicidal and growth-regulating action are described.

Abstract: This invention provides new antifungal compounds of Formula I or II: ##STR1## wherein R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are defined in the specification produced by culture LL-15G256 (Hypoxylon oceanicum), NRRL 21363 and their production by fermentation and use as antifungal agents.

Abstract: A novel, cyclosporin-producing microbe is described. A process for the production of cyclosporin, comprising culturing the novel microbe and recovering the desired form of cyclosporin produced, is described.

Abstract: Flavorant compounds and compositions for food substances are prepared in a food-acceptable manner by bio-conversion of a cysteine S-complex with a food-acceptable micro-organism, particularly a yeast or filamentous fungus, which, upon incubation with the complex, splits the complex at a terminal carboxyl group in a beta position to yield a product including a thiol and at least one metabolite compound, and the product is isolated.

Abstract: The invention relates to recombinant DNA molecules comprising a Dictyostelium discoideum homologous promoter region, a heterologous DNA sequence with a Dictyostelium discoideum homologous peptide sequence capable of functioning as a leader peptide sequence positioned upstream thereof and in proper reading frame therewith, and a Dictyostelium discoideum homologous termination region, the heterologous DNA sequence encoding the desired functional polypeptide or intermediate thereof, said DNA sequence being positioned downstream from the promoter region and said termination region being positioned downstream from the DNA sequence. The invention also provides recombinant dictyostelid hosts as well as methods for preparing recombinant DNA molecules of the invention and for expressing recombinant polypeptides encoded by said recombinant DNA molecules in dictyostelid hosts. The invention in particular relates to the expression of the CS protein of Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract: A economically viable method for producing sugars using concentrated acid hydrolysis of biomass containing cellulose and hemicellulose is disclosed. The cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass is first decrystallized and then hydrolyzed to produce a hydrolysate containing both sugars and acid. Silica and silicates present in the biomass can then be removed for further processing. The remaining solids are then subjected to a second decrystallization if necessary and a second hydrolyzation to optimize the sugar yields.

Abstract: Methods are provided for producing protein products in host cells and for selecting transformed cells comprising the step of transforming the host cell with a DNA molecule comprising a gene which complements a deficiency in the host cell. The host cell is s strain having a deficiency in a function necessary for normal cell growth. The gene in the DNA molecule, such as a plasmid, which complements the deficiency serves as a selection marker whereby the growth conditions for selection may comprise a conventional complex medium.

Abstract: An isolated pure culture of a strain of Phaffia rhodozyma which produces astaxanthin in an amount of at least 600 .mu.g per g Phaffia rhodozyma dry matter, as determined by HPLC analysis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of certain fungi in the reduction of the pitch and/or lignin content of cellulosic materials. In particular, the white rot fungi Schizophyllum commune, Trichaptum biforme and Phanerochaete gigantea are useful in reducing pitch and/or lignin, or both, which saves electrical energy during the mechanical refining of pulps and pulpwoods used in making cellulosic products.

Abstract: There is disclosed a novel compound having the formula ##STR1## which exhibits antifungal activity.

Abstract: Methods are provided for producing protein products in host cells and for selecting transformed cells comprising the step of transforming the host cell with a DNA molecule comprising a gene which complements a deficiency in the host cell. The host cell is a strain having a deficiency in a function necessary for normal cell growth. The gene in the DNA molecule, such as a plasmid, which complements the deficiency serves as a selection marker whereby the growth conditions for selection may comprise a conventional complex medium.

Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel bioherbicide and its use to control weeds known as nutsedges (Cyperus spp.). The novel fungus, Dactylaria higginsii (Luttrell) M. B. Ellis is pathogenic to purple nutsedge, yellow nutsedge, annual sedge, globe sedge, and rice flatsedge. These sedges cause major losses in different crops and turf. Accordingly, the fungus of the subject invention is an important advance in the control of these noxious weeds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae having accession number MTCC Y0022B211 (=NCYC 2647), which is useful for the preparation of ethanol by the fermentation of sugars. The invention also encompasses a process for the preparation of this strain of yeast, which process comprises: (a) growing a diploid strain of S. cerevisiae designated MTCC Y0001 (=NCYC 2646) in a known medium, sporulating the strain, treating the sporulated cells with a lytic enzyme to liberate the spores, collecting the liberated spores; (b) growing a haploid strain of S. cerevisiae designated MTCC Y0002 (=ATTC 90506); (c) mixing the spores obtained in step (a) with the cells obtained in step (b), incubating the resultant spore-cell mixture at a temperature in the range of 15.degree. C. to 37.degree. C. for a period of 1 to 10 days; (d) spreading the incubated spore-cell mixture on a non-medium, and incubating the mixture at a temperature in the range of 15.degree. to 37.degree. C.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of ethanol from non-virgin biomass having deleterious materials therein is provided. The deleterious materials prevent or retard the production of ethanol when the non-virgin biomass is combined with a fermentation material. The method includes primary processing, secondary processing and/or blending the non-virgin biomass with virgin biomass such that the effect of the deleterious materials is reduced, thereby allowing production of ethanol when the biomass is combined with the fermentation material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of lactic-acid-containing, optically active, cyclic depsipeptides having 18 ring atoms with the aid of fungal strains of the species Fusarium or enzymatic preparations isolated therefrom.

Abstract: A 2 .mu.m plasmid vector for transforming yeast, especially brewing yeast, much which comprises a DNA sequence allowing propagation of the plasmid in bacteria, two copies of the 74 base pair FLP recombination site of the 2 .mu.m plasmid in direct orientation and a DNA sequence coding for a protein or peptide of interest. The plasmid is so constructed that in yeast the bacterial DNA sequence is between the two recombination sites which are in direct orientation and is spontaneously lost following recombination. A "gene of interest" is preferable inserted at the SnaBI site.

Abstract: A process for producing recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) which comprises culturing an HSA producing host prepared by gene manipulation techniques at a temperature of from 21.degree. to 29.degree. C. Culturing the HSA producing host under such a specified temperature condition makes it possible to increase productivity of HSA production, improve the growth yield of an HSA producing host, and reduce the degree of coloring in the HSA preparation.

Abstract: A Monascus purpureus 94-25 (NBIMCC 2325) strain microorganism produces pigments and biologically active products when cultivated on a culture medium based on waste disposals from the milk industry. The pigmented product obtained possesses superoxide dismutase and antioxidant properties and has applications in the food and beverage industry and cosmetics industry. The present process is suitable for large scale manufacture and, by its application, a large amount of waste and by-products from the milk processing industry is utilized and thus an ecologically clean and wasteless technology is created.