Abstract: Process for preparing copolymers from esters of an unsaturated carboxylic acid with at least one other unsaturated monomer, characterized in that the following components are copolymerized in radical substance polymerization:(A) 5 to 60 parts by weight of at least one diester of an .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid having 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the ester group,(B) 10 to 70 parts by weight of at least one vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon having one vinyl group,(C) 0 to 30 parts by weight of at least one glycidyl ester of an aliphatic saturated monocarboxylic acid branched in the .alpha.-position,(D) 0 to 50 parts by weight of at least one ester, amide and/or anhydride of an .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated mono- and/or dicarboxylic acid,(E) 0 to 40 parts by weight of at least one .alpha.,.beta.

Abstract: A polymer or copolymer of maleic acid is produced by neutralizing (I) maleic acid in an aqueous medium with (III) an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia at a molar ratio of (I) to (III) in the range of 100:0 to 100:90, polymerizing (I) with a polymerization initiator, adding (III) a further amount of the alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia at a molar ratio of (I) to (III) in the range of 100:100 to 100:130 in total through the previous addition and this addition and continuing the polymerization to the complete effect.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to novel peroxy esters carrying a t-alkenyl, e.g. 2-methyl-3-butene-2-yl, peroxy group. These peroxy esters have shorter half-life periods of decomposition and are more reactive polymerization initiators and unsaturated polyester resin curing agents than the corresponding prior art peroxy esters carrying a t-alkyl, e.g. t-amyl, peroxy group.

Abstract: An improved process for continuously producing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer containing 20 to 50 mole % of ethylene is provided. An aliphatic alcohol solvent is employed in the polymerization vessel. Ethylene vapor discharged from the polymerization vessel is introduced into the tubes of the lower part of a multi-tubular heat exchanger. Vinyl acetate is introduced into the upper part of the heat exchanger and caused to flow through said tubes, thereby effecting absorption and solubilization of ethylene into the vinyl acetate. The solubilized ethylene and vinyl acetate is passed to the polymerization vessel. The process of this invention permits the stable production of the copolymer over a long period of time.

Abstract: Water-soluble polymers comprising an N-vinyl lactam are found to be useful in processes wherein the polymer is introduced into a subterranean wellbore.Polymers useful in the recovery of natural resources are prepared by polymerizing an N-vinyl lactam by free radical initiation, with polymerization conducted in an aqueous solution polymerization medium preferably containing a mixture of dissolved electrolytes, or in a polymerization medium consisting essentially of a tertiary alkanol. Copolymers of such N-vinyl lactams with unsaturated amides, and terpolymers prepared by polymerizing an N-vinyl lactam and an unsaturated amide with a selected termonomer compound are also useful when prepared by these methods.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to cross-linkable, hydroxyl group-containing polymer resins which are obtained by copolymerizing olefinically-unsaturated monomers and are suitable as binder components for lacquers, the polymer resins having a hydroxyl number of about 20 to 400, an average osmometrically-determined molecular weight of about 500 to 30,000 and a molecular inhomogeneity U of about 0.5 to 15, characterized in that they contain about 0.2 to 80% by weight, preferably about 10 to 70% by weight, based on the total weight of the copolymers, of incorporated monomers selected from olefinically- and acetylenically-unsaturated aliphatic diols having 4 carbon atoms, the ether group-containing alkoxylation products thereof with a hydroxyl number of about 50 to 900, the reaction products of these diols with .epsilon.-caprolactone in a mol ratio of diol:-caprolactone of about 1:0.2 to 1:10 and any mixtures of these components.

Abstract: Hydroxy-t-akyl peroxyesters having the general structure ##STR1## where R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be alkyl moieties and having 10 hour half-life temperatures below about 75.degree. C. (for example, 3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylbutyl peroxyneodecanoate) are used as initiators for vinyl monomer polymerization and as catalysts for curing unsaturated polyester resins in order to improve the efficiency of the systems.

Abstract: A plastic lens which has high hardness and excellent scratch resistance and can form a transparent and uniform reflection preventing film through vacuum deposition, is produced by mixing(a) diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) with(b) at least one of organic peroxides having a decomposition temperature at selected half-life value for ten hours of not higher than 80.degree. C. and(c) at least one of organic peroxides having a decomposition temperature at selected half-life value for ten hours of 90.degree.-110.degree. C., which have no copolymerizability to the diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) (a), as a polymerization initiator, and polymerizing and casting the resulting mixture in a desired lens-forming mold.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of steric stabilization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) particles against agglomeration by use of additives during polymerization of vinyl chloride. The method is characterized by the use of a hydroxy alkylacrylate comonomer added to the reactants prior to the onset of polymerization. The process of the present invention can be carried out to produce PVC either by bulk or by suspension polymerization techniques.The comonomer used may be considered as an adduct of hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate and propylene oxide. The PVC products so produced have a better monomer desorption rate and can absorb more plasticizer than those produced in the absence of the comonomer.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of aqueous polymer dispersions comprising polymerizing compounds with unsaturated ethylenic bonds at a temperature of 10.degree. to 100.degree. C. in the presence of an at least partially water-soluble free-radical initiator and at least one water-soluble protein and optionally present conventional adjuvants with the starting mixture containing not more than 40% of the total monomers and the remaining monomer being added by metering during the polymerization, the initiators being at least one member of the group consisting of ketone peroxides and organic hydroperoxides in an amount of at least 30 mmol per kg of total monomer mixture and optionally present water-soluble reducing agents and the amount of protein being at least 3% by weight based on the total monomer weight and at least 30% by weight is added during the polymerization and the isoelectric point of the protein is not reached or exceeded during polymerization.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of aqueous polymer dispersions comprising polymerizing vinyl esters and up to 50% by weight of the total monomer of compounds with unsaturated ethylenic bonds at a temperature of 10.degree. to 100.degree. C. in the presence of an at least partially water-soluble free-radical initiator and at least one starch member of the group consisting of cyanalkylated starch, hydroxyalkylated starch and carboxyalkylated starch and optionally present conventional adjuvants with the starting mixture containing not more than one-third of the total monomers and the remaining monomers being added by metering during the polymerization, the initiators being at least one member of the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides in an amount of at least 30 mmol per kg of total monomer mixture and optionally present water-soluble reducing agent and the amount of starch being at least 1% by weight based on the total monomer weight.

Abstract: Interpolymers of .alpha.-olefins having at least about 6 carbon atoms and unsaturated carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, such as maleic anhydride, may be prepared by heating reactive amounts only of the monomers with a free radical initiator, preferably in a solvent-free system and typically at a temperature of at least about 135.degree. C. The time required for polymerization is relatively short under these conditions.

Abstract: A copolymer comprising monomeric units of tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene and at least one monomeric compound selected from the group consisting of 2-trifluoromethylpropylene and 2-methyl-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylene, which has a improved crack resistance at a high temperature.

Abstract: Non-segregating, pumpable, aqueous organic peroxide compositions comprising from about 10 to 65 weight percent of an organic peroxide are described. The compositions are prepared by forming an aqueous dispersion of the organic peroxide utilizing an emulsifying amount of a surfactant and thereafter mixing the peroxide dispersion with a freezing point depressant (or aqueous solution thereof) selected from the group consisting of polyhydric alcohols containing at least three hydroxyl groups, poly(C.sub.2 -C.sub.3) alkalene glycol having a molecular weight of less than 320, C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 monosaccharides, the halide salts of the alkali metals and magnesium, and mixtures of such compounds. A sufficient amount of the freezing point depressant is used to provide a liquid peroxide composition that is readily pumpable at from 0.degree. C. to -20.degree. C. Organic peroxides described are dialkylperoxydicarbonates, diacylperoxides and peresters.

Abstract: What are disclosed are a method for making a pearl-like crosslinked hydrophilic carrier polymer, capable of binding proteins, by the inverse pearl polymerization of a monomer phase comprising a monomer mixture of a certain composition and a diluent therefor, also of a certain composition, said diluent comprising at least two components which can be chosen in nature and amount to optimize the protein binding capacity of the polymer, and pearl-like hydrophilic carrier polymers made by this method.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) using as initiator a diester of monoperoxyoxalic acid. The initiators are highly active and the process provides a method for the efficient polymerization of VCM at lower temperatures and/or for shorter reaction times than can be achieved with the current commercially available catalysts.

Abstract: A heat-stable, polymer-forming composition of a polymerizable material, a transition metal compound, a polymer chain terminator, and, optionally, a preventive antioxidant is disclosed as well as particular uses of such composition.

Abstract: A new and improved contact lens is provided and is made by a process which uses a distillation step with an addition of a carbon decolorizing agent to the solution being distilled. The carbon decolorizing agent prevents curdling and removes impurities in the distillation step. The result is a contact lens with a very high water content and with good oxygen permeability characteristics.

Abstract: Gem-diperoxyesters of the formula: ##STR1## where R is selected from methyl and ethyl; R.sub.1 is ethyl when R is ethyl; R.sub.1 is hydroxyalkyl of 1 to 7 carbon atoms when R is methyl; and each R.sub.2 is ##STR2## where each of R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl, provided not more than one of R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 is hydrogen, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 collectively containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.The compounds are particularly efficient at varying temperatures from ambient to 60.degree. C. for the initiation of the polymerization of vinyl chloride. They also have high efficiency in the curing of polyester resins and in the polymerization of other monomers and comonomers having ethylenic unsaturation.

Abstract: There is provided a method for the suspension polymerization of one or more styrenic monomers. This method involves increasing the amount of substantially water insoluble free radical initiator in the suspension after the conversion of the monomer has reached at least 50%. The temperature of the suspension is at least 110.degree. C. throughout the entire polymerization.

Abstract: Polymers of 1,000 to 50,000 number average molecular weight, comprising 3 to 40 molar proportions of ethylene per molar proportion of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, are prepared using an ester peroxide as the free radical initiator, in a solvent, for use as wax crystal modifying agents, e.g., pour depressants and flow improvers for middle distillate fuel oil.

Abstract: High molecular weight uniformly random copolymers of ethylene and acrylic or methacrylic acid containing up to 10 weight percent of the acid.

Abstract: A new composition of matter specially adapted for the production of contact lenses, artificial eyes or other prosthetic devices. The composition has the characteristics of increased hydrophilicity, softness after hydration and oxygen permeability. The composition is a solid copolymer of comonomers consisting essentially of about 15 to about 65% by weight of one or more of the hydrophilic amide group containing monomers and about 10 to about 75% by weight of one or more of the polysiloxanylalkyl methacrylates or acrylates. Optionally, about 0.1 to about 65% by weight of at least one property modifier, a vinyl group containing monomer such as methyl methacrylate, can be employed into the copolymers. The inventive material is optionally transparent, translucent or opaque depending on the type, composition and relative content of the comonomers used. In general, the transparent composition is suitable for use in making contact lenses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of polymers from polymerizable urethanes prepared by reacting isocyanates having at least two isocyanato groups with polyesters of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is alkylene having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, A is an ethylenically-unsaturated radical, and n is an integer of from 1 to 100.

Abstract: A novel process for the production of fluorine-containing multi-component copolymers having functional groups is disclosed, which process is characterized in that tetrafluoroethylene having the formula: CF.sub.2 .dbd.CF.sub.2 ; one or two or more .alpha.,.beta.,.beta.-trifluoroacrylate having the generic formula: CF.sub.2 .dbd.CFCOOC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 wherein n represents an integer of 1 or greater; and one or two or more .alpha.-olefin having the generic formula: ##STR1## wherein j and m each independently represents an integer of 0 to 11 inclusive; are copolymerized with one another in the presence of a radical initiator.

Abstract: Ion exchange resins having improved physical stability and perfect bead count are prepared by a free-radical catalyzed polymerization of a monomer mixture utilizing certain peroxyester and peroxydicarbonate catalysts, followed by functionalizing the so prepared polymer.

Abstract: A tertiary N-vinylamide is polymerized, optionally together with further monomers, in the presence of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, at a temperature of from 0.degree. to 150.degree. C., using two types of initiator one of which is insoluble and the other soluble in the hydrocarbon used. The pulverulent or granular polymer obtained has a diminished content of residual monomer. It is suitable as protective colloid or dispersing agent for emulsion or suspension polymerizations.

Abstract: Styrene-acrylic acid or styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers having improved physical properties are prepared by the solution copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid at a temperature between 110.degree. and 150.degree. C. in the presence of certain tertiary butyl peroxides.

Abstract: A coating composition comprising a polyfunctional monomer (a) having at least 3 (meth)acryloyloxy groups, a (meth)acrylic acid mono or diester of polyethyleneglycol (b), a sulfonic acid (c), a phosphoric acid ester (d), an ethanolamine (e), organic solvent, and a photosensitizer.

Abstract: The terpolymers disclosed herein comprise 60-87 percent by weight butadiene, 10-30 percent styrene and 3-15 percent vinyl benzyl chloride in the polymer molecules. These are prepared by emulsion polymerization using a free radical generating initiator system. These terpolymers have excellent green strength and are useful in tire compositions.

Abstract: Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds according to the formula; ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl having 1 to 3 carbons, a+b+c+d=e, b=0 to e, c=0 to e, b+c>1, d=0 to 5, e=1 to 100, and Y is an organic group containing at least one >C=C< are hydrophilic as well as exhibiting properties similar to silicone compounds. The polymers are particularly useful in contact lenses having enhanced oxygen permeability.

Abstract: Curable organic resin compositions, such as epoxy resins, are provided, based on the use of dialkyl hydroxy arylsulfonium salts in combination with certain orgainc oxidants such as iodosoaromatic esters, or the use of certain amines or transition metals in combination with organic peroxides. The curable compositions can provide flexible or rigid organic resin foam when used with a volatile organic solvent as a result of exothermic heat of cure.

Abstract: The binary suspension polymerization of a water soluble monomer and an organophilic or hydrophobic monomer having a low Tg in an integrated aqueous suspension system wherein the suspension medium for said organophilic monomer droplets comprises a hydrophilic monomer having a higher rate of reaction than the hydrophobic monomer and water in a mixture such that a solution of between about 1,000 and about 100,000 cps Brookfield viscosity is maintained in the reaction zone during polymerization of the organophilic droplets.

Abstract: A vulcanizable elastomeric composition comprising(a) from about 89-40%, by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, of an acrylic acid ester, or mixture thereof, having the formula ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) radical, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OR', wherein R' is an alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) radical, or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CN;(b) from about 10-45%, by weight, same basis, of bis (2-methoxyethyl) fumarate, bis (2-methoxyethyl)maleate, or mixtures thereof, and(c) from about 1-10%, by weight, same basis, of an unsaturated monomer containing a halogen atom or an epoxy group.

Abstract: A process is provided for inhibiting the deposition of scale onto the surfaces of metals in a cooling water system. In the process a copolymer of maleic anhydride or maleic acid and certain allyl monomers is employed as the scale inhibiting composition. The copolymers are effective as scale inhibitors when employed in substoichiometric amounts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing prepolymers based on vinyl monomers such as methacrylic acid esters, or a mixture of esters of methacrylic and acrylic acids, or styrene, or a mixture of styrene with methacrylic acid esters. The method consists in conducting mass polymerization of said vinyl monomers at a temperature of 90.degree. to 160.degree. C. in air, or in oxygen-enriched air, or in an inert gas medium in the presence of an initiating system. The system is made of a mixture consisting of:(1) peresters of the general formula ##STR1## where R is aryl, alkyl, isoalkyl, methyl carbitol, phenyl carbitol or benzyl carbitol in an amount of 0.05-0.3 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of a vinyl monomer and(2) the following components:(a) sulfur-containing organic acids with bivalent sulfur in an amount of 0.2-3.0 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of a vinyl monomer, or(b) esters of sulfur-containing organic acids with bivalent sulfur in an amount of 0.2-3.0 wt. parts per 100 wt.

Abstract: Styrene-type monomers are polymerized, or mixtures of styrene-type monomers and other vinyl type monomers and copolymerized, at 50.degree.-120.degree. C. using 1-10 wt%, based on the weight of the monomers, of an organic peroxide polymerization initiator whose decomposition temperature at 10 hours of halflife is 40.degree. C. to 70.degree. C. whereby colorless low molecular weight styrene series polymers are obtained at a high yield, using polymerization apparatus of simple structure.

Abstract: Polymers of 1,000 to 50,000 number average molecular weight, comprising 3 to 40 molar proportions of ethylene per molar proportion of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, are prepared using an ester peroxide as the free radical initiator, in a solvent, for use as wax crystal modifiying agents, e.g., pour depressants and flow improvers for middle distillate fuel oil.

Abstract: The disclosure describes an improved process for the preparation of uniform, spherical beads of up to 5 mm diameter of a crosslinked, water-insoluble hydrogel by suspension polymerization in a concentrated aqueous salt solution of 95-30% by weight of a monoolefinic water-soluble monomer containing at least 5% of a hydroxy substituted hydrophilic vinyl monomer with 5-70% by weight of a terminal diolefinic macromer crosslinking agent in the presence of water-insoluble, gelatinous, strong water-bonding inorganic metal hydroxides as suspending agents in the absence of excess alkali. The hydrogels have a host of pharmaceutical and industrial uses.

Abstract: Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate/acrylate (or other vinyl monomer) copolymers of controlled low molecular weight are produced by copolymerizing the monomers with initiators, usually peroxides, at temperatures above 120.degree. C. The copolymers are particularly useful as curing agents for urethane coating compositions.

Abstract: A novel hydrogel soft contact lens and a process for preparation thereof is disclosed which employs quaternary ammonium salts as a co-monomer which provide control over the percent of hydration with as high as 85% hydration obtainable in the resulting lens.

Abstract: A thermosetting resin of self cross-linking type which is prepared by polymerization of at least one polymerizable monomer having an ampho-ion structure, at least one polymerizable monomer containing an oxirane group and at least one other monomer and can afford a hardened film or article of good physical properties when cross-linked.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for making polymaleic anhydride by polymerizing maleic anhydride in a solvent mixture of xylene, the ortho isomer content of which is up to 99%, and a non-reactive solvent having a boiling point of from 110.degree. to 180.degree. C. using di-tertiary butyl peroxide as catalyst.

Abstract: New crosslinkable polymers, in particular polymerization products of 5-maleimidyl-isophthalic acid derivatives and 5-(nadic acid)-isophthalic acid derivatives and vinyl monomers and polycondensation products of the said isophthalic acid derivatives and diamines, diols or aminoalcohols and optionally a di-, tri- or tetra-carboxylic acid derivative are described. These polymers are distinguished by good processability and good solubility in customary organic solvents and are suitable for the manufacture of various industrial products, such as thin films, thick films and compression mouldings. spThis is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 696,349, filed on June 15, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,368, issued on Sept. 19, 1978.

Abstract: New crosslinkable polymers, in particular polymerization products of 5-maleimidyl-trimellitic acid derivatives and 3,5-bis-(maleimidyl)-phthalic acid derivatives and vinyl monomers and polycondensation products of the said imidyl compounds and diamines, diols or amino-alcohols and optionally a di-, tri- or tetra-carboxylic acid derivative are described. These polymers are distinguished by good processability and good solubility in customary organic solvents and are suitable for the manufacture of very diverse industrial products, such as thin and thick films and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing vinyl dispersion resins by conducting the polymerization reaction of the vinyl monomer or monomers in an aqueous alkaline medium, using an oil-soluble polymerization initiator, at temperatures preferably below about 48.degree. C., in the presence of an emulsifier system comprising the ammonium salt of a high fatty acid containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one long straight chain alcohol containing from 14 to 24 carbon atoms, and a sulfate or sulfonate type soap of C.sub.12 to C.sub.20 alkyl or aryl hydrocarbons, wherein the ratio of alcohol to emulsifier is equal to or greater than 1.0 and wherein the reaction ingredients are thoroughly mixed, and preferably homogenized, prior to polymerization. The process produces paste resins having improved plastisol foam properties, especially when sodium metabisulfite is added to the polymer recipe or the polymer slurry prior to spray drying.

Abstract: A new composition of matter specially adapted for the production of contact lenses, artificial eyes or other prosthetic devices. The composition has the characteristics of increased hydrophilicity, softness after hydration and oxygen permeability. The composition is a solid copolymer of comonomers consisting essentially of about 15 to 65 parts by weight of one or more of the amide group containing monomers and about 10 to 85 parts by weight of one or more of the polysiloxanylalkyl ester of acrylate or methacrylate. Optionally, 0 to 75 parts by weight of at least one of the property modifier vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate, ethylacrylate, etc., can be employed into the copolymers. The inventive material is optionally transparent, translucent or opaque depending on the type, composition and relative content of the comonomers. In general, the transparent composition is suitable for use in making contact lenses.

Abstract: A rapid curing polybutadiene resin system dielectric coating composition suitable for coating electrical components such as thin film resistors is disclosed. This composition cures very rapidly and greatly improves adhesion to the coated article.

Abstract: Ar-halo-ar(t-alkyl)styrenes, e.g., 2-chloro-4-(t-butyl)styrene, polymerize to form materials having unusually high temperature resistance. Additionally, compositions of such monomers, unsaturated polyesters and free-radical generating catalysts cure at lower temperatures and in less time than similar compositions containing conventional styrene monomers.

Abstract: A porous polystyrene gel is produced by a suspension polymerization in an aqueous system under an incorporation of more than 5 mole % of a radical polymerization catalyst to a total amount of styrene and divinyl benzene with an inert organic solvent.