Abstract: The present invention includes a system and method of producing consumable fuels generally including a thermal input device, a gasifier, a heat pump, and a product gas heat recovery device. Optionally, the system and method of the present invention includes a nuclear steam supply device as a thermal input. Optionally, the nuclear steam supply device includes a sodium fast reactor having a core outlet temperature of less than about 650° C.

Abstract: A hybrid fuel and methods of making the same are disclosed. A process for making a hybrid fuel includes the steps of combining a biofuel emulsion blend and a liquid fuel product to form a hybrid fuel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can be combined with water in a water-in-oil process and include oxygenate additives and additive packages. A hybrid fuel includes blends of biofuel emulsions and liquid fuel products, including light gas diesel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can include water, oxygenate additives, and other additive packages.

Abstract: Bio-oil from a feedstock selected from mustard family seeds, mustard family seed presscake, mustard family seed defatted presscake, and mixtures thereof. The bio-oil is produced by a method involving (1) pyrolyzing the feedstock to produce bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gases, (2) removing the bio-char from the bio-oil, (3) condensing the bio-oil, and (4) precipitating the bio-oil.

Abstract: Methods for selective extraction and fractionation of algal lipids and algal products are disclosed. A method of selective removal of products from an algal biomass provides for single and multistep extraction processes which enable efficient separation of algal components. Among these components are neutral lipids synthesized by algae, which are extracted by the methods disclosed herein for the production of renewable fuels.

Abstract: A process or a system for converting a solid biomass material is provided, comprising contacting the solid biomass material with a catalytic cracking catalyst at a temperature of more than 400° C. in a riser reactor to produce one or more cracked products. The riser reactor contains: a riser reactor pipe, which riser reactor pipe has a diameter that increases in a downstream direction; and a bottom section connected to the riser reactor pipe, which bottom section has a larger diameter than the riser reactor pipe.

Abstract: The present invention provides non-petroleum high-octane fuel derived from biomass sources, and a method of producing same. The method of production involves reducing the biomass feedstocks to sugars, fermenting the sugars using microorganisms or mutagens thereof to produce ethanol or acetic acid, converting the acetic acid or ethanol to acetone, and converting the acetone to mesitylene and isopentane, the major components of the renewable engine fuel. Trimerization of acetone can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of niobium, iron and manganese. The ethanol can be converted to mesitylene in a dehydration reaction in the presence of a catalyst of zinc oxide/calcium oxide, and unreacted ethanol and water separated from mesitylene by distillation.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided that includes dewatering intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrodeoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock. The method further includes supplying the hydrogenation and deoxygenation processes with hydrogen produced from reformed light hydrocarbons or an algae culture.

Abstract: A method for separating proteins from plant material, in particular, intact algal cells, using an amphipathic solvent set and a hydrophobic solvent set. Some embodiments include dewatering intact algal cells and then extracting proteins from the algal cells. The methods provide for single and multistep extraction processes which allow for efficient separation of algal proteins from a wet algal biomass. These proteins are high value products which can be used as renewable sources of food and food additives. Neutral lipids remaining in the algal biomass after extraction of proteins can be used to generate renewable fuels.

Abstract: Methods for selective extraction and fractionation of algal lipids and algal products are disclosed. A method of selective removal of products from an algal biomass provides for single and multistep extraction processes which enable efficient separation of algal components. Among these components are neutral lipids synthesized by algae, which are extracted by the methods disclosed herein for the production of renewable fuels.

Abstract: Methods for selective extraction and fractionation of algal lipids and algal products are disclosed. A method of selective removal of products from an algal biomass provides for single and multistep extraction processes which enable efficient separation of algal components. Among these components are neutral lipids synthesized by algae, which are extracted by the methods disclosed herein for the production of renewable fuels.

Abstract: In an embodiment, the invention relates to the seeds, plants, and plant parts of canola line SCV372145 and to methods for producing a canola plant produced by crossing canola line SCV372145 with itself or with another canola line. The invention also relates to methods for producing a canola plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic canola plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to canola lines or breeding lines and plant parts derived from canola line SCV372145, to methods for producing other canola lines, lines or plant parts derived from canola line SCV372145 and to the canola plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid canola seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing the line SCV372145 with another canola line.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides novel mannanase variants which have an amino acid sequence that varies from that of the parent/wild type Trichoderma reesei mannanase, and which have one or more advantageous properties like improved thermo stability; temperature/activity profile; pH/activity profile; specific activity; and pH/protease-sensitivity. The novel mannanase variants are useful and used in alcohol fermentations processes and/or productions, for coffee extraction and the processing of coffee waste, as a supplement to food and feed, for enzyme aided bleaching of paper pulps, as bleaching and/or desizing agent in textile industry, for oil and gas well stimulation by hydraulic fracturing, as detergent, as baking ingredients, for removal of biofilms and in delivery systems, for grain processing or for the processing of renewable resources intended for the production of biological fuels, and in the textile, oil drilling, cleaning, laundering, detergent, and cellulose fiber processing industries.

Abstract: This invention relates to functionalized polymers derived from functionalized monomers. The functionalized polymer may be reacted with an enophilic reagent (e.g., maleic anhydride) to form an enophilic reagent modified functionalized polymer. The functionalized polymer may be further reacted with one or more additional reagents, e.g., an oxygen-containing reagent (e.g., alcohol, polyol), a nitrogen-containing reagent (e.g., amine, polyamine, aminoalcohol), a metal, a metal compound, or a mixture of two or more thereof. The invention relates to lubricants, functional fluids, fuels, dispersants, detergents and polymer compositions.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to methods, systems, and compositions for preparing a solid biomass for fast pyrolysis. The method includes contacting the solid biomass with an inorganic material present in an effective amount for increasing fast pyrolysis yield of an organic liquid product (e.g., bio-oil). In various embodiments, the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurizing said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.

Abstract: A process for converting a solid biomass material is provided. The solid biomass material is contacted with a catalytic cracking catalyst at a temperature of more than 400° C. in a riser reactor to produce one or more cracked products. The riser reactor is an external riser reactor with a curve and/or low velocity zone at its termination and wherein a part of the catalytic cracking catalyst has deposited in the curve and/or low velocity zone.

Abstract: A process and system for separating a light fraction, a bio-distillate fraction, and a heavy fraction from a bio-oil, and for producing a renewable distillate including at least in part the bio-distillate fraction and a stabilizing additive, is provided. The process comprises separating bio-oil into light, bio-distillate, and heavy fractions based on their boiling points. At least a portion of the bio-distillate fraction and a stabilizing additive are blended with a petroleum-derived-diesel-range stream, without any prior hydrotreatment, to thereby provide a renewable distillate composition.

Abstract: Processes of converting to feedstocks comprising hydrocarbons to compositions comprising light hydrocarbon products are described herein. Also described are processes and methods of producing and refining compositions comprising terpenes from biomass that can be suitable as a fuel product.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided. A method of making biofuels includes dewatering substantially intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrogenating and deoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock.

Abstract: A process and system for separating a light fraction, a bio-distillate fraction, and a heavy fraction from a bio-oil, and for producing a renewable distillate including at least in part the bio-distillate fraction and a stabilizing additive, is provided. The process comprises separating bio-oil into light, bio-distillate, and heavy fractions based on their boiling points. At least a portion of the bio-distillate fraction and a stabilizing additive are blended with a petroleum-derived-diesel-range stream, without any prior hydrotreatment, to thereby provide a renewable distillate composition.

Abstract: The invention is directed to polypeptides having any cellulolytic activity, e.g., a cellulase activity, e.g., endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase, mannanse, ?-xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, and/or oligomerase activity, including thermostable and thermotolerant activity, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, and making and using these polynucleotides and polypeptides. The polypeptides of the invention can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and feed processing and industrial contexts. The invention also provides compositions or products of manufacture comprising mixtures of enzymes comprising at least one enzyme of this invention.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for thermochemically transforming biomass or other oxygenated feedstocks into high quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels. In particular, a catalytic hydropyrolysis reactor, containing a deep bed of fluidized catalyst particles is utilized to accept particles of biomass or other oxygenated feedstocks that are significantly smaller than the particles of catalyst in the fluidized bed. The reactor features an insert or other structure disposed within the reactor vessel that inhibits slugging of the bed and thereby minimizes attrition of the catalyst. Within the bed, the biomass feedstock is converted into a vapor-phase product, containing hydrocarbon molecules and other process vapors, and an entrained solid char product, which is separated from the vapor stream after the vapor stream has been exhausted from the top of the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a bio-diesel, comprising, in the presence of an alkaline metal compound, reacting an oil-fat with C1-C6 monohydric alcohol in a reactor at a reaction temperature of from 130 to 280° C. and a reaction pressure of from 1 to 12 MPa, separating fatty acid esters from the reacted materials, so as to produce the bio-diesel, wherein said alkaline metal compound is present in an amount of 0.001-0.07 wt %, in terms of the metal thereof, relative to the weight of the oil-fat. The process provided in the present invention has the advantages of great throughput and high yield of the bio-diesel.

Abstract: In an embodiment, the invention relates to the seeds, plants, and plant parts of canola line SCV695971 and to methods for producing a canola plant produced by crossing canola line SCV695971 with itself or with another canola line. The invention also relates to methods for producing a canola plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic canola plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to canola lines or breeding lines and plant parts derived from canola line SCV695971, to methods for producing other canola lines, lines or plant parts derived from canola line SCV695971 and to the canola plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid canola seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing the line SCV695971 with another canola line.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel composition, comprising: (A) a normally liquid fuel; and (B) a cold flow improving amount of (i) a metathesized natural oil; (ii) a metathesized natural oil derivative; or (iii) a mixture of (i) and (ii). The invention also relates to metathesized derivatives formed by the reaction of a metathesized natural oil with a nucleophile, oxidizer, aromatic compound, enophilic acid reagent, or a mixture of two or more thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biofuel composition comprising distilled technical cashew nut shell liquid (DT-CNSL) and atleast one petroleum product optionally alongwith plant oils and fuel additive(s). It also relates to a process for preparation of biofuel composition and a method of fueling biofuel composition.

Abstract: The present invention is a solution or colloid of fullerene, SWNTs, or graphene in cyclic terpenes, lactones, terpene-alcohol, fatty-acid alcohols, and lactones following ultrasonication and ultracentrifugation processing, for oil-energy, biological, electrical-thermal applications. The compositions are useful as fuel/oil/grease/gels (synthetic included), oil/fuel/additives/propellants, identification dyes, and heat-transfer fluids. Other functions are phase-change fluids for solar energy power plants, antifreeze, electronic dyes, electrolytic fluid/solvent, electrically-thermally conductive material for electrochemical, dielectric, filler/adhesive for semiconductor, eletro-optical, and liquid crystal substrates/coatings for touch sensitive transmissive or reflective displays. When combined with gelatin the formulations can function as dichroic-optical coatings for thin-films/waveguides/holograms.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of diesel range hydrocarbons wherein a feed comprising fresh feed is hydrotreated in a hydrotreating step and isomerized in an isomerization step and the fresh feed contains at least 20% by weight triglyceride C12-C16 fatty acids or C12-C16 fatty acid esters or C12-C16 fatty acids or combinations of thereof and feed contains 50-20000 w-ppm sulphur calculated as elemental sulphur.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions and methods for fluid hydrocarbon product, and more specifically, to compositions and methods for fluid hydrocarbon product via catalytic pyrolysis. Some embodiments relate to methods for the production of specific aromatic products (e.g., benzene, toluene, naphthalene, xylene, etc.) via catalytic pyrolysis. Some such methods may involve the use of a composition comprising a mixture of a solid hydrocarbonaceous material and a heterogeneous pyrolytic catalyst component. In some embodiments, the mixture may be pyrolyzed at high temperatures (e.g., between 500° C. and 1000° C.). The pyrolysis may be conducted for an amount of time at least partially sufficient for production of discrete, identifiable biofuel compounds. Some embodiments involve heating the mixture of catalyst and hydrocarbonaceous material at high rates (e.g., from about 50° C. per second to about 1000° C. per second). The methods described herein may also involve the use of specialized catalysts.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, comprising: an unsaturated functionalized monomer of from about 5 to about 30 carbon atoms, which is: (a) polymerized to form a functionalized polymer; (b) copolymerized with a comonomer to form a functionalized copolymer; or (c) reacted with an enophilic reagent to form a polyfunctionalized monomer. The polyfunctionalized monomer may be polymerized to form a polyfunctionalized polymer which may be further reacted with one or more additional reagents. The invention relates to lubricants, functional fluids, fuels, dispersants, detergents and polymeric resins.

Abstract: Liquid fuel compositions comprising one or more C4+ compounds derived from a water-soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A method for separating neutral lipids from plant material, in particular, intact algal cells, using an amphipathic solvent set and a hydrophobic solvent set. Some embodiments include dewatering intact algal cells and then extracting neutral lipids from the algal cells. The methods provide for single and multistep extraction processes which allow for efficient separation of algal neutral lipids from a wet algal biomass while avoiding emulsification of extraction mixtures. The neutral lipids are removed after first removing a polar lipid fraction and a protein fraction. These neutral lipids can be used to generate renewable fuels as well as food products and supplements.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: The invention provides a process by which oil is extracted from human and animal hair is collected from hair salons, barber shops, groomers, abattoirs, stockyards and similar establishments. This hair is then liquefied by any available means to extract all of the natural oil and cellulose contained within.

Abstract: A method of forming a product from an oil feedstock, such as a biodiesel product, and a heterogeneous catalyst system used to form said product is disclosed. This catalyst system, which has a high tolerance for the presence of water and free fatty acids (FFA) in the oil feedstock, may simultaneously catalyze both the esterification of FAA and the transesterification of triglycerides present in the oil feedstock. The catalyst system is comprised of a mixture of zinc oxide and a second metal oxide. The zinc oxide includes a mixture of amorphous zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanocrystals, the zinc nanocrystals having a mean grain size between about 20 and 80 nanometers with at least one of the nanocrystals including a mesopore having a diameter of about 5 to 15 nanometers. Preferably, the second metal oxide is a lanthanum oxide, the lanthanum oxide being selected as one from the group of La2CO5, LaOOH, and combinations or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of hydrotreatment in co-processing of petroleum feeds, in a mixture with at least one feed obtained from renewable sources, for producing fuel bases (kerosene and/or gas oil) having a sulphur content below 10 ppm, said method comprising the following stages: a) a first hydrotreatment stage in which said feed passes through at least one first fixed-bed catalytic zone comprising at least one bulk or supported catalyst comprising an active phase constituted by at least one group VIB element and at least one group VIII element, said elements being in the form of sulphide and the atomic ratio of the group VIII metal (or metals) to group VIB metal (or metals) being strictly greater than 0 and less than 0.095, b) a second hydrotreatment stage into which the effluent from the first hydrotreatment stage is sent directly, and in which said effluent passes through at least one second fixed-bed catalytic zone comprising at least one hydrotreatment catalyst.

Abstract: A method for producing an aviation fuel oil base includes obtaining a first generated oil by hydrotreating a feedstock by bringing a feedstock which includes an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound derived from an animal or vegetable oils and fat into contact with a first dual functional catalyst which has dehydrogenation and hydrogenation functions and which includes a metal of group 6A of the periodic table, a metal of group 8, and an amorphous solid acidic substance, in the presence of hydrogen; and obtaining a second generated oil including an aviation fuel oil base by hydroisomerizing the first generated oil by bringing the first generated oil into contact with a second dual functional catalyst which has dehydrogenation and hydrogenation functions and which includes a metal of the group 8 of the periodic table and a crystalline solid acidic substance, in the presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: Renewable fuels are produced in commercial quantities and with enhanced efficiency by integrating a bio-oil production system with a conventional petroleum refinery so that the bio-oil is co-processed with a petroleum-derived stream in the refinery. The techniques used to integrate the bio-oil production system and conventional petroleum refineries are selected based on the quality of the bio-oil and the desired product slate from the refinery.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the recovery of oil from an aqueous solution containing oil and solids, as well as to the use of products obtained by this method. The method of the invention comprises at least the following steps of: Adjusting the oil- and solids-containing aqueous solution to a pH which is acidic, separating an oil- and solids-containing fraction from the acidic aqueous solution with an separation agent which is hydrophilic or assumes a hydrophilic character in response to water, recovering the oil- and solids-containing fraction separated by means of said separation agent, extracting oil away from the solids with a water-insoluble extraction agent, and recovering the oil-containing water-insoluble extraction agent.

Abstract: The invention discloses a process for hydrolyzed reforming of the ligneous cellulose biomass to produce bio-gaso-line, which directly transfers the hydrolyzed-material liquid obtained from ligneous cellulose biomass through hydrolyzing into in aqueous catalytic reforming system, the feed subjects to aqueous catalytic reforming reaction in low-temperature reforming reactor filled with catalyst Ni/SiO2-Al2O3 and in high-temperature reforming reactor filled with catalyst Ni/HZSM-5 in turn, the reactant is condensed and phase-separated: uncondensed bio-gasoline is absorbed by absorption liquid-C6 alkane, condensed liquid is phase-separated through phase-separator, bio-gasoline is obtained in the upper layer of the phase-separator. The invention creates a new process for producing high-quality liquid fuel oil using biomass as feedstock, which can automatically layer and separate, omitting the step of rectifying and purifying product. The feedstock is cheap and broadly available.

Abstract: The present invention features the use of salt-water mixtures to form brine reaction phases at supercritical temperatures, i.e., greater than 374° C., and at pressures of less than 500 bar. The conditions utilized allow high reaction rates to be attained in a dense medium at moderate pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feed stocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles and contain a sorbent. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels. In addition, one or more sorbents can be added to the feed stocks in order to reduce the amount of a variety of pollutants present in traditional fuel and feed stocks, including, but not limited, sulfur and chlorine. Further, these feed stocks with added sorbent can mitigate corrosion, improve fuel conversion, extend power generating plant lifetime, reduce ash slagging, and reduced operating temperature.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles and a surfactant that does not contain sulfur atoms. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: More stable and valuable bio-oil produced from biomasses are provided. More specifically, more stable and valuable bio-oil useful as heating oil is provided. Particularly, various embodiments of the present invention provide for a bio-oil having sufficient heating value and stability to be useful as heating oil without the need to hydrotreat the bio-oil or use a similar deoxygenating process.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for refining native biomass to extremely fine and highly disrupted particles using high shear and/or cavitation in combination with high temperature and high or low pH conditions which dissolve biomass to a high percentage. The method of the present invention results in a high percentage of hydrolysis, in many cases near theoretical levels, in short residence times while minimizing inputs over other methods, using low chemical inputs, and optionally with no chemical inputs in certain stages compared to existing processes. The method of the present invention also uses minimal electrical energy inputs and conserves heat energy within the process and reduces equipment requirements while producing concentrated products.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of organic waste to biofuel is provided comprising cultivating organisms in the aqueous product of the HTP conversion process.

Abstract: To provide an aviation fuel oil composition which has excellent life cycle characteristics and achieves excellent specific fuel consumption. The aviation fuel oil composition according to the present invention includes: a first base which is a fraction having a boiling range of 140 to 280° C. obtained through a step of hydrotreating a first feedstock containing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon compound and an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound derived from an animal or vegetable oil and fat or a second feedstock which is an oil blend of the first feedstock and a petroleum-based base obtained by refining a crude oil; and a second base which is a fraction having a boiling range of 140 to 280° C. obtained from a heavy oil cracking apparatus.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for fluid catalytic cracking of oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds such as glycerol and bio-oil. In the process the oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds are contacted with a fluid cracking catalyst material for a period of less than 3 seconds. In a preferred process a crude-oil derived material, such as VGO, is also contacted with the catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new composition of matter comprising a polymeric material of photosynthetic origin having embedded therein small particles of an inorganic material. The composition of matter is particularly suitable for use in processes whereby the polymeric material is converted to fuels in liquid or gas form, and/or to the valuable specialty chemicals. The polymeric material comprises biomass. More specifically, the polymeric material comprises cellulose and at least one of hemicellulose and lignin.

Abstract: Waste material, such as municipal solid waste or source separated organic waste, is subjected to a first separation treatment that separates organic and inorganic waste components from the waste material and that forms the organic waste component into organic slurry containing waste water, oil/grease and organic material. The organic slurry is subjected to a second separation treatment that separates the waste water, oil/grease and organic material in the organic slurry from one another. The waste water, oil/grease and organic material are subjected to further processing to produce useful products, including animal feed additives, and raw materials for cosmetics, fertilizers/composts, and renewable fuels for producing renewable energy.