Abstract: A fuel composition contains (a) a medium substantially free of to free of sulphur; (b) a detergent/dispersant additive; and (c) a liquid fuel where the medium substantially free of to free of sulphur is an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, and where the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent is present from at least about 50 wt % to about 100 wt % of the total amount of the medium. The fuel composition is prepared by a process and is useful in a process, where the fuel composition includes a medium that is a hydrocarbon or a nonhydrocarbon or a mixture thereof, to increase the efficiency of an exhaust after-treatment device of an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A motor fuel providing higher gas mileage comprising gasoline produced from petroleum and from about 1 to 30 wt % of mesitylene. This fuel can advantageously contain conventional additives used in gasoline. The use of mesitylene in gasoline blend yields a fuel blend with a higher research octane number and motor octane number. In addition, an improved jet fuel is provided, having from 1-10 wt % biomass-derived mesitylene added thereto, having improved carbon emission characteristics while maintaining required specifications. Further, an improved bio-fuel is provided, which may function as a replacement for conventional Jet A/JP-8 fuel and has lowered carbon emission specifications, the bio-fuel comprised of 75-90 wt % synthetic parafinnic kerosene (SPK) and 10-25 wt % mesitylene.

Abstract: Disclosed are biodiesel fuels with improved oxidative stability. Disclosed are biodiesel fuels which comprise two or more antioxidants which increase the oxidative stability of the biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: A process for producing a fuel, which comprises the step of performing electrolysis on an alcoholic solution or a melt of a fatty acid or salt thereof or fatty acid ester or other derivative or precursor thereof, to decarboxylate said fatty acid or derivative, and produce a mixture of an ether and an alkene.

Abstract: The use of at least one C4 alcohol to increase the vapour pressure of a fuel for spark-ignition engines comprising base fuel and ethanol in which use the at least one C4 alcohol is added to a fuel comprising base fuel and ethanol to produce a resultant fuel mixture comprising 15-50% by volume of base fuel, 15-65% by volume of ethanol and 15 to 50% C4 alcohol.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprises farnesane and/or farnesane derivatives and a conventional fuel component selected from diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene or gasoline. The farnesane or farnesane derivative can be used as a fuel component or as a fuel additive in the fuel composition. The fuel composition may further comprise a conventional fuel additive. Methods of making and using the fuel composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a unit, a method, and a renewable material. The unit for producing renewable materials includes a decarboxylation apparatus for converting a ketoacid stream into a ketone stream, and a hydrogenation apparatus for converting the ketone stream and a hydrogen stream into an alcohol stream. The method for producing renewable materials includes the step of converting a ketoacid stream into a ketone stream in a decarboxylation apparatus, and the step of converting the ketone stream and a hydrogen stream into an alcohol stream in a hydrogenation apparatus.

Abstract: The fuel additives of the present invention comprise essentially of about 10-50 weight % of terpene, 0-15 weight % of Alkylene Glycol Ether, and 40-80 weight % of 2-Propanone, 0-20 weight % of Dibasic Methyl Ester and 0-15 weight % of nonyl phenol ethoxylate and 0-15 weight % of mineral oil. This highly effective fuel additives can eliminate the formation of deposits and form air-borne micro-cluster molecules in internal combustion engines, particularly, in the fuel injection system and combustion chamber of such engines.

Abstract: A method for producing biodiesel. The method involves providing a waste fat feedstock, pretreating the feedstock, a first glycerolysis fatty acid reduction reaction where the subsequent water vapor is removed by a vacuum, a second transesterification reaction wherein the fatty acid feedstock is reacted with methanol or suitable alcohol in very slight excess to form methyl or alkyl esters and glycerin, a separation recovery process to separate glycerol from methyl esters, a methanol recovery flash process, and a methyl ester flash process to yield pure methyl or alkyl ester biodiesel.

Abstract: A fuel emulsion consists of diesel, water and an emulsifier composition having a hydrophile/lipophile balance value of at least 4. The emulsifier composition comprises a polymeric non-ionic surfactant having hydrophilic and hydrophobic repeating units together with at least one component selected from fatty acid esters or partial esters of polyhydric alcohols; alkoxylated fatty acid esters or partial esters of polyhydric alcohols; and alkoxylated primary alcohols. Preferred emulsifier compositions according to the invention include mixtures of the polymeric non-ionic surfactant with at least two of the components. Especially preferred compositions comprise mixtures of the polymeric non-ionic surfactant with the fatty acid (partial) esters or alkoxylated fatty acid (partial) esters. The emulsifier composition may include an emulsion coupler such as a primary alcohol, e.g. octanol.

Abstract: Catalyst based reactions are taught for non-oxidative chemical conversion of liquid alcohols to higher boiling alcohols, ethers, glycol ethers, amines and oxygenated gasoline products, comprising ethanol to butanol, propanols to hexanols, butanols to octanols, ethanol plus butanol to ethyl butyl ethers, ethanol plus ethyl butyl ethers to ethyl hexyl ethers as oxygenated gasoline, ethanol plus ethyl hexyl ethers to butyl hexyl ethers as oxygenated gasoline, n-butyl amine plus ethanol to ethyl butyl amine, hexyl amines and related products at ambient pressure. This same catalytic chemistry also converts substituted liquid organic compounds comprising aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, organic acids and thiols possessing at least one active hydrogen to related alkylated organic products in the absence of air. Catalysts are based on selected transition metal complexes possessing a degree of symmetry.

Abstract: Improved highly stable formulation for aqueous fuel emulsion compositions with a water continuous phase, having reduced NOx emissions. The fuel emulsion formulation includes diesel fuel, purified water, and an additive package that includes one or more surfactants, lubricity additive, cetane improver, anti-corrosion additive, and an alcohol or other suitable antifreeze, the emulsion having an average droplet size of less than 10 microns.

Abstract: Procedure to generate biodiesel fuels with improved properties at low temperature by the transesterification of triglycerides with alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, optionally in the presence of methyl or ethyl acetates of fatty acids and an inert solvent, to produce methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids, glycerine and, where appropriate, glycerine triacetate, followed by the separation of crude glycerine that is reacted with aldehydes, ketones and/or acetic acid or methyl or ethyl acetates to produce acetals, glycerine cetals and/or glycerine acetates. The acetals, glycerine cetals and/or glycerine acetates are mixed with methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids in concentrations of approximately 0.5-20% by weight to obtain a biodiesel with improved properties at low temperatures.

Abstract: This invention describes genes, metabolic pathways, microbial strains and methods to produce methyl butanol and other compounds of interest from renewable feedstocks.

Abstract: A reduction in the formation or presence of peroxides in middle distillate fuels is obtained through the combination of a hydrocarbon additive with the fuel. Specifically, the middle distillate fuel is blended with one or more oxygenates. The hydrocarbon additive includes a polar function group and a tertiary hydrogen beta to the functional group. Middle distillate fuels incorporating the additive, the additive itself, and methods using the additive all retard the formation of or reduce the presence of peroxides in the fuel. The reduction of peroxides improves the durability of fuels systems elastomers, enhances fuel stability and color durability, and reduces the formation of fuel sediment.

Abstract: New, highly effective Mannich detergents for use in hydrocarbon fuels are described which reduce engine deposits in spark and compression ignition internal combustion engines. They are Mannich condensation reaction products obtained from reacting: (i) a polyamine having a sterically-hindered primary amino group, (ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound, and (iii) an aldehyde. These Mannich detergent compounds may be dispersed in a liquid carrier to provide a fuel additive concentrate for hydrocarbon engine fuels which effectively control engine deposit formation in intake valves and also other engine regions such as port fuel injectors and combustion chambers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines, which can achieve a stable homogeneous charge compression ignition at a higher output. The fuel satisfies the following requirements (1), (2), (3), and (4): (1) distillation characteristics: initial boiling point (IBP): 0° C. or higher and 60° C. or lower; 30 volume percent distillation temperature (T30): 70° C. or higher and 130° C. or lower; 50 volume percent distillation temperature (T50): 95° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower; 70 volume percent distillation temperature (T70): 100° C. or higher and 280° C. or lower; 90 volume percent distillation temperature (T90): 150° C. or higher and 330° C. or lower; 95 volume percent distillation temperature (T95): 230° C. or higher and 360° C. or lower; and end point (EP): 250° C. or higher and 380° C. or lower; (2) research octane number: 62 or greater and 85 or less (3) density at 15° C.: 0.700 g/cm3 or higher and lower than 0.800 g/cm3; and (4) Reid vapor pressure at 37.

Abstract: A fuel or fuel blendstock comprising ethanol, ethyl ethers, olefins, and alkanes. In some embodiments, the fuel or fuel blendstock of claim 1, wherein the fuel or fuel blendstock may have an octane number greater than 92 (RON+MON)/2). In other embodiments, the fuel or fuel blendstock may have a Reid vapor pressure less than 7.2 psi. Also disclosed is a process for the production of a fuel, the process including: contacting ethanol and at least one gasoline fraction including alkanes and olefins in the presence of a catalyst to form a fuel mixture including ethyl ethers, alkanes, unreacted olefins, and unreacted ethanol; and recovering the fuel mixture for use as a gasoline or gasoline blendstock without separation of the ethanol from the fuel mixture.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel capable of controlling the combustion reaction during homogeneous charge compression auto-ignition combustion to improve the engine thermal efficiency. The fuel satisfies specified characteristic requirements relating to: (1) the total content of C5 to C10 normal paraffins; (2) the total content of C6 to C11 aromatic hydrocarbons; (3) the content of olefinic hydrocarbons; (4) the content of oxygenates; (5) the research octane number; (6) the initial boiling point and end point in distillation characteristics; (7) the averaged maximum pressure rise rate of the fuel over continuous 400 cycles; and (8) the averaged IMEP of the fuel over continuous 400 cycles.

Abstract: The method of adding to gasoline which has been stored in a container, of relatively small size for a substantial period of time to cause substantial loss of the more volatile gasoline components, an additive composition which comprises a flammable organic liquid having a Reid vapor pressure of 2 to 18 psig, to improve starting capacity of a motor fueled by said gasoline.

Abstract: Alkoxylated alkylphenols which have at least one long-chain alkyl radical having at least one tertiary or quaternary carbon atom are prepared and are used as fuel or lubricant additives in fuel and lubricant compositions.

Abstract: Unleaded blend compositions, as well as formulated gasolines containing them have a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising either: (i) component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH2—CH(CH3)—C(CH3)2—CH3I wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, especially triptane, or (ii) at least 2% of component (a?), which is at least one branched chain alkane of MON value of at least 90 and of boiling point 15-160° C. or a substantially aliphatic hydrocarbon refinery stream, of MON value of at least 85, at least 70% in total of said stream being branched chain alkanes, said stream being obtainable or obtained by distillation from a refinery material as a cut having Initial Boiling Point of at least 15° C. and Final Boiling Point of at most 160° C.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprises farnesane and/or farnesane derivatives and a conventional fuel component selected from diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene or gasoline. The farnesane or farnesane derivative can be used as a fuel component or as a fuel additive in the fuel composition. The fuel composition may further comprise a conventional fuel additive. Methods of making and using the fuel composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: A firefighting training fluid (FFTF) comprising a paraffin blend. The blends of paraffins typically have no less than about two carbon atoms and no more than about twelve carbon atoms. The blends of paraffins may possess Reid vapor pressures in the range from about 2 to about 6.5 pounds per square inch. The blends also typically possess an initial boiling point of not less than about 80 degrees Fahrenheit and an end boiling point of not more than about 370 degrees Fahrenheit. The blends burn relatively cleanly and keep emissions of volatile organic compounds, compounds containing sulfur, smoke, particulates, olefins, and aromatics to a minimum. The blend components mixed to create the blends of paraffins are controlled in order to maintain Reid vapor pressure and initial and end boiling points. Oxygenates may be added to an FFTF in order to further reduce smoke emissions.

Abstract: Use of a liquid oxygenated product with a cetane number higher than 50, consisting of one or more compounds selected from dialkyl-polyformals represented by the formula RO(CH2O)mR wherein R is an alkyl chain CnH2n+1, m is an integer equal to or higher than 2, n is an integer between 1 and 10, as a substitute of gas oil in diesel engines.

Abstract: A diesel fuel additive is provided that includes a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any diesel fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the additive is also provided.

Abstract: Fuel compositions containing (a) pulverized coal; and (b) an oxygenate selected from glycerol, glycerol derivatives, propylene glycol, propylene glycol derivatives, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol derivatives, fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty alcohols, and mixtures thereof. Methods of reducing the NOx emissions generated from the burning of pulverized coal in a heat-producing unit, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) introducing pulverized coal into a combustion chamber of the heat-producing unit; and (b) co-firing the pulverized coal with an oxygenate source selected from glycerol, glycerol derivatives, propylene glycol, propylene glycol derivatives, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol derivatives, fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty alcohols, and mixtures thereof, where the combustion of the oxygenate source generates at least 2.5%, on a heat input basis, of the total heat generated by the co-firing.

Abstract: A gasoline additive is provided that includes a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any gasoline to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the additive is also provided.

Abstract: A jet fuel and jet fuel additive are provided that include a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The jet fuel additive may be added to any jet fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel, or to reduce the smoke point of the jet fuel. A method for preparing the jet fuel is also provided.

Abstract: A two-cycle oil additive is provided that includes a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any two-cycle oil or fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the additive is also provided.

Abstract: A coal-based fuel and fuel additive are provided that include a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any coal-based fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the coal-based fuel is also provided.

Abstract: A fuel additive is provided that includes a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any liquid hydrocarbon fuel, coal, or other hydrocarbonaceous combustible fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the additive is also provided.

Abstract: A resid fuel additive is provided that includes a plant oil extract, ?-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any resid fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the additive is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor fuel suitable for diesel, gas-turbine and jet engines and standard engines, comprising a mixture of organic compounds having oxygen-containing functional groups, and optionally a hydrocarbon fraction. The fuel is typically a stable homogeneous liquid at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature and achieves a reduction of harmful pollutants in the exhaust emissions of the engines. A total of at least four different oxygen-containing functional groups are present in at least two different oxygen-containing organic compounds. The total concentration of organic compounds containing bound oxygen in the fuel composition generally varies from 5% and to 100% of the total volume of the fuel composition, and the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds varies, correspondingly, from 95% to 0% of the total volume of the fuel composition.

Abstract: A fuel additive for middle distillate fuels is a mixture of at least one methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl ester of a vegetable oil or a C16-C18 fatty acid, at least one alkyl ether of propylene glycol, a surfactant, and an antioxidant. A fuel additive for gasoline is a mixture of ligroin or toluene/xylene, at least one alkyl ether of propylene glycol, a surfactant, and tertiary amyl methyl ether.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel for a fuel cell system comprising 5 vol. % or more of hydrocarbons based on the whole fuel, and 0.5-20 mass % of oxygenates in terms of an oxygen content based on the whole fuel, wherein the content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 4 is 15 vol. % or less, the content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 5 is 5 vol. % or more, the content of hydrocarbon compounds having a carbon number of 6 is 10 vol. % or more, the content of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 7 and 8 in total is 20 vol. % or more, and the content of hydrocarbon compounds having carbon numbers of 10 or more is 20 vol. % or less.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising (a) a major amount of an internal combustion engine hydrocarbon fuel containing at least one alcohol, it being provided that MTBE is substantially absent from the fuel and (b) a friction modifying amount of a reaction product of at least one natural or synthetic oil and at least one alkanolamine is provided. Also provided is a method for operating an engine employing the fuel composition therefor.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell system comprising 0.5-40 mass % of oxygenates in terms of an oxygen content based on the whole fuel. The fuel for a fuel cell system has a high power generation quantity per weight, a high power generation quantity per CO2 emission, a low fuel consumption, a small evaporative gas (evapo-emission), small deterioration of a fuel cell system comprising such as a reforming catalyst, an aqueous gas shift reaction catalyst, a carbon monoxide removal catalyst, fuel cell stacks and the like to maintain the initial performances for a long duration, good handling properties in view of storage stability and inflammability and a low preheating heat quantity.

Abstract: A fuel additive for use in the treatment of diesel fuels to reduce polluting emissions during the combustion of such fuels wherein the additive composition is formulated to contain mineral seal oil, mineral spirits, a glycol alkyl ether and at least one alkyl aromatic ethoxylated surfactant. It has been found that the fuel additive composition of the invention can be blended with such fuels to dramatically reduce emissions during the combustion of such fuels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a diesel fuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and a pre-determined increase in cetane number over the stock diesel fuel. Upon establishing the desired flash-point and increase in cetane number, an amount of a first oxygenate with a flash-point less than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number equal to or greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number. Thereafter, an amount of a second oxygenate with a flash-point equal to or greater than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number.

Abstract: A firefighting training fluid (FFTF) comprising an isoparaffin blend. The blends of isoparaffins typically have no less than about two carbon atoms and no more than about twelve carbon atoms. The blends of isoparaffins may possess Reid vapor pressures in the range from about 2 to about 6.5 pounds per square inch. The blends also typically possess an initial boiling point of not less than about 80 degrees Fahrenheit and an end boiling point of not more than about 370 degrees Fahrenheit. The blends burn relatively cleanly and keep emissions of volatile organic compounds, compounds containing sulfur, smoke, particulates, olefins, and aromatics to a minimum. The blend components mixed to create the blends of isoparaffins are controlled in order to maintain Reid vapor pressure and initial and end boiling points. Oxygenates may be added to an FFTF in order to further reduce smoke emissions.

Abstract: Fuel-water emulsions in which an alkoxylated, preferably an ethoxylated, polyisobutene is used as an emulsifier are described. Stable emulsions, in particular of diesel-water mixtures, which have advantageous properties when used as fuel in internal combustion engines can be prepared in this manner.

Abstract: This invention relates to a diesel fuel composition comprising a major amount of a base fuel and a relatively minor amount of at least one chemical component other than that generated in a refinery process stream which component is miscible with the base fuel in such proportions that the T30 temperature of the resultant composition is in the range from 205-240° C. The control of the T30 temperature within the specified range by blending with the minor component results in a significant reduction in particulate emissions.

Abstract: A fuel oil for use both in an internal combustion engine and in a fuel cell containing 50% by volume or more of an alkylate gasoline, and, optionally, 1 to 50% by volume of isopentane, 1 to 12% by volume of a hydrocarbon having 4 carbon atoms, 7% by volume or less of an oxygen-containing compound, and 1 to 30% by volume of a desulfurized light naphtha; and a fuel oil for use both in an internal combustion engine and in a fuel cell containing 10 to 60% by volume of a desulfurized light naphtha, 40 to 90% by volume of a benzene-free reformed gasoline and 0 to 10% by volume of a hydrocarbon having 4 carbon atoms. Each of the above fuel oils is a fuel oil for a fuel cell which can produce hydrogen with good efficiency, has no adverse effect on reforming catalysts and electrodes for a fuel cell, and is reduced in deactivation of reforming catalysts and the like, and a fuel oil for an internal combustion engine which has a high octane number and can be used without causing knocking or the like.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for defoaming liquid hydrocarbons, whereby these vinyl alkylether polymerizates of general formula (I), in which R represents a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl radical with 2 to 18 C atoms, and n represents a number >1, are added in quantities ranging from 1 to 2000 ppm.

Abstract: To provide a low pollution fuel capable of obviating imperfect combustion of fuel in a diesel engine, etc., and fundamentally solving the exhaust gas problems without depending on the conventional symptomatic method. The low pollution fuel is composed of kerosene, light oil or heavy oil which is blended with an oxygen-contained hydrocarbon composed of an olefin-based hydrocarbon as a starting material, such as ether, alcohol or glycol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alkyl-substituted aryl polyalkoxylate composition, fuel concentrates, and fuel compositions containing the composition. The invention further relates to the use of the alkyl-substituted aryl polyalkoxylate composition in fuel combusted in engines to reduce the formation of intake valve deposits and to reduce valve sticking in the engines.

Abstract: Specific esters of specific alkoxylated alcohols in combination with other cold flow improvers provide oils with improved low temperature properties.

Abstract: Diesel fuel compositions containing oxygenated compounds derived from tetrahydrofurfuryl having to the general formula: in which —X— is chosen from: —O— and —O—[CH2—O]n— with n comprised between 1 and 20 and —R is chosen from: alkyl groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; and groups containing a tetrahydrofurfuryl unit.

Abstract: Petroleum additive formulations include a petroleum additive dissolved in a carrier fluid including at least one compound of the formula (I): (R2)p—Ph—(CH2)m—COO—(AO)n—R1 where; R1 is C1 to C10 alkyl; AO is alkyleneoxy; n is 0 or from 1 to 100; m is 0, 1 or 2; and Ph is a phenyl group, which may be substituted with groups (R2)p; where each R2 is independently C1 to C4 alkyl or alkoxy; and p is 0, 1 or 2. Further, crude petroleum or petroleum refinery streams can be treated by adding a petroleum additive dissolved in a carrier fluid of the formula (I) to the product stream. Desirably the carrier fluid is or includes iso-propyl benzoate and/or 2-ethyl hexyl benzoate.