Abstract: A method includes receiving (3006) at least one report signal (813) from at least one relay node (103, 104, 400), the at least one report signal (813) being associated with a plurality of communication links (111-115) formed by a first node (101, 400), a second node (102, 400), and the at least one relay node (103, 104, 400). The method also includes determining (3007) a multi-hop transmission path (192) for communication between the first node (101, 400) and the second node (102, 400) using communication links (111, 112) selected from the plurality of communication links (111-115), based on the at least one report signal (813) and a spectrum access restriction of a spectrum access of the first node (101, 400).

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques that enable optimizing licensed and unlicensed spectrum allocation within a service area of a base station node. More specifically, a spectrum allocation controller is described that is configured to identify, within a service area of a base station node, one or more available spectrum to facilitate the transmission of network traffic within the service area. The spectrum allocation controller may further determine network traffic that occurs in non-overlapping segments of the service area. In this way, network traffic within each segment may be allocated to a combination of available spectrum.

Abstract: The disclosed method and an apparatus are directed to determine an uplink transmission power in in New Radio (NR) systems by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for transmitting at least one physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), using multiple beams toward multiple Tx/Rx points (TRPs). The method includes determining common parameters like a target receive power, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) specific offset, and a transmit power control (TPC) command parameters common to the multiple beams. The method also includes determining beam-specific parameters like path loss for each beam, a configurable fractional power compensation factor for each beam, and a configurable maximum transmit power level of the each beam, wherein the fractional power compensation factor and the configurable maximum transmit power level for the each beam are determined dynamically or semi-statically based on at least deployment, WTRU mobility, or interference level.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a communication method and device for uplink power control. The method comprises receiving a plurality of sets of power control parameters from a network device, each of the plurality of sets being associated with a corresponding one of a plurality of sets of candidate beam patterns for the terminal device. The method further comprises selecting, based on a beam pattern for the terminal device, one of the plurality of sets of power control parameters for uplink transmit power control, the beam pattern for the terminal device being included in the set of candidate beam pattern that is associated with the selected set of power control parameters.

Abstract: This disclosure presents distributed and decentralized synchronization for wireless transceivers. The disclosed system, device, and method achieve sub-nanosecond synchronization using low-cost commercial off the shelf software defined radios. By providing a decentralized mechanism that does not rely on a hierarchical master-slave structure, networks constructed as disclosed are robust to sensor drop-out in contested or harsh environments. Such networks may be used to create phased array radars and communication systems without requiring wired connections to distribute a common clock or local oscillator reference.

Abstract: An in-vehicle system includes: an autonomous driving system device that is mounted in a vehicle and implements autonomous driving of the vehicle; an autonomous driving controller that is configured to control the autonomous driving system device to perform a control related to the autonomous driving of the vehicle; a first network that connects the autonomous driving system device and the autonomous driving controller with a protocol conversion unit interposed therebetween so as to perform communication with each other by using a plurality of different protocols; and a second network that connects the autonomous driving system device and the autonomous driving controller without the protocol conversion unit interposed therebetween so as to perform communication with each other by using a single protocol.

Abstract: The disclosure described herein configures a client device for communication using dynamic spectrum access within a frequency spectrum, such as television white space (TVWS), using a determined location of the client device based on location information, such as from a global positioning system. A dynamic spectrum access database of channels is accessed based on the location information. Available channels are determined for the client device from the channels based on the location information. A list of the available channels for use by the client device are transmitted to the client device, thereby allowing narrowband communication over the channels.

Abstract: User equipments (UEs) can be efficiently clustered into groups of UEs where a UE of a group can be selected as a host UE to communicate with a radio access network (RAN) on behalf of other UEs in the group. A resource manager component can receive information, including predictive information of predicted future UE performance or characteristics, relating to respective power availability, signal strength, data performance, and transit vectors of respective UEs from UEs in an area, and determine which UEs are to be clustered in a group and which UE(s) of the group is to be a host UE(s) for the group based on such information. The host UE can facilitate communications between the other UEs in the group and the RAN. The resource manager component also can employ a round-robin technique for substantially equal sharing of duties as host UE among multiple UEs of the group.

Abstract: The disclosed method and an apparatus are directed to determine an uplink transmission power in New Radio (NR) systems by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for transmitting at least one physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), using multiple beams toward multiple Tx/Rx points (TRPs). The method includes determining common parameters that are common to the multiple beams. The method also includes determining beam-specific parameters like a configurable fractional power compensation factor for each beam, and a configurable maximum transmit power level for each beam, which are determined dynamically or semi-statically based on deployment, WTRU mobility, or interference level. The method further includes transmitting at least one codeword using at least one of the multiple beams, each of the multiple beams having a transmission power calculated based on the common parameters and the beam-specific parameters.

Abstract: A beam switching method, a mobile terminal and a computer-readable storage medium are provided. The method includes: monitoring whether a first blockage event occurs to an antenna of a terminal; and transmitting a beam switching request to a network-side device, in a case that the first blockage event occurs. The first blockage event comprises that a quality loss occurs to beam links corresponding to at least a second predetermined number of downlink beams, the second predetermined number of downlink beams are from a first predetermined number of downlink beams corresponding to one antenna panel of the terminal, and the first predetermined number is greater than or equal to the second predetermined number.

Abstract: A physical (PHY) circuit can include a Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) circuit, the PMD circuit having a receiver and a transmitter, a Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) circuit coupled to the PMD circuit, and a plurality of Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) circuits coupled to the PMA circuit, wherein each PCS circuit is configured to implement a different communication protocol. The PHY circuit can also include an auto-negotiation circuit coupled to the PMD circuit, wherein the auto-negotiation circuit is configured to determine a selected communication protocol compatible with a link partner device from a plurality of communication protocols by configuring the receiver to operate at different data rates over time, the different data rates corresponding to different ones of the plurality of communication protocols.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for ranging are described. A multi-phase distributed ranging technique includes transmitting and receiving vehicle information messages during a first time interval, where the vehicle information messages include at least a vehicle identifier and resource information. The multi-phase technique further includes transmitting and receiving ranging signals during a second time interval, and determining times of arrival of received ranging signals. A centralized ranging technique includes receiving resource assignments from an access point, transmitting ranging signals according to the resource assignments, and determining times of arrival of received ranging signals.

Abstract: In a mobile communication system including a base station provided with a plurality of antenna ports, and user equipment that executes radio communication with the base station, the base station transmits a beam stream including a first beam for transmitting data to the user equipment, and one or more second beams for transmitting a precoded reference signal in a direction toward a vicinity of the first beam; and upon receiving the beam stream, the user equipment selects, from the first beam and the second beam, and transmits, to the base station, one or more suitable beam indexes.

Abstract: The present invention acquires, from control data for an apparatus to be controlled in a normal operation, a relationship between a noise included in a reception signal from a cable and the apparatus to be controlled. An information processing device (13) is provided with a correlation derivation unit (13212, 13212d) for deriving a correlation value between a variation of a time-series data (1331) of a noise included in a signal input through a cable in a network and a variation of a time-series data (1332) of control data of an apparatus to be controlled (11, 16) in the network.

Abstract: A method (10) of controlling maximum output power of a transmitter (23) of an unmanned aerial vehicle (2) is disclosed. The method (10) is performed by the unmanned aerial vehicle (2) and comprises obtaining (11) information about its height h over ground, and adapting (12) maximum allowed output power based on the obtained information about the height h over ground. A corresponding method in a network node, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a network node, computer programs and computer program products are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for wireless power delivery, preferably including: determining transmitter-receiver proximity, assessing transmission parameters, and/or transmitting power based on a transmission plan. A system for wireless power delivery, preferably including a plurality of receivers and one or more transmitters.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to receiving and transmitting data in a frame with subframes of a wireless communication system, each subframe being either an uplink subframe accommodating uplink signal, a downlink subframe accommodating downlink signal or a special subframe including a downlink signal portion as well as an uplink signal portion. A control signal includes a special subframe configuration specifying the length of the uplink and/or downlink portion of the special subframe. The mapping and demapping of user data and/or control data including feedback information in a transmission time interval, TTI, onto or from one subframe is then performed, wherein the length of a second TTI for mapping onto the uplink portion of a special subframe is shorter than a first TTI for mapping onto an uplink subframe, or a first number of TTIs mapped onto the uplink subframe is larger than a second number of TTIs for mapping onto the uplink portion of a special subframe.

Abstract: Systems and methods described for providing capacity and coverage hole analysis in next generation wireless networks (e.g. 5G networks). Provided is a network function comprising a network interface for receiving data from, and transmitting data to, a plurality of network functions connected to a within a communication network; a processor; and a non-transient memory for storing instructions executable by the processor to cause the network function to receive a request for capacity and coverage hole (CCH) information from a capacity and coverage hole analysis (CCHA) consumer, collect the CCH information responsive to the request; and determine a capacity and coverage hole profile that is indicative of at least one of a network coverage sufficiency and coverage service quality based at least in part on the CCH information.

Abstract: Uplink Transmission Power Control (TPC) techniques configured to compensate for variations in path loss and/or interference on a plurality of uplink transmission beams.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described that provide for selecting different uplink transmission parameters for transmission or retransmission of a random access message. A user equipment (UE) may retransmit a random access message to a base station during a random access procedure if an initial transmission of the random access message was unsuccessfully received by the base station. The UE may select a different transmission beam, uplink resource, or transmission power for retransmission of the random access message. The selection may be based on path loss associated with synchronization signals or previous transmissions. The selection may also be based on a maximum number of retransmissions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting/receiving a downlink channel in a wireless communication system are provided. A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) can be transmitted using one or more resource element groups (REGs) among a plurality of REGs in a transmission time interval (TTI). Each of the plurality of REGs occupies 12 consecutive resource elements (REs) belonging to a physical resource block (PRB) along a frequency domain within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol with or without a reference signal (RS) in the TTI.

Abstract: An access point allocates resource units within a first channel to mitigate interference from an adjacent second channel. The access point obtains a measure of signal strength corresponding to each wireless device attached to an access point, and assigns, for each wireless device, resource units with a first frequency band of the first channel to mitigate interference with a second frequency band of a second channel adjacent to the first channel. An assignment between a set of resource units and a particular wireless device is based on the measure of signal strength corresponding to the particular wireless device. The access point communicates with the wireless devices on the resource units.

Abstract: A web-based radio survey service is provided to client devices. The client devices individually conduct a radio survey. The radio surveys are sent to a central server for analysis. The central server evaluates the radio surveys and determines a least congested radio channel for common use by all the client devices. The client devices may thus all switch to the least congested radio channel to ensure reliable radio service with an access device.

Abstract: A system for controlling access to priority access wireless resources divides a radio spectrum into first wireless resources for use by general access devices and second wireless resources for use by priority access devices. A base station receives, from a server, information concerning the first and second wireless resources, including resource entries corresponding to each of the first and second wireless resources. Upon receiving a request for available wireless resources from a general access device, the base station provides one of the resource entries corresponding to the second wireless resources. The system includes a general access device which aggregates resource entries for the first and second resources for communication with another general access device. When the general access device detects priority access to the second resource, the general access device either releases the second resource or reduces transmission power on the aggregated first and second resources.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system, SINR data are obtained from power measurements data, as follows: gathering first power measurements data of total power received during communications; gathering second power measurements data of in-transmission interference power; computing third power measurements data of useful power, from the first and second power measurements data; gathering fourth power measurements data of out-transmission interference power; merging the second and fourth power measurements data so as to form a set of fifth interference power data; computing a first characteristic function from the third power measurements data, and computing a second characteristic function from the fifth power measurements data; building a third characteristic function relating to the SINR data related to the transmission channel, by performing a term-by-term product of the first and second characteristic functions; computing a probability mass function from the third characteristic function.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for a radio communications system, the device including: a processing unit; a memory unit; and a transceiver including a transmitter provided with a power amplifier; wherein said device is configurable to: send a request to a base station of said communications system for permission of transmission of one or more data symbols, the one or more data symbols being amplified with the power amplifier in an overdrive regime; receive a grant for such transmission; amplify the one or more data symbols with the power amplifier of the transmitter in the overdrive regime; and transmit the one or more data symbols to the base station.

Abstract: Embodiments of an Evolved Node-B (eNB), Local Controller (LC) device, and methods for allocation of shared spectrum for secondary usage are generally described herein. In some cases, primary usage of the shared spectrum may be prioritized over the secondary usage of the shared spectrum. The eNB may receive, from the LC device, a spectrum availability message that indicates an availability of the shared spectrum for the secondary usage. The eNB may transmit, to the LC device, spectrum sensing information that is based at least partly on one or more signal strength measurements for UEs connected to the eNB. The eNB may further transmit, to the LC device, a spectrum engagement message that indicates an intention of the eNB to use at least a portion of the shared spectrum for communication with the UEs.

Abstract: When spatial quasi co-location is established between component carriers, beam management, e.g., beam configuration or reference signal configuration, of one component carrier may be performed based at least in part on beam management information of the other. Information specifying that component carriers or reference signals cross component carriers are spatially quasi co-located, or information about a SQCL group including spatially quasi co-located carriers, may be transmitted to a UE, e.g., using broadcast signaling, radio resource control (RRC) signaling, a media access control-control element (MAC-CE), downlink control information (DCI) signaling, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A method for assigning downlink transmit power levels to radio nodes (RNs) in a small cell radio access network (RAN) includes assigning initial power levels to the RNs. For each cell, first events are counted indicating that UEs receiving a signal from their serving cells with a signal strength below a specified value have entered a coverage hole. For each cell, second events are counted indicating that UEs have re-established a previous connection on one of the cells. For each pair of cells, a coverage hole is identified between them if the number of first events for one cell exceeds a threshold and, a number of second events or re-establishment of a previous connection on the other cell exceeds another threshold. For each identified coverage hole, the downlink transmit power level is increased of at least one RN in the pair of cells between which the coverage hole is identified.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for ranging are described. A multi-phase distributed ranging technique includes transmitting and receiving vehicle information messages during a first time interval, where the vehicle information messages include at least a vehicle identifier and resource information. The multi-phase technique further includes transmitting and receiving ranging signals during a second time interval, and determining times of arrival of received ranging signals. A centralized ranging technique includes receiving resource assignments from an access point, transmitting ranging signals according to the resource assignments, and determining times of arrival of received ranging signals.

Abstract: Provided is a technology capable of securing satisfactory communication quality. A communication system includes a user equipment, and a base station configured to be connected to the user equipment to perform radio communication with the user equipment. The user equipment performs radio communication with a beam. When the user equipment detects a beam disappearance state being a state incapable of maintaining communication quality with the base station, the user equipment transmits a notification of the beam disappearance state with a beam having a wider half width than a half width before detection of the beam disappearance state.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product embodiments for assignment level address cleansing based on a minimum assignment level. An embodiment operates by receiving an address from a client device at an address cleansing system. The address cleansing system then parses the address into a plurality entry fields represent different geographic region fields. The address cleansing system then compares the entry fields to reference address data to determine an assignment level of the address. The assignment level indicates the level of address validation achieved based on the comparison to the reference address data. The assignment level is then compared to a minimum assignment level. If the assignment level is equal to or greater than the minimum assignment level, the address is cleansed using the reference address data. If not, the address is not cleansed.

Abstract: A method for operating a transmission point includes transmitting a plurality of first directional reference signals and a plurality of second directional reference signals, the plurality of first directional reference signals sweeping different first beams in a first plane and the plurality of second directional reference signals sweeping different first beams of the first plane, and receiving from a reception point, a request for the transmission point to commence operations in the second plane and a first feedback from a reception point, the first feedback indicating at least one first beam of the first plane and at least one beam group of the second plane, where measurements of the at least one first beam and the at least one beam group of the second plane satisfy a first selection criterion.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. Embodiments herein disclose methods and systems for an unlicensed carrier to be added in LTE-U based communication networks by performing measurements for the unlicensed carrier as in legacy LTE for the addition of a licensed carrier, while ensuring that the UE knows when to measure the unlicensed channels.

Abstract: A wireless base station apparatus that communicates with a plurality of terminals via spatial multiplexing includes: an active array antenna to transmit a first transmit signal; sector antennas to transmit second transmit signals; and a digital signal processor that generates the first transmit signal that is transmitted from the active array antenna and generates the second transmit signals that are transmitted from the sector antennas, the second transmit signals being transmit signals for eliminating interference between the terminals generated by the first transmit signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) may identify a number of beam directions that satisfy a transmission power condition. The UE may select a beam direction for a random access signal by choosing one of the beam directions that satisfies additional criteria, such as transmitting a random access message at the next opportunity. The transmission power may be selected based on a target receive power and a path loss for the selected beam. In some cases, if the sum of the path loss for a beam direction and the target receive power exceeds a maximum transmission power by more than a predetermined amount, the random access signal will not be transmitted using that beam. In some cases, if a response to the random access is not received, a different beam direction may be selected, the transmission power may be increased, or both.

Abstract: An antenna automatic alignment method for a mobile object includes acquiring, in real time, current feature information of a plurality of antennas of the mobile object, and selecting one of the antennas to establish a communication link with a wireless terminal in accordance with the current feature information of the plurality of antennas.

Abstract: An access point (AP) may use historical Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) monitoring information to make a decision of whether to perform a DFS procedure on a particular channel. The historical information can be obtained from other APs, such as from other nearby APs. In this manner, historical DFS monitoring information, which was previously measured by the AP or by a nearby AP, can be used to improve the likelihood that a decision to perform the DFS procedure will result in a determination that a particular channel is useable.

Abstract: Interference caused by response signals is reduced. A wireless communication device includes a control unit. The control unit designates, in the case where a signal is transmitted to an information processing device using wireless communication, at least one of a decision method of deciding whether the information processing device transmits a response signal to the wireless communication device in response to the signal and a decision method of deciding a transmission timing of the response signal. The information processing device includes a control unit. The control unit autonomously controls transmission of a response signal to a wireless communication device in response to a signal from the wireless communication device in the case where the signal is received using wireless communication.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for transmitting and receiving a signal by an inband full duplex (IBFD) base station in a wireless communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving respective uplink signals that repeat K times in K time intervals; and transmitting K-N downlink signals in K-N time intervals while the uplink signals are received in the K time intervals, wherein the N time intervals in the K time intervals are used for handling interference received by one or more terminals receiving the downlink signals from one or more terminals transmitting the uplink signals.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for adaptive transmission time intervals (TTIs) includes transmitting, by a communications controller to a user equipment (UE), a segment of a first TDD TTI configuration of a first TDD interval and a second TDD TTI configuration of the first TDD interval, where the first TDD TTI configuration has a first pattern, where the second TDD TTI configuration has a second pattern, where the first pattern is different than the second pattern, where the first TDD TTI configuration has a first uplink TTI segment and a first downlink TTI segment. The method also includes transmitting a first plurality of data on a first TTI in the first downlink TTI segment of the first TDD TTI configurations of the first TDD interval and receiving a second plurality of data on the first uplink segment of the first TDD TTI configuration of the first TDD interval.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE). A wireless communications system may improve UE discovery latency by dynamically selecting and switching beam forming codebooks at the millimeter wave base station and the wireless device. Selecting an optimal beam forming codebook may allow the wireless communication system to improve link margins between the base station without compromising resources. In some examples, a wireless device may determine whether the received signals from the millimeter wave base station satisfy established signal to noise (SNR) thresholds, and select an optimal beam codebook to establish communication. Additionally or alternately, the wireless device may further signal the selected beam codebook to the millimeter wave base station and direct the millimeter wave base station to adjust its codebook based on the selection.

Abstract: A method for performing a random access is provided. The method includes identifying a first downlink (DL) reception (RX) beam based on a measurement on a beam measurement signal, identifying a first uplink (UL) transmission (TX) beam corresponding to the identified first DL RX beam and transmitting at least one random access preamble for an RX sweeping at a base station, using the identified first UL TX beam based on a first power.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns a system and method for determining, via a processor, a designation of an mobile information handling system as a master mobile information handling system within a wireless neighborhood based on power level, radio capabilities, and radio frequency range to a cluster of mobile information handling systems and scanning a plurality of radio channels in a shared communication frequency band for base transceiver station (BTS) systems operating a first wireless link protocol and a second wireless link protocol within communication range of the mobile information handling system to detect a BTS load and preparing a radiofrequency band local QoS report for the first wireless link protocol and the second wireless link protocol in the wireless neighborhood for broadcast on an unlicensed communication frequency band to the cluster of mobile information handling systems.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus performs a communication using a wireless encryption method via an access point. A plurality of access points are displayed on a display unit of the information processing apparatus in a manner that one of the plurality of access points can be selected. At this time, an encryption method of a communication adopted by the access point is obtained, and it is determined whether the obtained encryption method of the access point is a predetermined encryption method. The access point determined to have a predetermined encryption strength is displayed on the display unit more preferentially than other access points.

Abstract: A transmission control apparatus determines a group of terminal devices that are destinations to which signals are simultaneously transmitted out of a plurality of terminal devices. The transmission control apparatus includes a processor that executes a process including: calculating received power vectors corresponding to received power of the respective terminal devices; determining, based on an inner product between a received power vector of a first terminal device that is determined to belong to the group of terminal devices already and a received power vector of a second terminal device that is a candidate to be newly added to the group of terminal devices, whether to add the second terminal device to the group of terminal devices; and generating transmission signals to be transmitted to a group of terminal devices that are determined in accordance with determination at the determining.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a signal transmission and reception method and device using a plurality of cells of a terminal in a wireless communication system supporting a carrier aggregation. Particularly, the signal transmission and reception method comprises the steps of: receiving transmission control information for a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary cell (SCell) according to uplink-downlink configuration difference from each other, transmitting and receiving a signal in a specific time period according to the transmission control information; and performing a signal transmission and reception operation according to a pre-defined configuration when a signal transmission in a specific time period is not indicated in the transmission control information.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for controlling ON/OFF operation of a Secondary Cell (SCell) in a cellular communications network. In some embodiments, the SCell is a License Assisted Access (LAA) SCell that operates in an unlicensed frequency band. In some embodiments, a method of operation of a network node in the cellular communications network to dynamically control ON/OFF operation of a SCell of the cellular communications network comprises measuring activity of other wireless systems on a channel utilized by a SCell while the SCell is in an OFF state, determining whether to transition the SCell to an ON state based on the activity of the other wireless systems measured on the channel, turning the SCell ON upon determining that the SCell is to be transitioned to the ON state, and keeping the SCell in the OFF state upon determining that the SCell is not to be transitioned to the ON state.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to out of service recovery techniques for an accessory device. According to some embodiments, the accessory device may receive cellular communication system selection information from a paired device. The accessory device may store the communication system selection information. At some point, it may be determined that the accessory device has lost cellular communication service. The accessory device may perform a cellular communication service scan utilizing the system selection information received from the paired device along with its own historical information and location based frequency lists.

Abstract: A method for operating a transmission point includes transmitting a plurality of first directional reference signals and a plurality of second directional reference signals, the plurality of first directional reference signals sweeping different first beams in a first plane and the plurality of second directional reference signals sweeping different first beams of the first plane, and receiving from a reception point, a request for the transmission point to commence operations in the second plane and a first feedback from a reception point, the first feedback indicating at least one first beam of the first plane and at least one beam group of the second plane, where measurements of the at least one first beam and the at least one beam group of the second plane satisfy a first selection criterion.