Abstract: A process is provided for the continuous high-pressure mass polymerization of ethylene in which novel means are employed to continuously introduce the free radical generating polymerization initiator into the polymerization zone. The process is carried out by pumping into the polymerization a Bingham fluid which has a free-radical generating polymerization initiator uniformly dispersed throughout a solid continuous phase, which is a mixture of a wax and a liquid hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene essentially consist of components of from 40 to 60 mole % of tetrafluoroethylene, 40 to 60 mole % of ethylene and 0.1 to 10 mole % of fluorovinyl ether component having the formulaCF.sub.2 .dbd.CF--O--(CF.sub.2).sub.n --COXwherein X is selected from the group consisting of F, OH, OR.sup.1 and NR.sup.2 R.sup.3 and R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 respectively represent hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and n represents an integer of 1 to 10.Said terpolymer has a volumetric flow rate of 10 to 500 mm.sup.3 /sec. defined in the specification.The terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene are produced by copolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene with a molar ratio of C.sub.2 F.sub.4 /C.sub.2 H.sub.4 being kept essentially higher than 40/60 in the reactor in the presence of a small amount of a perfluoroalkyl vinyl monomer having the formulaCF.sub.2 .dbd.CF--O--(CF).sub.n --COXwherein X and n are defined above.

Abstract: Compounds containing peroxy linkages connecting similar polyol ester constituents are described. These peroxy di-ester polyols are prepared by the direct esterification of peroxy diacids with polyols, in the presence of a strong mineral acid catalyst. The peroxy di-ester polyol products function as free radical initiators and grafting bases in the graft copolymerization of unsaturated monomers with polyols. These graft copolymers are useful in the formulation of polyurethanes.

Abstract: Polymers containing laterally substituted isocyanate groups, prepared from acyl azide monomers and at least one other vinyl monomer, and their preparation are provided. Utilization of the acyl azide monomers avoids the problems in handling and storage of the moisture sensitive and toxic isocyanate monomers.

Abstract: Bingham fluid compositions are provided which contain a functional material such as a polymerization initiator dispersed in a solid continuous phase, which is a mixture of a wax and a liquid hydrocarbon. Such compositions are prepared by heating the wax and the liquid hydrocarbon to form a melt and dispersing the functional material in the melt. Upon cooling, the composition solidifies with the functional material being uniformly dispersed throughout the continuous solid phase. The compositions, while solid at ambient temperature and pressure, assume the flow characteristics of a liquid under an applied pressure and can be pumped to feed the functional material to a polymerization reactor or molten polymer on a continuous basis.

Abstract: A poly(hydroxy) telechelic styrene polymer polymerization process comprising contacting an olefin, a free radical polymerization initiator, and a poly(hydroxyorgano) polysulfide is described. The poly(hydroxy) terminated styrene polymers can be end-capped and/or coupled with other polymeric materials. The styrene polymers can be molded, calendered, or extruded as films, sheets, fibers, laminates or other useful articles of manufacture.

Abstract: A process for polymerizing vinyl chloride and for copolymerizing vinyl chloride and up to 30 percent by weight of comonomers in aqueous suspension under heat and pressure in the presence of a mixture of an acyl sulfonyl peroxide and a perester of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are the same or different alkyl groups of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms provided not more than one of R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 is methyl, and R is selected from 2,2-dimethyl propyl and straight chain alkyl of 1-5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A poly(organosiloxy) telechelic styrene polymer polymerization process comprising contacting an olefin, a free radical polymerization initiator, and a poly(organosiloxyaryl) polysulfide is described. The poly(organosiloxy) terminated styrene polymers can be end capped and/or coupled with other polymeric materials. The styrene polymers can be molded, calendered, or extruded as films, sheets, fibers, laminates or other useful articles of manufacture.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with novel autoxidizable compositions comprising an unsaturated acid ester of a glycol monodicyclopentenyl ether, a condensation or vinyl addition polymer, a siccative and a volatile stabilizer, which compositions are uniquely adapted to be formulated with high solids and practical viscosity ranges for coating and/or impregnating purposes.

Abstract: Copolymers ofA 22 to 96 mol-% of styrene and/or .alpha.-methyl styrene,B 0 to 78 mol-% of at least one monoolefinically unsaturated monomer containing nitrile groups, andC 0 to 50 mol-% of at least one monoolefinically unsaturated monomer different from A or B are obtained by continuous bulk polymerization in a homogeneous liquid phase, in several process stages, in one or more different temperature ranges and in the presence of one or more initiators with different dissociation times in each temperature range and under pressures of from 1 to 20 bars.In first stage the monomers are copolymerized with backmixing up to a conversion of from 10 - 60 mol-% in an ideally mixed tank reactor and then after optionally additional addition of further parts of monomers copolymerization is continued with backmixing in a completely flooded, self-cleaning polymerization kneader up to a residual monomer content of from 10-50 mol-%.Residual monomers are continuously removed from the copolymer up to a content of less than 0.

Abstract: The curable composition provided by the present invention comprises a butadiene polymer having organosilicon groups as the pendant groups, an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable compound, an organic peroxide, and optionally a filler. The butadiene polymer being the base of this composition can readily be obtained by the platinum-catalyzed addition reaction between an organosilicon compound having a hydrogen atom directly bonded to the silicon atom in a molecule and the ethylenic unsaturation of a conventional butadiene polymer.The compositions of the invention are remarkably superior in many respects to those composition based on ordinary butadiene polymers, and useful for applications in a wide variety including the production of electrically insulating materials and various kinds of industrial articles.

Abstract: Small, round, bio-compatible microspheres capable of covalently bonding proteins and having a uniform diameter below about 3500 A are prepared by substantially instantaneously initiating polymerization of an aqueous emulsion containing no more than 35% total monomer including an acrylic monomer substituted with a covalently bondable group such a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl and a minor amount of a cross-linking agent.

Abstract: An improved dental composition having shortened hardening time and after hardening increased compressive strength and abrasion resistance, including a radical-inducing compound and a polymerizable acrylic or methacrylic acid ester or diester compound with at least 20 percent by weight of the polymerizable compound being the diacrylic or dimethacrylic acid ester of bishydroxymethyltricyclo [5.2.1.0.sup.2,6 ]-decane. Other monofunctional or difunctional acrylic or methacrylic acid esters as well as fillers, pigments and stabilizers can be included.

Abstract: Organic peroxide compositions suitable for free radical polymerization, the compositions comprising a mixture of a shock-sensitive peroxide and a diluent, the diluent being a monomeric material containing olefinic unsaturation which does not readily homopolymerize.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solid thermoplastic acrylic copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of 4,000 to 30,000 for the use as a material for powder paint capable of forming a smooth surface which is produced by copolymerizing, preferably in a suspension copolymerization method, comprising(1) 3 to 30% by weight of at least one comonomer of the formula (I'): ##STR1## (2) 1 to 50% by weight of at least one comonomer selected from the compounds of the formulae (II') and (III'): ##STR2## and (3) 20 to 96% by weight of at least one comonomer of the formula (IV'): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.1a and R.sub.1b are respectively a hydrogen atom or methyl group, R.sub.2 is an alkyl group of C.sub.1-8 or a cycloalkyl group of C.sub.6-8, R.sub.3 is an alkylene group of C.sub.2-6, R.sub.4 is an aliphatic group of C.sub.2-12 optionally containing a carboxyl group or an aromatic group of C.sub.6-12 optionally containing a carboxyl group, R.sub.5 is an aliphatic group of C.sub.

Abstract: Novel copolymers of maleic anhydride and the endo and exo cyclic adducts of maleic anhydride and cyclic conjugated dienes such as cyclopentadiene. The copolymers are prepared by heating either of the cyclic adducts and maleic anhydride in the presence of a free radical precursor, such as a peroxygen compound, at a temperature at which endo-exo isomerization of the adduct occurs.

Abstract: An improved process for copolymerizing the monomers (a) at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of monoolefins, non-conjugated polyenes, conjugated polyenes, haloolefins, unsaturated esters of carboxylic acids and unsaturated ethers and (b) an acrylic monomer under slurry polymerization conditions to give a copolymer containing the monomeric units (a) and (b) alternately connected to each other with good regularity which has a narrow molecular weight distribution and is not liable to gelling during its formation.

Abstract: Stabilized, curable compositions formed from known free radical-polymerizable monomers (e.g., acrylates, stryene, etc.), and free radical initiators (e.g., peroxides, hydroperoxides, ultraviolet-sensitive compounds) by dissolving therein compounds containing the combination of allyl, lower alkoxyl and hydroxyl groups. All the groups may be present in one molecule, or the allyl group may occur in a separate molecule. Concentration of each compound may be in the range of about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight of the total composition.

Abstract: A concentrated solution of a water-soluble vinyl monomer is mixed at or below room temperature with an effective amount of a peroxygen catalyst and the resulting solution is freed of inhibitory oxygen and thereafter atomized into a reaction vessel containing an atmosphere of gaseous sulfur dioxide to produce a polymer product by redox catalysis.

Abstract: Stable, pumpable, highly concentrated aqueous suspensions of organic peroxides containing (a) nonionic emulsifiers having a maximum HLB value of 12.5 and (b) nonionic emulsifiers having a minimum HLB value of 12.5 or anionic emulsifiers.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of copolymers by copolymerizing acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid in the presence of polymerization initiators, in which methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid and a higher alkyl acrylate are copolymerized.

Abstract: Improved monovinyl aromatic monomer-acrylonitrile copolymers are prepared by polymerizing at temperatures above 80.degree. C in the presence of certain free radical initiators, the resultant polymers are prepared at high rates of conversion, have relatively high heat distortion temperatures, have a low oligomer content and generate relatively little additional acrylonitrile under fabrication conditions.

Abstract: ABS polymers having improved physical properties are prepared by graft polymerizing, in an aqueous medium, and in the presence of a suspending agent, styrene and acryonitrile onto a butadiene polymer in the form of a latex using certain peroxy ester catalysts.

Abstract: Novel tertiary alkyl peresters of tertiary hydroperoxides are used as polymerization initiators wherein the peresters are characterized by the tertiary alkyl group of the acid moiety having at least two alkyl groups of two or more carbon atoms and the tertiary alkyl group of the hydroperoxide has at least five carbon atoms. Typical is the polymerization of certain vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride.

Abstract: Novel cationic hydrogels, containing basic (cationic) groups in their molecular structure, and processes for their preparation are described. These novel hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks, having good water permeability and mechanical properties, and are obtained by simultaneous polymerization and crosslinking, in the presence of a polymerization catalyst, such as an organic peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile or other free radical polymerization catalyst, of a mixture of (a) hydroxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate, (b) a cationic monomer -- usually an ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid with an amino alcohol, the terminal amino group of which may be quaternized, such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate or acrylate and the quaternized derivatives thereof, and (c) a cross-linking agent, such as a glycol diacrylate or dimethacrylate; if desired there may also be present (d) one or more additional monomers, usually an acrylic monomer such as an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, acrylamides etc.

Abstract: Low molecular weight poly-N-vinyl-pyrrolidone-2 is prepared by polymerizing N-vinylpyrrolidone-2 at elevated temperature in the presence of organic peroxides which carry organic radicals on either side of the peroxide group.

Abstract: Novel cationic hydrogels, containing basic (cationic) groups in their molecular structure, and processes for their preparation are described. These novel hydrogels are stable, three-dimensional polymer networks, having good water permeability and mechanical properties.

Abstract: Copolymers with improved dimensional stability under heat consisting essentially of (meth)acrylonitrile, styrene and at least one aliphatic monoolefin with 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Iodine or organic iodides are effective in suspension polymerization systems as molecular weight regulators or modifiers. These modifiers are especially suited for the suspension ABS processes.

Abstract: Ar-halo-ar(t-alkyl)styrenes, e.g., 2-chloro-4-(t-butyl)styrene, polymerize to form materials having unusually high temperature resistance. Additionally, compositions of such monomers, unsaturated polyesters and free-radical generating catalysts cure at lower temperatures and in less time than similar compositions containing conventional styrene monomers.

Abstract: Aliphatic peroxyester polymerization initiators whose thermal stability is controlled by a bromine or chlorine substituent on the carbon atom in the alpha position relative to the carbonyl group in the acid moity of the perester. The initiators show increased efficiency for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, styrene, ethylene, and in curing unsaturated polyester resins. Typical is 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl peroxy 2-chlorolaurate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the polymerization of acrylonitrile or a monomer mixture containing acrylonitrile as a main component and at least one other ethylenically unsaturated compound, characterized in that the polymerization is conducted at a temperature above 120.degree. C. under a pressure above the vapor pressure generated in the polymerization system under the polymerization conditions in a system in which water is present in a range of 3 to 50 percent by weight based on the total weight of the monomer(s) and water to produce an acrylonitrile polymer in a substantially molten state. The polymers produced according to the above process have the advantage of being able to be directly shaped by extrusion without the need of solvents.

Abstract: Stable peroxyesters containing both conjugated diene and peroxidic groups in their molecule; e.g., t-butylperoxysorbate, t-hexylperoxysorbate, 1,1,3,3-tetra-methylbutylperoxysorbate, are copolymerizable with other polymerizable monomers and the said compounds are useful for polymerizing monomers as free radical initiators.

Abstract: Novel anionic hydrogels, containing acidic groups, and their preparation are described. These novel hydrogels are stable, three-dimensional polymer networks, having good water permeability and mechanical properties.

Abstract: An improved nonflammable coating composition containing vinyl chloride, dialkyl maleate, and bis (2-chloroethyl) vinyl phosphonate, the improvement comprising forming a tertelomer using a free radical initiator in the presence of xylene, wherein the alkyl constituent of the maleate contains from 3 to 15 carbon atoms and the alkyl constituent of the phosphonate contains from 1 to 15 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Organic percarboxylic acids are stabilizers for anaerobically-setting adhesive compositions wherein the principal adhesive component is a (meth) acrylic acid ester and the catalyst is an organic peroxide. The percarboxylic acid improves the storage-stability of the adhesives in contact with air.

Abstract: Asymmetrical organic diacyl peroxide polymerization initiators having enhanced initiator efficiency and characterized by the presence of an acyclic acyl group of four or more carbon atoms having bromo or halo substitution at the alpha carbon atom, the other acyl group being different and heterosubstituted. However, when the alpha-halosubstituted acyl group is branched chain the other acyl group may be hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Radical polymerization of ethylene in the presence of an initiator and up to 500 ppm of a cyclic olefin having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms and a ring of 5 to 9 members or styrene and its alkyl homologues.

Abstract: Polymers of ethylene having a melt index of at least 10 are simultaneously rotationally molded and crosslinked by an acetylenic diperoxy compound to produce molded articles having high impact strength and stress cracking resistance.

Abstract: A flame retardant thermosetting resin composition having improved properties as an electrical insulating material and being particularly suited for use in printed circuit boards composed essentially of acryloyloxy- or methacryloyloxy-terminated butadiene homopolymer or butadiene copolymer with, for example, acrylonitrile or styrene, ethylenically unsaturated monomer capable of copolymerizing with the terminating acryloyloxy- or methacryloyloxy- groups of the butadiene homopolymer or copolymer, which monomer has a substantial amount of haloaryl, and acid anhydride having at least one ethylenically unsaturated group. In preferred compositions of the invention, there are from 1.5 to 3.

Abstract: A concentrated solution of a water-soluble vinyl monomer is mixed at or below room temperature with an effective amount of a peroxide catalyst and the resulting solution is freed of inhibitory oxygen and thereafter atomized into a reaction vessel containing an atmosphere of gaseous sulfur dioxide to produce a polymer product by redox catalysis.

Abstract: Ethylenically unsaturated material susceptible to free-radical polymerization, e.g., vinyl chloride and unsaturated polyesters, is polymerized, e.g., in an aqueous medium with an alkaline buffering reagent and an initiator system comprising an acid anhydride, e.g., isobutyric anhydride, and a peroxygen compound selected from an organic peroxy acid (peracid), e.g., peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Optionally, a further organic free-radical type initiator, e.g., lauroyl peroxide, a dialkyl peroxydicarbonate or azobisisobutyronitrile, is used in combination with the acid anhydride and peroxygen compound.Preferably, the anhydride and peroxygen compound are introduced separately into the polymerization medium. It is believed that at least a portion of the anhydride combines with the peroxygen compound to form the corresponding diacyl peroxide.

Abstract: An initiator, particularly useful for anaerobic compositions and replacing the commonly used hydroperoxides, having the formula ##STR1## In a preferred embodiment, R is a lower alkyl group, and R' is hydrogen and Q is a hydroxyl group.

Abstract: A process for chlorinating vinyl polymers, especially vinyl chloride polymers (i.e. homopolymers and copolymers having a chlorine content of less than about 56.5% by weight) to increase the chlorine content (to a level preferably in excess of 60% by weight), wherein the vinyl chloride polymer is mixed in a powdered state with a minor proportion (in terms of the total mixture) of at least one chloroalkane (preferably 10 to 55 parts by volume in cm.sup.3 per 100 parts by weight in grams of polymer and more generally 10 parts by weight to 85 parts by weight of the chloroalkane per 100 parts by weight of the polymer), and then chlorinating the mixture with molecular chlorine (Cl.sub.2) at a temperature below the vetrification or vitreous-transistion temperature (second-order glass-transition temperature) of the polymer.

Abstract: Homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl chloride are produced in the form of a powder by a bulk polymerization process which involves a dual temperature operation. Vinyl chloride (either alone or admixed with other copolymerizable monomers) is contacted with conventional polymerization initiators in the absence of solvents or diluents at a first temperature of from about 68.degree. to about 110.degree. F until the polymerization has proceeded to 0.1 to 10% of completion and thereafter the temperature is raised to 120.degree. to 150.degree. F until the polymerization has reached the desired conversion.

Abstract: Novel copolymers of the endo and exo cyclic adducts of maleic anhydride and cyclic conjugated dienes such as cyclopentadiene. The copolymers are prepared by heating either of the cyclic adducts in the presence of a free radical precursor, such as a peroxygen compound, at a temperature at which endo-exo isomerization of the adduct occurs.

Abstract: A continuous process for polymerizing acrylonitrile monomer or copolymerizing a mixture of acrylonitrile monomer and a further ethylenically unsaturated monomer copolymerizable therewith in an aqueous medium and in the presence of a catalytic redox system through a primary and a secondary polymerization step. The primary step is carried out in a plurality of independent distinct reaction zones connected in parallel and operated under similar conditions, in which the conversion of the monomer or mixture of monomers is maintained at a value not exceeding 70%. The secondary step is carried out in a single reaction zone connected in series with each of the primary zones. The conversion of the monomer or mixture of monomers in the secondary zone is maintained at a value not exceeding 80% with respect to the overall feed of monomer or mixture of monomers to the primary zones.

Abstract: Organic sulfonyl hydrazones are accelerators for aerostable, anaerobically-setting adhesive compositions. They provide rapid setting of the adhesive with formation of bonds of good strength, and have little adverse effect upon the storage stability of the compositions when access of molecular oxygen is permitted.

Abstract: Solid particulate materials are bonded together to form a foundry mold or core byI. forming a mixture of the particles and an anaerobically-curing adhesive and moulding the mixture to the desired shape, andIi. causing the adhesive to cure and bond the particles together by maintaining the shaped article in a substantially oxygen-free environment.The anaerobic adhesive may comprise, as monomer, an ester of an acrylic acid, with a hydroperoxide or peroxide as a polymerization catalyst, and the oxygen-free environment may be produced by displacing air with nitrogen or other inert gas or vapor.The method described is particularly suited for the production of foundry moulds and cores from sand or other particulate material.

Abstract: Four component polymerization initiators for olefinic monomers comprise (1) an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, a persulphate, a permanganate, a chlorate, a perchlorate, a bichromate, a bromate, a ceric salt, an oxazirane, an organic peroxide or an organic hydroperoxide, (2) a chelate compound of a metal such as titanium, iron, vanadium, aluminum, tin, manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc or bismuth in which the metal is not fully coordinated, (3) an electron donor in amount at most equal to that required to complex completely the said metal of the chelate compound, the said electron donor being for example an amine, a monoalcohol, an ether, an aldehyde, a ketone, an imine, an oxime, an amide, a sulphonamide, or a phosphonamide, and (4) a chelate complex or salt which is different from the chelate compound (2) and in which the metal may be for example, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, chromium, vanadium or tin, the degree of coordination of the said metal being different from that of the met