Abstract: Solving dual errors for user equipment UE checking whether a private cell is allowed when handing over between serving and target cells, where the PLMN and/or EPLMNs list of the serving and target cells may differ. The serving cell may send a one-bit indication that there is a change in a handover command or system information SI6 message after which the UE may or may not refrain from reporting new cells until it performs a registration/location area update in the target cell. The target cell may trigger in the UE a registration update then provide the UE with the PLMN of the target cell. The serving cell can provide the PLMN of the target cell in a SI6 message or handover command, which the UE may use in place of or in addition to the PLMN/EPLMN of the serving cell when checking whether a private/closed subscriber group cell is allowed.

Abstract: A wireless device includes a single SIM, plus an application module adapted to enable the device to operate as though it included two or more different SIMs. The module, referred to as a ‘proprietary applications module’ (PAM) is connected to, or built into, a wireless device (WD). The PAM is capable of switching all incoming traffic by associating the WD to one specific subscriber identity sub-module, referred to as “Local SIM” (LS). It can also switch or re-route all outgoing traffic by associating the same WD with a different subscriber identity sub-module, typically a “Roaming SIM” (RS). In a preferred embodiment, the PAM, RS and LS are built-into a single SIM for use in a WD; alternatively the PAM is built-into a WD and the RS and LS are built-into the single SIM.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a communication apparatus and a communication system for handover processing. The method for handover processing includes: when a terminal having a capability of supporting an optimized handover and a non-optimized handover needs to be handed over from a first network to a second network, determining whether the terminal is incapable of performing an optimized handover, if it is determined that the terminal is incapable of performing the optimized handover, performing a non-optimized handover. The embodiments of the present invention further provide a communication apparatus and a communication system accordingly. The technical solutions enable a handover between different networks to be implemented in more scenarios.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there may be provided a method in a wireless cellular telecommunications device camped on a serving cell, the device storing a parameter obtained by decoding system information of a first cell. The method comprises: measuring an attribute of a signal received from a candidate cell; and, evaluating the candidate cell for re-selection based on the measured attribute according to a priority-based re-selection algorithm irrespective of the stored parameter. The parameter indicates a minimum required received signal code power. A device and computer readable medium are also provided.

Abstract: A system for wireless data transmission that uses a channel bandwidth, channel separation, and radio frequency power spectrum which is compatible with existing deployments of wireless voice services. The transmitted waveforms are thus compatible with existing cellular networks. However, the time domain digital coding, modulation, and power control schemes are optimized for data transmission. Existing cellular network sites can thus be used to provide a high speed service optimized for wireless data traffic without the need for new radio frequency planning, and without interfering with existing voice service deployments.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system of deriving new keys for accessing a new system. The method enables an optimized authentication procedure during handover form an existing system to a new system by using the existing system access keys. The user equipment that is accessing the new system receives a temporary ID during handover preparation which enables the user equipment to perform a fast re-authentication. The method uses existing system access keys to derive system access keys for the new network.

Abstract: A handoff access method and device based on a random access channel is provided, the method includes the following steps: step a, a source BS sends a handoff request message to a target BS, requesting switching the mobile terminal it serves to the target BS; step b, the target BS sends a handoff response message to the source BS, and then the source BS forwards a handoff command with its content to the mobile terminal, wherein the handoff command message does not include reserved character codes; step c, after receiving the handoff command message, the mobile terminal determines that the handoff command message does not include the reserved character codes, and then selects a random access sub-channel; and step d, the target BS and the mobile terminal initiate a random access procedure on the random access sub-channel.

Abstract: Described embodiments provide an apparatus and method for selectively providing system information in a heterogeneous network environment including a first network overlaid on a second network. The apparatus may include a location determination unit, a mapping table, and a signal processor. The location determination unit may be configured to determine a first network base station in the first network. The mapping table may be configured to store information on at least one second network cell in a second network, which is spatially in a comparatively close distance to each first network base station in the first network. The signal processor may be configured to determine at least one second network cell spatially close to the determined first network base station based on the mapping table and to transmit system information of the at least one second network cell to the user equipment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus in a mobile switching center (MSC) performs a tandem handoff in a wireless communication network. The serving MSC receives a handoff request from a serving base station (BS) for a handoff to a target BS of a target MSC. When the serving MSC does not have physical handoff trunks, the serving MSC sends a tandem handoff request to a tandem MSC.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an anchor access gateway receives packets from a home agent. The packets are destined for an access terminal, and the anchor access gateway serves the access terminal. The packets are forwarded to the access terminal. The anchor access gateway receives a handoff request from a target access gateway. The handoff request requests a handover from the anchor access gateway to the target access gateway. The packets are forwarded to the target access gateway in accordance with the handoff request.

Abstract: Techniques are provided to enable support of roaming wireless devices in a network such that the wireless devices can keep their Internet Protocol (IP) addresses as they roam across mobility sub-domains. Traffic for a wireless device that roams is tunneled back to the access switch that serves the IP subnet which includes an IP address for the wireless device. Traffic is tunneled back to that access switch for the wireless device when the wireless device roams to another access switch which does not serve the IP subnet for the wireless device in the same mobility sub-domain and when the wireless device roams to a different mobility sub-domain, in which case the traffic is tunneled between tunneling endpoints in the respective mobility sub-domains.

Abstract: A communication system reduces set up time for an inter-technology handoff of a multi-mode mobile station (MS) from a source network associated with a first radio frequency (RF) technology to a target network associated with a second RF technology by pre-establishing, prior to a determination to handoff the MS, a registration state of the MS and an authentication of the MS in association with the target network and second RF technology. In order to pre-establish the registration state and authentication, the MS exchanges messaging of the second RF technology with the second network via the first network and first RF technology. To facilitate the exchange, the MS includes shims in a second protocol stack associated with the second technology, which shims intercept second protocol stack signaling and redirect the intercepted signaling to a first protocol stack of the MS, associated with the first technology, for tunneling to the source network.

Abstract: The invention supports two types of handoffs. The first handoff is for an inter-AN cell selection where the source AN allows the AT to add a cell under the control of a different AN to its active set and then allows the AT to switch to the target AN. A bearer path is established between the source and target AN to transfer the packet data traffic using an exchange of messages to register the AT's movement from one BTS to another BTS. The A8/A10 connections remain anchored at the source AN and, hence, a bearer path is needed between the source and target AN to transfer the packet data traffic. The second handoff occurs when the source AN specifies a move of the AT to a new AN proactively. New connections are established at the target AN to support the AT, and the AT is subsequently moved to the target AN via the relevant air-interface messaging.

Abstract: In an access gateway (AGW) comprising a C-AGW for handling control messages and a plurality of U-AGWs for handling data packets, when a tunnel setup request is issued from one of base stations to hand over a mobile station, the C-AGW selects a new U-AGW being in the lowest load status out of the U-AGWs, estimates the load status of the new U-AGW in the case of changing the tunnel endpoint for the mobile station from a current U-AGW to the new U-AGW. The C-AGW designates the new U-AGW as the tunnel endpoint for the mobile station if the estimated load status satisfies a predetermined condition, but designates the current U-AGW as the tunnel endpoint if the estimated load status does not satisfy the predetermined condition.

Abstract: As a network control device which controls a call connection between a calling party terminal and a called party terminal, a network control device determines whether the own network control device is in a congestion state when a handover request is acquired from another network control device which is in the congestion state, and stops transmitting a busy tone to a mobile terminal which is the calling party terminal and transmits a ring back tone to the mobile terminal when it is determined that the own network control device is not in the congestion state.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method in a cluster of cells in a communications network comprising switching between a first state, in which a first number of radio stations is active and a second state in which a second, different number of radio stations is active, wherein the second state is intended to provide the same geographic coverage as the first state but a different capacity, and in which the transition between states is carried out using transmission parameter adjustment, which take place in a plurality of radio stations and are co-ordinated in time for these radio stations.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a source mobility management node and a method in a source mobility management node for handling a mobility procedure moving a wireless terminal to a target system comprising a target mobility management node, the source mobility management node being configured to be operatively comprised in a cellular system. The method comprises the actions of: sending, to the target mobility management node, a communications message the communications message comprising an information element indicating that there is no active Radio Access Bearer, RAB, or Packet Flow Context, PFC, associated with a bearer context for the wireless terminal.

Abstract: In a telecommunications network in which a mobile handset is capable of communicating in both an IP domain and a non-IP domain, the handoff of an existing communications session between the mobile handset and a fixed user is facilitated by a handoff controller implemented in a service control point. The handoff controller implements different handoff methods depending on the status of the fixed user and the transition of the mobile user. Additionally 802.21 Media Independent Handover Function in conjunction with SIP is used to facilitate handover between IP and Non-IP points in the system.

Abstract: Techniques are provided to support roaming of wireless devices in a network such that the wireless devices can keep their Internet Protocol (IP) addresses as they roam within and across mobility sub-domains. When a wireless device roams from one access switch to another access switch, a tunneling endpoint apparatus in the wireless device's home mobility sub-domain is configured to serve as the point of presence for the roamed wireless device. Traffic for the roamed wireless device is tunneled from the access switch where the wireless device has roamed (where it is currently attached) to the tunneling endpoint apparatus. When the wireless device roams across mobility sub-domains, then traffic is tunneled from the access switch where the wireless device is currently attached to the tunneling endpoint apparatus in that mobility sub-domain (called a “foreign” mobility sub-domain) to the tunneling endpoint apparatus in the wireless device's home mobility sub-domain.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mobility management method for use in a cellular mobile communication system. The mobility management method is configured to save radio resources and provide a stable service by detecting a cell in which a dwell time of user equipment (UE) is short as an island cell and performing a direct handover (HO) to an appropriate cell without handing over the UE to the island cell. There are provided three methods including a base station-based method, a UE measurement-based method, and a UE history-based method according to how to measure a dwell time in which the UE stays in a cell, a component in which obtained information is received within a network, and how to process an HO using the information.

Abstract: A first base station wirelessly transmits media to a first communication device for a communication session. The first base station hands off the communication session to a second base station. The second base station wirelessly transmits the media to the first communication device for the communication session. In response to the hand-off, the second base station selects a second communication device based on the type of media and transmits a prompt to the first communication device to transfer the communication session to the second communication device. In response to a user instruction, the second base station transmits the media to the second communication device for the communication session.

Abstract: Methods performed by a mobile node (MN) in a secured network for handoff of communication from a serving access point (AP) to a target AP are provided. In a bounded delay channel switching (BDCS) method, the MN periodically switches between a first channel and one of multiple other channels during handoff, utilizes the first channel to transmit/receive packets to/from a corresponding node (CN) via the serving AP and utilizes one of the other channels to perform the handoff procedure to the target AP. In a dual-MAC switching (DMS) method, the MN employs a first MAC (medium access control) address to transmit/receive packets to/from the serving AP and a second MAC address to perform the handoff procedure to the target AP. The BDCS and DMS methods may be used concurrently, and may be used in a secured network that complies with, e.g., the IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.1x or IEEE 802.11i plus IEEE 802.11f standards.

Abstract: A handover control apparatus selects, as a target station, an adjacent station having an upturn and stable transition trend of reception level of a radio wave received by a radio, when necessity to carry out handover is determined, and performs handover for switching from a serving station to the target station when the transition trend of the reception level of the received radio wave from the serving station is in a downturn trend and a calculation value of a serving station approximation equation is smaller than a calculation value of an adjacent station approximation equation at a determination timing.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, an apparatus may include a processor. The apparatus may be configured to transmit a handover request message from a legacy serving base station to a target updated base station, the request message including an indication that a mobile station is compliant with an updated specification; and receive a handover response message at the legacy serving base station from the target updated base station, the handover response message including one or more updated system parameters assigned to the mobile station for an updated time zone of the target base station.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided for supplying information regarding a neighbor cell following cell reselection in a manner that reduces the signaling load on the network and conserves battery consumption by a mobile terminal. In this regard, the method, apparatus and computer program product do not blindly provide information regarding a neighbor cell that the current cell has already collected, but, instead, first determines if the neighbor information regarding a prior cell is different than and therefore will add to the information regarding neighbor cells that is already maintained by the current cell. Only after making such a determination may a mobile terminal signal the current cell as to the availability of neighbor information regarding a prior cell.

Abstract: A handover control method carried out at a mobile station for switching a destination base station in a multi-hop network includes a reception step of receiving a communication signal and information of neighboring base stations used to identify a base station existing in the surrounding area of the base station transmitted from the base station, and a control step of controlling handover on the basis of the signal and information thus received. The control step includes a present destination decision step of deciding the base station currently connected, a switching decision step of using the information of neighboring base stations to decide whether or not the base station to be connected is to be switched over, and a switching step of switching over the base station to be connected on the basis of the decision result of the switching decision step. Thus unnecessary handover operations can be reduced.

Abstract: Pre-registration involves establishing and maintaining the same Packet Data Network (PDN)/Quality of Service (QoS) context that exists in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network via a data tunnel in a 3GPP2 evolved High Rate Packet Data (eHRPD) network. To avoid undue increases in the traffic on a LTE Air Interface and core network, optimizations selectively complete the PDN context only for a subset of the PDN connections, only when close to performing a handover, or other trigger conditions.

Abstract: A mobile communication device, such as a cellular phone, for example, is capable of functioning in a transmitter disabling mode and is set to the transmitter disabling mode in automatic response to a power-on operation and then automatically changed to a transmitter enabling mode provided that a predetermined condition is confirmed. The communication device is instantly set to the transmitter disabling mode in automatic response to the initiation of use of an earphone or camera function and kept in the transmitter disabling mode even if the earphone or camera function enters an out of use condition. Surrounding people are informed of the transmitter disabling mode without fail by a standardized appearance of the earphone or a standardized blinking of a flash unit of the camera function.

Abstract: A method of enabling soft handoff between base stations using different signaling frame formats allows soft handoff from an origination base station supporting a lower Protocol Data Unit revision format to an alternative base station supporting a higher Protocol Data Unit revision format, as well as soft handoff between an origination base station supporting a higher Protocol Data Unit revision format to an alternative base station supporting a lower Protocol Data Unit revision format. The base station using the higher Protocol Data Unit revision format downgrades to the lower Protocol Data Unit revision format for the duration of soft handoff. As all base stations use the same Protocol Data Unit revision format during soft handoff, the signals from all of the receive paths can be combined by a mobile station.

Abstract: In general, a method is described for handing off a communication session associated with a mobile device from a first network running a first technology to a second network running a second technology different from the first technology, the method comprising: establishing a communication channel with the mobile device through the first network; and enabling, through the communication channel, a handoff of the communication session associated with the mobile device from the first network to the second network.

Abstract: A system and method for accelerating network selection by a wireless user equipment (UE) device without having to perform a full band scan (FBS). In one exemplary embodiment, the wireless UE device is operable to scan in a network environment for discovering at least one network. Depending upon geographic region information decoded from the discovered network's identity information, a logic structure in the wireless UE device is operable to determine a subset of appropriate frequency data for selective scanning by said wireless UE device. Using the subset of appropriate frequency data, a selective scanning is performed for locating a network by the wireless UE device.

Abstract: An exemplary system and method for determining handovers for a mobile device are disclosed. An exemplary system may generally include a handover server in communication with a communication network configured to support initiated communications from a mobile device. The handover server is configured to detect an initiated communication between the mobile device and a first communication link, determine a value for each of a plurality of factors associated with each of a plurality of available communication links, and assign a desired communication link to the mobile device from the plurality of available communication using a generally simultaneous assessment of the plurality of factors.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for embedded change logging for data synchronization. In an embodiment of the invention, an embedded change logging data processing system can include a change embedded database (EDB) disposed in a pervasive device. The EDB can store entries for notified changes in data for multiple different end-user applications in the pervasive device. The system also can include a change log service (CLS) disposed in the pervasive device and coupled to the EDB. The CLS can include program code enabled to register with multiple different end-user applications in the pervasive device to receive notifications of changes, and to write entries to the EDB responsive to the notifications. Finally, the system can include a synchronization client disposed in the pervasive device separately from the CLS. The synchronization client can include program code enabled to directly access the EDB to perform data synchronization with a remote host.

Abstract: A cell redirection process in accordance with load balancing and user terminal conditions, and a prompt cell reverting at the time of redirection failure are provided. A cell redirection control method under a situation where a base station controls two or more cells, the method comprising steps of: transmitting a response acknowledgement for a connection set-up to a redirected cell in accordance with a redirection instruction that instructs a redirection to another cell controlled by a base station and is transmitted from the base station at the time of an RRC connection in a user terminal; determining in the user terminal whether a connection to the redirected cell is successful within a range of a maximum number of retransmissions; and performing a reverting process for reverting back to an originating cell when the connection to the redirected cell fails, in the user terminal.

Abstract: A network access node eNB sends to a user equipment UE a pattern of subframe measurement restrictions and an indication of how to utilize the pattern for measuring subframes. The indication may select from among: the UE's own-cell measurements; the UE's neighbor-cell measurements; both same and neighbor-cell measurements, and no measurement restrictions. The eNB may generate the pattern from an almost-blank subframe ABS pattern for the UE's own-cell and of its neighbor-cell. The pattern and indication may be sent in separate RRC messages, or if sent in one message there is a second indication sent in a second RRC message instructing the UE to terminate utilizing the pattern and indication for restricting its subframe measurements. Embodiments are particularly useful for inter-cell interference mitigation eICIC for the LTE-Advanced system.

Abstract: A network access optimization strategy where mobile device may be directed to access particular networks depending on operation requirements and characteristic. The optimization strategy may rely on a traveling speed of the mobile to device to broadly prioritize a network type suitable for the given traveling speed.

Abstract: A pre-authentication method for an Inter-RAT handover is disclosed. This pre-authentication method relates to a wireless access system, and provides a method for performing pre-authentication in case of an inter-RAT handover managed by different administrative domains. The method for performing pre-authentication before a handover in order to quickly perform an Inter-Radio Access Technology (Inter-RAT) handover, includes, transmitting a message having terminal information needed for the pre-authentication to a target authentication server, receiving security-associated information of a target network from the target authentication server, wherein the target network security-associated information is generated by the mobile terminal information, and generating security-associated information, which will be used by the mobile terminal in the target network, using the security-associated information of the target network, and performing the pre-authentication.

Abstract: A mobile station (UE) according to the present invention includes a CSG cell management unit (11) configured to manage one or a plurality of CSG cell IDs; and a control unit (14) configured to eliminate, during a predetermined period included in received broadcast information, a first CSG cell specified by a first CSG cell ID included in the received broadcast information, from target cells of a cell selection, a cell reselection, a PLMN selection or an automatic CSG cell search, when the first CSG cell ID is not managed by the CSG cell management unit.

Abstract: A device detects poor coverage associated with a source radio access technology (RAT) with which the device is connected, and connects to a target RAT. The device also measures the source RAT for a time period after connecting to the target RAT, and sends, based on the measurements, one or more measurement reports to the target RAT, where the target RAT forwards the one or more measurement reports to the source RAT. Alternatively, or additionally, the target RAT may detect that the handover was triggered too early and may inform the source RAT or command the UE to return to the source RAT. The device further stops the measuring and the sending when the time period expires. In this way, IRAT handover parameters may be automatically or manually tuned to minimize the number of handovers triggered too early, which may result in a more efficient cell configuration.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a method for load balancing traffic in a wireless network includes identifying a respective operational parameter from wireless network devices in the wireless network. The respective operational parameter indicates a number of endpoint associations for the wireless network devices. The method also includes detecting a wireless network device with a particular number of endpoint associations by examining each of the respective operational parameters. The method further includes, in response to the detected wireless network device, configuring the wireless network device to limit the number of endpoint associations to a number less than the particular number.

Abstract: A system that facilitates detecting, analyzing, and selectively enabling mobility management messages in connection with providing dual mode services comprises a receiver component that receives a mobility management message from an enterprise network. An analysis component communicatively coupled to the receiver component determines a type of the mobility management message and further determines whether or not to allow a mobility management transaction corresponding to the mobility management message based at least in part upon the determined type.

Abstract: A random access method, an evolved Node B (eNB), and a terminal equipment are provided. The method includes: determining target component carriers to which a User Equipment (UE) is to be handed over, and notifying the UE of information about the target component carriers through a source eNB; and after receiving a dedicated random access preamble sent by the UE, sending a random access response message on at least one component carrier in the target component carriers. The terminal equipment includes: a handover command receiving unit, a sending unit, and a random response receiving unit. Therefore, in a random access procedure of cell handover, the eNB is capable of determining downlink component carriers that a UE monitors, thereby increasing utilization rate of downlink resources.

Abstract: A first wireless ad hoc network with a certain available amount of bandwidth comprises a plurality of wireless terminals communicating via wireless connections with each other. Each wireless connection requires a certain amount of the available amount of bandwidth. A problem occurs, if a wireless terminal wants to set up a new wireless connection requiring bandwidth or requires more bandwidth for an existing wireless connection and the required amount of bandwidth exceeds the left amount of the available amount of bandwidth of the first wireless ad hoc network. In a state of the art wireless ad hoc network the requested bandwidth cannot be provided and a user application may not be possible. According to the invention, however, the required amount of bandwidth can be provided by splitting the first wireless ad hoc network such that a second wireless ad hoc network is spawned which operates in a different communication channel and thus provides additional bandwidth.

Abstract: In a wireless mobile communications system, a method of transmitting and receiving radio access information that allows a faster and an efficient way of establishing a radio connection between a terminal and a target base station while performing a handover for the terminal to a cell of the target base station. The network transmits in advance, the radio access information and the like, to the terminal so that the terminal can be connected with the target cell in a faster manner which minimizes the total time for the handover process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for accessing a service from a user's terminal (1) through a heterogeneous network (3) in which several access types (5, 7, 9, 11) are available. The method comprises the following steps: upon reception of a request outputted by the terminal (1) for accessing a service, selecting through an access selection server (17) an access of the heterogeneous network (3) for the terminal (1), said access selection step including a resources reservation step (61) at the selected access; and sending (65) a selected access identifier to the terminal (1) through the access selection server (17).

Abstract: A data processing method when the handover or change appears between systems includes: a Mobility Management network element sends a data forwarding tunnel identifier of a target side processing network element to a user plane anchor network element, obtains a data forwarding tunnel identifier of the user plane anchor network element, and sends the data forwarding tunnel identifier of the user plane anchor network element to a source data forwarding network element.

Abstract: A mobile station receives forward link signals and transmits reverse link signals for a communication session conducted via a wireless network. A controller maintains a reverse-active set that defines which sectors of the wireless network are used to receive the reverse link signals. When the mobile station transmits a request signal requesting the communication session, the controller may create the reverse-active set to include the sector that received the request signal with the highest signal strength. During the communication session, the signal strengths of the reverse link signals may be monitored in each of a plurality of sectors to obtain reverse-link signal strengths. The controller may maintain the reverse-active set based on the reverse-link signal strengths, adding sectors that report reverse-link signal strengths greater than an add threshold and dropping sectors that report reverse-link signal strengths less than a drop threshold.

Abstract: A floating call anchor is used to improve the efficiency of utilization of wireless and backhaul resources in cellular communication systems. For conditions under which soft handoff can be effectively used to conserve wireless resources, data transmitted from a first mobile unit (MU) via a wireless signal are received by one or more base transceiver stations (BTSs) and sent to a base station controller (BSC) or other device remote from the BTSs. The data are then sent from the remote device to the BTS(s) transmitting data to a second MU. If the two MUs engaged in communication are within the same cell or adjacent cells, and the savings of backhaul resources outweighs the additional wireless resource costs associated with performing the call anchor function at a BTS, then a single BTS is used to communicate with both MUs. This single BTS performs the call anchor function.

Abstract: A computer readable medium has machine readable instructions that can include a fingerprint detector to evaluate input data relative to mobility fingerprint data that defines at least one predetermined zone that is a proper subset of overlap in coverage areas between first and second radio technologies to determine whether to trigger a handover between the first and second radio technologies for a mobile unit based on an evaluation of the mobility fingerprint data relative to the input data.

Abstract: A leadership support system includes a leader terminal and plural member terminals. The member terminals, according to either the relay of communication information not addressed thereto or the reception of communication information addressed thereto, send back a response to the appropriate communication information. The leader terminal determines, based on the times of relaying the communication information, whether or not the member terminal that transmitted the communication information is in danger of isolation. When the leader terminal determines the member terminal in danger of isolation, it outputs a warning signal indicative of a ranger of isolation to that member terminal.