Abstract: This invention provides compositions and methods for producing translational components that expand the number of genetically encoded amino acids in eukaryotic cells. The components include orthogonal tRNAs, orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, orthogonal pairs of tRNAs/synthetases and unnatural amino acids. Proteins and methods of producing proteins with unnatural amino acids in eukaryotic cells are also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to enzymes, polynucleotides encoding the enzymes, the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides and more specifically to enzymes having transferase activity, e.g., transaminase activity, e.g., d-amino-acid transferase activity, and/or oxidoreductase activity, e.g., dehydrogenase activity, e.g., damino-acid dehydrogenase activity, and/or catalyze the transfer of a chemical group, catalyze transamination, catalyze the reaction: D-alanine+2-oxoglutarate<=>pyruvate+D-glutamate, and/or catalyze an oxidation-reduction reaction, catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms, and/or catalyze the reaction: D-amino acid+H2O+acceptor<=>a 2-oxo acid+NH3+reduced acceptor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to proteomic markers for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compositions for detecting changes of these proteomic markers, kits for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, methods for detecting proteomic markers including these compositions, methods for screening drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma using these proteomic markers, and antibodies specific for these proteomic markers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to inhibitors of GSK-3 and methods for producing these inhibitors. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inhibitors and methods of utilizing those compositions in the treatment and prevention of various disorders, such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the invention relates to molecules or molecular complexes which comprise binding pockets of GSK-3? or its homologues. The invention relates to a computer comprising a data storage medium encoded with the structure coordinates of such binding pockets. The invention also relates to methods of using the structure coordinates to solve the structure of homologous proteins or protein complexes. The invention relates to methods of using the structure coordinates to screen for and design compounds that bind to GSK-3? protein or homologues thereof. The invention also relates to crystallizable compositions and crystals comprising GSK-3? protein or GSK-3? protein complexes.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of producing components of protein biosynthetic machinery that include orthogonal tRNA's, orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and orthogonal pairs of tRNA's/synthetases are provided. Methods for identifying these orthogonal pairs are also provided along with methods of producing proteins using these orthogonal pairs.

Abstract: The present invention provides the identification of human Ras palmitoyl acyl transfersase complexes, and nucleic acids coding therefor. In addition, methods of screening for modulators of human Ras palmitoyl acyl transfersase, including high throughput yeast screens, are also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides method for producing a plant cell or plant with increased phlorizin or phloretin glycosyltransferase activity, the method comprising transformation of a plant cell or plant with a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide with phloretin glycosyltransferase activity. The invention also provides host cells, plant cells and plants, genetically modified to contain and or express the polynucleotides.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and kits for preserving genomic DNA sequence complexity within chemically and/or enzymatically converted DNA by an enzyme or series of enzymes that adds a methyl group to a cytosine outside of CpG dinucleotide sequences of genomic DNA. Further, the present invention relates to methylation analysis of the genomic DNA.

Abstract: The present invention provides mutants of DNA polymerases having an increased rate of incorporation of nucleotides into nucleic acids undergoing polymerization and having an enhanced resistance to inhibitors of DNA polymerase activity. The mutant polymerases are well suited for fast PCR applications, for PCR amplification of targets in samples that contain inhibitors of wild-type polymerases, and for fast PCR amplification of samples containing DNA polymerase inhibitors. In exemplary embodiments, the mutants are mutants of Taq DNA polymerase.

Abstract: The present invention provides an agent that modulates physiological condition of pests, wherein the agent has an ability to modulate the activity of an insect choline acetyltransferase; a method for assaying pesticidal activity of a test substance, which comprises measuring the activity of a choline acetyltransferase in a reaction system in which the choline acetyltransferase contacts with a test substance, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new plant breeding process. The process improves the agronomic performance of crop plants by using genetic material that is also used in classical breeding. Instead of sexually recombining entire genomes at random, as is done in classical breeding, specific genetic elements are rearranged in vitro and inserted back into individual plant cells. Plants obtained through this new plant breeding process do not contain foreign nucleic acid but only contain nucleic acid from the plant species selected for transformation or plants that are sexually compatible with the selected plant species. Plants developed through this new plant breeding process are provided. In particular, potato plants displaying improved tuber storage and health characteristics are provided.

Abstract: A gene encoding a methylated catechin synthase that can effectively synthesize methylated catechins having high antiallergic activity. The gene encoding a methylated catechin synthase contains at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3 and 5.

Abstract: Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase [“LPAAT”] participates in the second step of oil biosynthesis and is expected to play a key role in altering the quantity of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [“LC-PUFAs”] produced in oils of oleaginous organisms. An LPAAT isolated from Mortierella alpina [“MaLPAAT1”] that is suitable for use in the manufacture of oils enriched in LC-PUFAs in oleaginous organisms is disclosed. Most desirably, the substrate specificity of the instant MaLPAAT1 will be particularly useful to enable increased C18 to C20 elongation conversion efficiency and increased ?4 desaturation conversion efficiency in recombinant host cells producing LC-PUFAs.

Abstract: This invention pertains to nucleic acid fragments encoding plant proteins that are homologs to the cis-prenyltransferases UPP synthase from the bacterium Micrococcus luteus or Dedol-PP synthase from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. More specifically, this invention pertains to cis-prenyltransferase homologs from wheat, grape, soybean, rice, African daisy, rubber tree latex and pot marigold.

Abstract: A novel etiological hypothesis for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is proposed describing autoimmune attack of ATP: Cob (I) alamin adenosyltransferase (ATR) thereby inhibiting synthesis of (5?-deoxy-5?-adenosyl) cobamide (referred to as 5?-deoxyadenosylcobalmin or AdoCbl) from Vitamin B12 providing a basis for therapeutic design and diagnostic methods. Pharmaceutical compositions for therapy of MS, inflammatory neurological diseases and neurodegenerative diseases utilizing AdoCbl, growth hormone, immunomodulators, interleukins, other therapeutic agents, and physiotherapy are described. Encompassed in embodiments are diagnostic and therapeutic methods based on the amino acid sequence which binds AdoCbl in ATR. A scoping experiment in therapy, parenteral injection of AdoCbl, has been accomplished with a clinically definite MS patient in the Secondary Progressive stage of MS. The dramatic improvement in the patient's condition strongly supports the etiological hypothesis.

Abstract: The ADP-ribosyltransferase, Vip2, exerts its intracellular toxicity in insects by modifying actin and preventing actin polymerization. Due to the nature of this toxin, expression of Vip2 in planta is lethal to the plant. Described herein are methods of making zymogens of toxic proteins that are benign in a non-target organism and are activated in a target organism. Disclosed herein are methods of engineering a random propeptide library at a terminus of a toxic protein and selecting for malfunctional variants in yeast. Using this method a selected proenzyme possesses reduced enzymatic activity as compared to the wild-type Vip2 protein, but remains a potent toxin towards corn rootworm larvae. The Vip2 zymogen can be proteolytically activated by corn rootworm digestive proteases.

Abstract: Nucleic acid molecules from hop (Humulus lupulus) have been isolated and characterized wherein said nucleic acid molecules encode polypeptides having aromatic prenyltransferase activity Expression or over-expression of said nucleic acid molecules alters the level of terpenophenolic compounds The polypeptides may be used in vivo or in vitro to produce terpenophenolic compounds (e g, prenylated acylphloroglucmols and prenylflavonoids) such as prenyl-PIVP, prenyl-PIBP, humulone, lupulone, desmethylxanthohumol and xanthohumol

Abstract: A DNA polymerase reaction system which provides high DNA polymerase activity even at a high temperature and at a high salt concentration. A DNA polymerase reaction system that is constructed from a DNA polymerase, a clamp, and a clamp loader without intein sequence, the DNA polymerase being from Pyrococcus horikoshii, a hyperthermophilic archaeon.

Abstract: Isolated sulfotransferase nucleic acid molecules that include a nucleotide sequence variant and nucleotides flanking the sequence variant are described, as well as sulfotransferase allozymes. Methods for determining if a mammal is predisposed to cancer also are described.

Abstract: A DNA fragment containing a gene which encodes a specific gene regulatory region alone or the gene regulatory region together with a signal peptide; a recombinant vector containing the DNA fragment; a transformant containing the recombinant vector; and a method of producing a recombinant protein by using the transformant. According to the invention, it is possible to produce a protein in a large amount at a high efficiency regardless of the kind of the recombinant protein.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to isolated polynucleotides encoding a delta 9-elongase, delta 9-elongases encoded by the isolated polynucleotides, expression vectors comprising the isolated polynucleotides, host cells comprising the expression vectors, and methods for producing delta 9-elongase and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds comprising a plurality of enzyme substrates suitably linked and further carrying one or more cargo entities. In particular such compounds have the structure (substrate)n-linker-(cargo)m wherein “substrate” is a substrate specific for an enzyme-type protein; n is 2 or more; “linker” is a linking unit consisting of 1 to 300 atoms; “cargo” is a drug, a label detectable by a fluorescence detector, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) or scintigraphy, or a functional group which can be transformed into a drug or a detectable label; and m is 1 or more. The invention further relates to a corresponding molecular shuttles having the structure (fusion protein)n-linker-(cargo)m wherein “fusion protein” is a proteinaceous binding entity fused to an enzyme-type protein for which specific substrates exist. The proteinaceous binding entity is designed to bind to a target structure in vitro or in vivo, for example a cellular receptor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology, immunology and medicine. Peptide sequences that belong to the beta amyloid peptide are exposed on the surface of a multimeric structure derived from the E2 component of alpha keto acid dehydrogenase. The molecules are useful for the production of vaccines for the treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: A protein participating in the addition of mannose phosphate to a sugar chain of a glycoprotein originating in a yeast belonging to the genus Pichia; a gene coding this protein; a mutant of this gene; a vector carrying the mutant gene; a yeast strain belonging to the genus Pichia having been transformed by this vector; a process for producing a protein with reduction of an acidic sugar chain by using the transformed yeast strain; and a glycoprotein thus produced, are described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids in an organism, according to which nucleic acids coding for polypeptides with an acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid-acyltransferase activity are introduced into the organism. Advantageously, the nucleic acid sequences can be expressed in the transgenic organism optionally together with other nucleic acid sequences coding for polypeptides of the fatty acid or lipid metabolism. The invention also relates to the inventive nucleic acid sequences, nucleic acid constructs containing the inventive nucleic acid sequences, vectors containing the inventive nucleic acid sequences and/or the nucleic acid constructs, and transgenic organisms containing the nucleic acid sequences, nucleic acid constructs and/or vectors. The invention further relates to oils, lipids and/or fatty acids produced according to the inventive method, and to the use of the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides glucose dehydrogenase which is excellent in heat resistance and substrate specificity and is not affected by dissolved oxygen. Specifically, the present invention relates to glucose dehydrogenase characterized by being derived from an eukaryotic organism and keeping 90% or more activity after being treated with heat at 55° C. for 15 minutes in a liquid form compared with the activity before being treated.

Abstract: A sialyltransferase having the following physico-chemical properties: (1) Activity: transfers Sialic acid from a sialic acid donor selectively to a 3-hydroxyl group of a galactose residue contained in lactosylceramide as a sialic acid acceptor to produce ganglioside GM3; (2) Optimal Reaction pH: 6.0 to 7.0; and (3) Inhibition and Activation: the activity increases at least 1.5 times with 10 mM of Mn2+ as compared with the case in the absence thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polynucleotide marker or a protein marker for use in the specific detection of an IL-17-producing helper T-cell (a Th17 cell). Also disclosed is a method for detecting a Th17 cell, which is characterized by detecting the occurrence of the polynucleotide marker or the protein marker.