Abstract: An adhesive base material comprises a polymer obtained by polymerizing a glucosyloxy alkyl (meth)acrylate, a hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate, an alkyl (meth)acrylate and a polyfunctional monomer. This adhesive base material can be caused to swell uniformly because of its good swelling property and exhibits excellent adhesion to the skin so that it is useful as adhesive layers in plasters, various medical pads and also medicament-impregnated dermatologic medicines.

Abstract: Novel synthetic pathways to derive aliphatic polyester-grafted polysaccharides from cyclic ester monomers, preferably, poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone) and starch. Different reaction schemes lead to compositions with various levels of grafting. The grafting reactions were conducted using bulk monomer and an organometallic polymerization agent (catalyst or initiator) such as metal alkoxides initiators which were generated in-situ by the reaction of metal alkyls with hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide. The grafting reactions were characterized by very fast reaction times of the order of a few minutes to effect complete conversion of monomer. Biodegradable compositions, particularly using these poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone)-grafted starch are described for use in film applications.

Abstract: Polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols suitable for preparation of flexible polyurethane foams are prepared by oxyalkylating an aqueous solution of one or more polyhydric, hydroxyl-functional solid initiators under conditions where both water as well as initiator are oxyalkylated. The polyols have calculated functionalities of between about 2.2 and 4.0 and hydroxyl numbers in the range of 10 to 180. The polyols may be used to prepare soft, high resiliency polyurethane flexible foams at low isocyanate indexes.

Abstract: A process for preparing a modified polysaccharide graft copolymer complex which comprises the steps of:i. subjecting polysaccharide to graft copolymerization with a vinyl monomer;ii. treating the polysaccharide graft copolymer with:a. polyethylene glycol to provide a polymer-PEG complex; orb. a silicate compound to provide a silica precipitated polymer; andiii. recovering the polymer-PEG complex or silica precipitated polymer.This modified polysaccharide graft copolymer may be used as a surface sizing agent in the preparation of paper.

Abstract: The present invention relates to water-soluble, acid-groups-containing graft copolymers which are at least partially biodegradable and are based on sugars and monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and/or phosphonic acids or the salts of said acids as well as optional further monomers. The present invention further relates to a process for producing the graft copolymers at temperatures of up to 200.degree. C. by means of radical polymerization initiators, in that a total mixture of 5-60 %-wt. mono-, di- and oligosaccharides, the derivatives thereof or the mixtures thereof, and 95-40 %-wt. of a monomer mixture comprising at least one monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, at least one monoethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid, one monoethylenically unsaturated sulfuric acid ester and/or vinylphosphonic acid or the salts of said acids with monovalent cations, as well as optional further monomers is polymerized.

Abstract: Novel synthetic pathways to derive aliphatic polyester-grafted polysaccharides from cyclic ester monomers, preferably, poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone) and starch. Different reaction schemes lead to compositions with various levels of grafting. The grafting reactions were conducted using bulk monomer and an organometallic polymerization agent (catalyst or initiator) such as metal alkoxides initiators which were generated in-situ by the reaction of metal alkyls with hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide. The grafting reactions were characterized by very fast reaction times of the order of a few minutes to effect complete conversion of monomer. Biodegradable compositions, particularly using these poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone)-grafted starch are described for use in film applications.

Abstract: A method for producing sucrose-based epoxy monomers having one to eight epoxy groups per molecule of sucrose, which comprises reacting a mixture comprising: a sucrose monomer having an allyl-containing group on at least one of the hydroxyl groups, and a reagent or catalyst selected from molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium and peracid, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or a derivative thereof, in relative amounts sufficient to produce a sucrose-based epoxy monomer. Monomers thus produced are also provided. The sucrose-based epoxy monomers can be cured to produce a sucrose-based epoxy resin. Such resins are useful, for example, as adhesives, composites and coatings.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a water-swellable, generally water-insoluble modified polysaccharide having improved age-stable absorption properties. The method involves forming a mixture of a modified polysaccharide, water, and, optionally, a crosslinking agent, recovering the modified polysaccharide from the mixture and, optionally, heat-treating said recovered modified polysaccharide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing a sized synthetic fiber comprising the steps of (a) preparing a sizing composition for synthetic materials used in textile manufacturing comprising (i) a lubricant or wetting agent and (ii) a binder composition comprising starch and a reaction product of styrene and 1,3-butadiene wherein said starch is characterized by an intrinsic viscosity of from about 0.07 dl/g to about 0.35 dl/g; (b) sizing synthetic fiber with the sizing composition of step (a); and (c) removing excess sizing composition from the sized fiber.

Abstract: A process for continuously producing a linear lactide copolymer having a weight-average molecular weight of from 20,000 to 400,000 using a continuous reaction apparatus composed of three or more stirred flow reactors connected in series, which process comprises the steps of continuously feeding from 50 to 98 parts by weight of a lactide and from 2 to 50 parts by weight of a polymer having a hydroxyl group in a molten state or as dissolved in a solvent to the first reactor of said continuous reaction apparatus, and transferring the reaction mixture from said first reactor to the following reactors successively while maintaining the reaction pressure and the reaction temperature in every reactor in the range of from 1 to 5 atm. and of from 140.degree. to 210.degree. C., respectively, to conduct ring opening copolymerization. According to the process of the present invention, the production problems associated with conventional continuous production methods for lactide copolymers, i.e.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a surface-crosslinked, modified polysaccharide having improved absorption properties. The method involves forming a mixture of water and a crosslinking agent, adding a generally water-soluble, modified polysaccharide to said mixture wherein the surface of the polysaccharide becomes crosslinked, and drying the modified polysaccharide. Also described is a surface-crosslinked, modified polysaccharide having improved absorption properties.

Abstract: To prepare a biodegradable plastic, biodegradable materials such as starches and a non-biodegradable polymer such as a polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene, polypropylene, or polycarbonate are treated: (1) under heat, pressure and reagents to break the polymers; and (2) by adding to them an oxidizing agent. This treatment forms and/or makes available reactive groups for bonding: (1) on the biodegradable material groups such as aldehyde or hydroxyl groups in the case of the carbohydrates and amine groups in the case of proteins and certain other compounds such as urea; and (2) on the non-biodegradable plastic groups such as aldehydes, methyl, propyl, ethyl, benzyl or hyroxyl groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrophilic, swellable graft polymers which comprise, in a random distribution, from 0.5 to 50% by weight of radicals of the general formula I ##STR1## and radicals of the general formula II ##STR2## from 49 to 99% by weight of radicals of the general formula III ##STR3## containing an acid group, and from 0.1 to 2% by weight of radicals of a crosslinking agent which are derived from monomers containing at least two olefinically unsaturated double bonds, where the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.4, X and Y and n and m are where X and Y, independently of one another are COCH.sub.3, CH.sub.2 COOR.sup.2, COCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOH ##STR4## n and m, independently of one another, are 2 to 300, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sup.2, independently of one another, are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R.sup.

Abstract: A plasticized cellulose acetate is described with a content of a modified cellulose acetate A comprising a grafted oligomer of a cyclic ester, in particular in the form of .epsilon.-caprolactone, which comprises additionally a plasticizing agent in the form of an oligomer B of a cyclic ester, and the terminal carboxyl group of the oligomer is esterified with an alcohol or an alcohol derivative having at least one free hydroxyl group, with a boiling point of at least approximately 120.degree. C. and a melting point of no more than approximately 180.degree. C. and the ratio of weight of component A to B is represented by the formula (I)0.3.ltoreq.A/(A+B).ltoreq.0.95 (I).This plasticized cellulose acetate can be produced advantageously for example when an oligomer B in the form of the reaction product of a cyclic ester, in particular in the form of .epsilon.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a surface-crosslinked, modified polysaccharide having improved absorption properties. The method involves forming a mixture of water and a crosslinking agent, adding a generally water-soluble, modified polysaccharide to said mixture wherein the surface of the polysaccharide becomes crosslinked, and drying the modified polysaccharide. Also described is a surface-crosslinked, modified polysaccharide having improved absorption properties.

Abstract: Compounds are provided for use in an electrolyte comprising repeating unit selected from the group consisting of cyclic and heterocyclic species having y carbon atoms and z heteroatoms, X, and where y is 4, 5 or 6 and z is 0, 1 or 2. The heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, S and N. The repeating unit is further substituted by four to six pendant groups having the formula, (CHR.sub.1).sub.m O(CHR.sub.1 CHR.sub.1 O).sub.n Y, where the majority of pendant groups comprises at least two O and further,in which m is 0 or 1,in which n is in the range of 0 to 25,in which each R.sub.1 is the same or different and R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, allylic and alkenyl radicals having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and Y, andin which each Y is the same or different and Y is a functional group selected from the group consisting of polymerizable functionalities, plasticizing agents and ionic species. Electrolytes, plasticizers and macro-ions prepared from these compounds are described.

Abstract: A dried film reinforced with coalescable water insoluble polymer particles which are substantially noncoalesced is disclosed. Also disclosed are dried films reinforced with noncoalesced water insoluble polymer particles which are readily water dispersible. Also disclosed are stable aqueous dispersions for formation of such films which comprise (a) a water insoluble component comprising coalescable polymer particles which have a T.sub.g less than 55.degree. C. and a majority of which have a particle size of less than 1 micron; and (b) a water soluble component which comprises a water soluble polymer capable of inhibiting coalescence of the polymer particles, or a water soluble polymer and a component capable of inhibiting coalescence of the polymer particles.

Abstract: A polycationic system for the removal of polyanions from a fluid medium is formed by, first, activating a biocompatible hydroxylated support with an organic sulfonyl chloride, such as p-toluene-sulfonyl chloride, in the presence of a dialkylamino pyridine activation catalyst, such as 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP). The activated support is then reacted with a polymer having a polyamide backbone with pendent alkyl amine groups, such as poly-L-lysine (PLL), to form C--N bonds between an activated carbon from the hydroxylated polymer and an amine group from the polymeric polyamide. Finally, any unreacted activated sites on the hydroxylated polymer are capped or removed with an effective amount of capping agent such as a mercapto (--SH), hydroxy (--OH) or amino (--NH.sub.2) containing compound which reacts with the unreacted activated sites. The pendent alkyl amines on the polyamide backbone exist, at the appropriate pH, as polycations.

Abstract: The present invention provides graft copolymers that are highly absorbent to aqueous electrolyte solutions.

Abstract: Cyclodextrin containing polymeric siloxanes wherein the cyclodextrin is connected to the polymeric siloxane by a single linking member connected to the 2, 3 or 6-position of the cyclodextrin are disclosed. These polymers are chemically and thermally stable to gas, supercritical fluid chromatographic conditions. The single arm attachment provides cyclodextrin containing polysiloxane polymers having synthesis reproducibility from batch to batch resulting in consistent chromatographic performance of the resulting chiral phases. The use of such polymers as chiral stationary phases in analytical and preparative gas, supercritical fluid and liquid chromatographic separations, and particularly for analysis of enantiomeric and other stereoisomeric mixtures of various substances is shown.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for treating, and in particular for abrading surfaces, utilizing glass-like polysaccharide grits. The invention also extends to novel glass-like polysaccharide products, especially starches, and to processes for the production thereof. Additionally, there is disclosed cross-linked polysaccharide materials and glass-like starches having a substantially occluded water component. Combinations of these various polysaccharide grits and other abrasive grit materials are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for treating, and in particular for abrading surfaces, utilizing glass-like polysaccharide grits. The invention also extends to novel glass-like polysaccharide products, especially starches, and to processes for the production thereof. Additionally, there is disclosed cross-linked polysaccharide materials and glass-like starches having a substantially occluded water component. Combinations of these various polysaccharide grits and other abrasive grit materials are also disclosed.

Abstract: To form a binder from naturally occurring products without extraction or purification steps, the binder utilizes proteins from the germ or endosperm of cereal grasses or from the seed of buckwheat, oil seed plants, Amaranthus or leguminous plants or from leaves. The protein has a thermoplastic microstructure with linear polymers of moleculer weight of at least 2,000 linked with peptide linkages of at least 50 in number. The naturally occurring product is ground or milled without further processing and thus includes carbohydrates, particularly as cellulose, and possibly fats, yeast or materials yielding ash upon burning, with the carbohydrates being at least 5 percent of the proteins by weight. The binder may include some initiators or catalysts to polymerize fats or other initiators or catalysts to polymerize proteins.

Abstract: The present invention provides graft copolymers that are highly absorbent to aqueous electrolyte solutions.

Abstract: A new composition of matter that can be substituted as a bulking agent for sugar or starch to reduce the caloric content of foods comprising the polymeric product of the reaction of a water-soluble polyol with a di- or tri-epoxide, in water containing a water-soluble inorganic base that serves as a catalyst, and the process for making it.

Abstract: A method of converting a toxic composition containing an aldehyde to a composition which is substantially non-toxic. The aldehyde is reacted with a compound having protic oxygen or nitrogen atoms and a polyimine or polyimine derivative to absorb or swell the aldehyde-containing composition and preferably to yield a substantially solid reaction product by way of a substantially irreversible reaction.

Abstract: Herbicidal compositions are provided which contain combinations of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and sulfuric acid, and/or combinations of glyphosate, sulfuric acid and a chalcogen-containing compound of the formula R.sub.1 --CX--R.sub.2 wherein X is a chalcogen compound of the formula R.sub.1 --CX--R.sub.2 wherein X is selected from oxygen and sulfur, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently selected from hydrogen, monovalent organic radicals, NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 and NR.sub.5, at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 being NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 or NR.sub.5, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from hydrogen and monovalent organic radicals, and R.sub.5 is a divalent organic radical. Such compositions contain reaction products of glyphosate and sulfuric acid, and/or of glyphosate, sulfuric acid and the chalcogen compound, and they may also contain excess glyphosate or sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Anionically dyeable smooth-dry crosslinked cellulose is produced by modifying cellulose-containing material with the combination of a hydroxyalkylamine or a hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salt, one or more glycols, and a crosslinking agent. The reaction is typically catalyzed with salts such as zinc nitrate or magnesium chloride used either alone or in conjunction with citric acid. Types of usable anionic dyes include acid, direct, and reactive dyes. The cellulose-containing material may be in the form of fibers, threads, linters, roving, fabrics, yarns, slivers and paper.

Abstract: Graft polysaccharides comprising a polymer backbone consisting essentially of a polydextrose having an average-weight molecular mass of less than 10,000 and grafts grafted thereon derived from a water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The graft polysaccharides are useful as sequestering agents for alkaline-earth metal ions.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of oligosaccharides, using polymer supported methodology. By this method, which offers anomeric control, oligosaccharides are produced very rapidly in comparison with known methodologies. Thus, there is disclosed a process for the preparation of oligosaccharides which comprisesa) forming a synthon of a saccharide and a monomethylether of polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof, the synthon having a linkage between the oligosaccharide and the monomethylether of polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof, which linkage can be severed under conditions that do not damage glycosidic or other bonds in a desired end product;b) subjecting the synthon to repeated additions of a suitable glycosylating agent to form a desired oligosaccharide-polyethylene glycol linked product;c) isolating the linked product as a solid;d) purifying this solid; ande) releasing the oligosaccharide from the polyethylene glycol.

Abstract: A method of making a novel sugar-based polymer is disclosed. A sugar and an organic acid derivative having at least two carboxylate functionalities are mixed in a substantially non-aqueous organic solvent with a hydrolytic enzyme and, thereafter, the resulting mixture is agitated for a time sufficient to allow for the polymerization of the sugar. The resulting sugar-based polymer has sugar incorporated in the polymer backbone.

Abstract: Functionalized poly(hydroxyalkanoate) derivatives having the general structural formula: ##STR1## wherein Y is hydrogen, a saccharide moiety or an alkenyl moiety having a molecular weight in the range of from about 25 to about 100,000; R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are, independently, hydrogen, an aromatic moiety, an alkyl moiety or an alkenyl moiety, said alkyl moiety or alkenyl moiety including from one to about nine carbon atoms; A is carbonyl or methylene; X is oxygen or imino (--NH); Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a saccharide moiety, an alkyl moiety and an alkenyl moiety having a molecular weight in the range of from about 25 to about 100,000, with the proviso that if Y is hydrogen, Z is not hydrogen; r.sub.1, r.sub.2 and r.sub.

Abstract: Heptasaccharides containing bivalent receptor determinants for the influenza virus of human isolates which inhibit binding of the virus to host cells as well as other saccharides used in preparation of the heptasaccharides are provided.

Abstract: A biocompatible polyester which has improved hydrolyzability obtained by bonding saccharide to the structure of a polymer consisting of a glycolic acid unit and/or a lactic acid unit, and a process for Preparing the biocompatible polyester are disclosed.

Abstract: Heptasaccharides containing bivalent receptor determinants for the influenza virus of human isolates which inhibit binding of the virus to host cells as well as other saccharides used in preparation of the heptasaccharides are provided.

Abstract: Environmentally benign closed cell compositions made by foaming star-shaped polymers with a plurality of poly(hydroxy acid) chains attached to a central polyfunctional compound having a plurality of hydroxyl and/or amino groups.

Abstract: The process allows obtaining thermosetting resins resistant to boiling water. A chemical body having at least two methylol functions per molecule, is reacted with a chemical compound having at least two hydrogen functions per molecule, so as to create polymerization links of the type: ##STR1## Such resins can be used in particular for manufacturing plywood or chipboards.

Abstract: Functionalized poly(hydroxyalkanoate) derivatives having the general structural formula: ##STR1## wherein Y is hydrogen, a saccharide moiety or an alkenyl moiety having a molecular weight in the range of from about 25 to about 100,000; R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are, independently, hydrogen, an aromatic moiety, an alkyl moiety or an alkenyl moiety, said alkyl moiety or alkenyl moiety including from one to about nine carbon atoms; A is carbonyl or methylene; X is oxygen or imino (--NH); Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a saccharide moiety, an alkyl moiety and an alkenyl moiety having a molecular weight in the range of from about 25 to about 100,000, with the proviso that if Y is hydrogen, Z is not hydrogen; r.sub.1, r.sub.2 and r.sub.

Abstract: Polysaccharide graft polymers are prepared by semi-continuous reverse-phase suspension polymerization, partial dewatering and crosslinking, wherein during and after the suspension polymerization, in which an aqueous solution of an at least partially neutralized, olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid is added to a suspension of a polysaccharide in a nonpolar organic solvent, the viscosity is reduced by adding amphoteric ammonium compounds or quaternary imidazolinium salts to the reaction medium.

Abstract: Finely divided polysaccharide graft polymers having a high absorption capacity for urine and water are prepared by semi-continuous reverse-phase suspension polymerization, in which an aqueous solution of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and an initiator is metered continuously into a suspension of a polysaccharide in an organic solvent and the polymer obtained is subsequently partial dehydrated and the crosslinked.

Abstract: A method of thickening, stabilizing, controlling mobility, or enhancing water retention in aqueous media and electrolyte-containing aqueous media employs neutrally-charged polyamphoteric graft copolymers of polysaccharides with zwitterionic monomers or cationic/anionic monomer pairs. These polyampholytes are characterized by their unique resistance to loss of intrinsic viscosity in the presence of electrolytes. These polyampholytes may be prepared by an inverse emulsion method of graft copolymerization. One such electrolyte-tolerant polyampholyte is a novel composition prepared by graft copolymerization of guar gum.

Abstract: An aqueous, salt stable polymeric dispersion comprising the reaction product of a thinned, gelatinized starch and one or more vinyl monomers, said monomer(s) comprising at least 10% 1,3-butadiene by weight is disclosed.

Abstract: A stable aqueous polymeric dispersion comprising a graft copolymer of thinned, gelatinized starch and one or more vinyl grafting monomers, the vinyl monomers including at least 10% by weight 1,3-butadiene is disclosed. Also disclosed are paper coating color compositions comprising the polymeric dispersions and pigments and improved high gloss papers coated with the coating color compositions.

Abstract: The invention describes a method of producing a molding compound on the basis of starch and a plasticizer starting product, characterized in that the starch and the plasticizer starting product are simultaneously reacted with ethylene oxide in one and the same reaction vessel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing an adjustable-viscosity cationized starch in which, in a process step in the presence of 10 to 35 wt. % water and preferably 0.01 to 2.00 wt. % of a finely-divided silica and/or silicate (in each case relative to the total amount of mixture) the starch is homogenized with an alkaline oxide, hydroxide, silicate aluminate or mixtures thereof, an alkylene epoxide and a peroxo compound or a mixture of at least two peroxo compounds and then boiled in known manner at the desired time.

Abstract: Monomers such as hydrophobic olefinically unsaturated monomers have been grafted onto maltodextrins and other low molecular weight starch hydrolyzates to prepare stable fluid emulsions of coatable viscosity and reduced graininess. Polymer films of high tensile strength which are useful in a variety of applications, including high temperature applications may be formed by casting and drying these emulsions.

Abstract: A large class of crosslinked cyclodextrin resins soluble in water to an extent under about 200 ppm but soluble in an organic solvent to an extent of at least 0.1 weight percent have good film-forming properties with a wide variety of solid phase substrates. The films exhibit excellent adhesive properties toward virtually all solid surfaces which consequently can be readily coated with a thin film having a multiplicity of cyclodextrin moieties available at the surface for seperation and/or purification. Such coated substrates can be prepared in a variety of sizes, shapes, and cyclodextrin loading quite conveniently and relatively inexpensively.

Abstract: The invention describes the preparation and use of cellulose esters grafted with silicon-containing thiol pendent groups which can serve as crosslinking agents during free radical polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated materials. The grafted cellulose esters provide a crosslinked polymeric network with enhanced solvent resistance and hardness properties when used in conjunction with ethylenically unsaturated materials.

Abstract: A graft copolymer is made by grafting, by a free radical reaction mechanism in aqueous solution, water soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomeric material on to a water soluble substrate having hydroxyl groups, and the free radicals are formed on the substrate using an oxidizing metal capable of being reduced by the substrate to a lower valency state (for instance cerium) and persulphate or other peroxy compound capable of oxidizing the metal back to a higher valency state. The process is preferably conducted as a reverse phase polymerization process and the invention includes also a novel reverse phase emulsion comprising a dispersion of reverse phase polymer particles of a graft copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran or starch with acrylamide and acrylic acid and/or AMPS.

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of a highly water-absorbing resin comprising a polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition mainly composed of an ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and/or an alkali metal salt thereof. The process comprises incorporating an oil-soluble polyfunctional epoxy compound having a solubility in 100 g of water at 20.degree. C. of not more than 0.3 g into the polymer by adding 0.0005-3 parts by weight of the oil-soluble polyfunctional epoxy compound to 100 parts by weight of the polymer or the monomer composition to be subjected to polymerization and thereby causing crosslinking.