Abstract: A method of preparing C-5 substituted nucleotides by reacting a C-5 posit mercurated nucleoside with an alkyl or aryl disulfide in the presence of palladium(II) ion. The resulting new method for attaching linker arms to nucleic acids (DNA,RNA) provides a wide ranging reaction far more useful than those heretofore developed, and allows preparation of modified components with linking reactive functionality that allows usefulness as probes, therapeutics, and for DNA sequencing.

Abstract: The process uses two steps to separate the sugar ester from the crude sugar ester reaction product. The first step entails forming a precipitate of sugar ester from a mixture of alcohol, water and crude sugar ester reaction product. In a second subsequent step, the recovered sugar ester precipitate is washed with an organic solvent.

Abstract: A process for the chlorination of sucrose-6-esters to produce 6',4,1'-trichlorosucrose-6-esters which comprises the steps of:(a) adding at least seven molar equivalents of an acid chloride to a reaction mixture containing a sucrose-6-ester and a tertiary amide to form initially a chloroformiminium chloride salt which subsequently forms a complex with the hydroxyl groups of the sucrose-6-ester;(b) subjecting the reaction mixture product of step (a) to an elevated temperature not higher than about 85.degree. C. for a period of time sufficient to produce a mixture of chlorinated sucrose-6-ester products consisting essentially of 6'-chlorosucrose-6-ester, 4,6'-dichlorosucrose-6-ester, and 1',6'-dichlorosucrose-6-ester; and(c) subjecting the reaction mixture product of step (b) to an elevated temperature not higher than about 125.degree. C. for a period of time sufficient to produce a chlorinated product consisting essentially of 1',4,6'-trichlorosucrose-6-ester.

Abstract: A second-step virus binding receptor is found in nature on the surface of animal and plant cells. This receptor is thought to be needed for virus penetration into target cells. The second-step receptor has been found to bind a wide variety of viruses belonging to a number of different families. The second-step receptor and natural or synthetic substances which correspond to or are analogous to the binding epitope of the second-step receptor in that they are able to bind to a site on the virus which recognizes the binding epitope of the natural second-step receptor, are therefore indicated for the diagnosis, prophylaxis or treatment of viral infections.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of fructosyl oligosaccharides as low-calorie sweeteners, and the foods, dietetic products and drinks containing them.

Abstract: Sugars and partly protected sugar derivatives are chlorinated by reaction of unprotected hydroxyl groups with thionyl chloride to form a persulphite followed by decomposition of the sulphite groups to form chlorosulphites, displacement of the chlorosulphite groups and insertion of chlorine atoms at one or more positions, characterised in that formation and displacement of the chlorosulphite groups and insertion of chlorine atoms is effected by reaction with thionyl chloride in an inert solvent in the presence of a quaternary salt of the general formula:N.sup.+ R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 Cl.sup.- (I)wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, which may be the same or different, each represent a lower alkyl group, and R.sup.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a process for the synthesis of polyol fatty acid polyesters comprising a two-stage transesterification of polyol to polyester, involving a pressure control such that in the first stage the esterification is not allowed to proceed beyond the mono- and/or oligoester, and in the second stage the esterification is continued to the polyester product.

Abstract: Disclosed are a polysaccharide derivative having the structure: ##STR1## and a polysaccharide graft polymer having the structure: Sacch-O-(G).sub.m -(M)-.sub.n, wherein Sacch- is a polysaccharide; m is zero or one; G is the residue of a polymerizable, unsaturated monomer which is bonded to the polysaccharide in an ether or ester linkage; n is greater than one; M is the residue of one or more polymerizable, unsaturated, monomer(s), at least one of which is a siloxane-containing monomer, which have been grafted to the polysaccharide by free radical polymerization; R is an organic group which is bonded to the polysaccharide by an ether or ester linkage and to the silicon by a carbon-silicon linkage; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or alkenyl group, or an aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl group; and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are, independently, straight or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or alkenyl groups, or aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl groups, or alkoxides of straight or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: A porous polysaccharide gel is cross-linked in that(a) the gel is substituted with a monofunctional reagent having at least one functional group that can be activated,(b) the functional group of the reagent is activated,(c) the activated group is reacted,(d) the resulting product is, optionally, reacted with the monofunctional reagent,(e) the steps (b) and (c) are repeated, and(f) the steps (d) and (e) are repeated at least once.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyol fatty acid esters, in which fatty acid esters are reacted with a polyol having at least 4 hydroxyl groups, or an ester thereof, wherein the fatty acid soap comprises at least 75% of a short-chain fatty acid soap, having a fatty acid chain length of less than 15 carbon atoms. Further the invention relates to the use of the polyol fatty acid esters thus prepared in foodstuffs, pharmaceutical compositions, detergents and coating compositions.

Abstract: A catalytic process for polymerizing epoxides using active hydrogen initiators forming polyols having low unsaturation levels and high primary hydroxyl levels. The catalysts useful in this process are prepared from catalyst precursors exemplified by hydrotalcite. This process is more reactive with less acidic active hydrogen initiators. The polyols can be used in urethanes without removal of the catalyst.

Abstract: Modified galactomannans are described having a total molar substitution exceeding 0.7 and containing an average of between 0.7 and 4 hydrophilic substituents and between 0.0001 and 0.02 hydrophobic substituents per anhydroglycosidic unit, the molar ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic substituents being between 35:1 and 40,000:1.A process for their preparation is also described.When dissolved in water, the compounds of the invention have the property of modifying the rheological properties of aqueous solutions by increasing their viscosity and their suspending properties, thus making them particularly suitable for industrial use in the paint, paper, and ceramic production sectors and as printing aids in the textile field, as aids in the preparation of fluids used in hydrocarbon research and production, and generally in any application in which such properties are required.

Abstract: A process for producing a sucrose fatty acid polyester comprises reacting sucrose with fatty acid lower alcohol ester(s) in a solvent in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, wherein said fatty acid lower alcohol ester(s) are employed in an amount at least 5 times by mol as much as said sucrose. The alkaline catalyst component is removed from the reaction product thus obtained and the obtained sucrose fatty acid polyester-containing solution is catalytically treated with activated clay. This process enables the production of a sucrose fatty acid polyester containing an extremely small amount of ash components and having an extremely low color value. The alkaline catalyst used in this process may be recovered and reused, which further makes the process of the present invention advantageous.

Abstract: Sucrose is reacted with a 1,3-di(hydrocarbyloxy)-1,1,3,3-tetra(hydrocarbyl)distannoxane to produce a 1,3-di-(6-O-sucrose)-1,1,3,3-tetra(hydrocarbyl)distannoxane, which can be acylated to produce a sucross-6-ester.

Abstract: Surface active glycosides are made by reaction of monose or polyose with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst composition containing acid catalyst and reducing agent; the color properties of the glycosodes so made makes them attractive for use in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and household products. Suitable reducing agents include phosphorous, hypophosphorous, sulphurous, hyposulphurous, nitrous and hyponitrous acids. Suitable catalysts include the known etherification catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for modifying and increasing the water solubility of cyclodextrins in a moderate controlled progressive reaction and in particular to producing derivatives of cyclodextrins in a substantially anhydrous reaction with an alkylene carbonate such as ethylene carbonate in an alkaline environment.

Abstract: Novel arabinopyranosyl nucleoside derivatives having the heterocyclic moiety and fluorine at the 2' position of the sugar ring (pyranose configuration), which have antitumor, antiviral and antimicrobial properties, are prepared by condensation of a pyrimidine, purine or 1,3-oxazine base with an acylated 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-D-arabinopyranoside and/or acylated 2-deoxy-2-bromo-2-fluoro-D-arabinopyranoside.

Abstract: Dialkylaminoalkyl-hydroxyalkyl ethers of polygalactomannan are useful as thickening agents for aqueous fluids.

Abstract: A process for the dry etherification of granular starch is disclosed. The process is carried out in the presence of an alkaline catalyst and water, and in the presence of an organic acid in the solid state, which organic acid has a solubility at 25.degree. C. ranging from 0.2 to 5 g in 100 g water. Examples of suitable organic acids are fumaric acid and adipic acid.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of capped polyoxyalkylene block polyethers with exceptionally low hydroxyl numbers and correspondingly high capping efficiency. This improvement is accomplished through the use of cesium hydroxide catalysis during oxyethylation.

Abstract: There is described a water soluble compound having a molecular weight of from about 70,000 to about 2,000,000 and having the formula I,B--X--(PS)--X--(H) Iin which PS is a polysaccharide of molecular weight from about 2,000 to about 2,000,000,X is a covalently bonded chemical bridging group,H is a group Hb or Hb--ZB is a blocked activating groupHb is a hemoglobin residue, andZ is an oxygen affinity reducing ligand containing two or more phosphate groups.There are also described processes for making the compounds, and their formulations and use as oxygen transporting agents.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing alkyloligoglycosides. Alkyloligoglycosides nand alkylglycosides having alkyl groups with 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which are of interest in home economics and in the cosmetics industry, can be manufactured by glycosidation and transglycosidation. Light-colored alkyloligoglycosides and alkylglycosides are manufactured from saccharides and alcohols by glycosidation and transglycosidation with the addition of salts of inorganic acids, or polybasic saturated carboxylic acids, and by bleaching of the final products with peroxides.

Abstract: Deuterated aromatic aldehydes of the formula: ##STR1## where Ar is substituted phenyl, and derivatives thereof represented by the formula: ##STR2## where Ar is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are substituted hetero atoms or together with the carbon to which they are attached from a heterocycle. These compounds are useful as anticancer agents.

Abstract: Disclosed are a glycosidation catalyst comprising at least one of heteropoly acids represented by the formulaH.sub.a X.sub.p M.sub.q O.sub.r .multidot.bH.sub.2 Owherein X is P, As, Si or Ge, M is at least one species selected from the group consisting of Mo, W and V, a is 3 4 or 6, b is an integer of 0 to 30, p is 1 or 2, q is 12 or 18, and r is 40 or 62, with the proviso that when X is P or As, a is 3 or 6; when X is Si or Ge, a is 4; and further (1) when X is P or As and a is 3, or when X is Si or Ge and a is 4, M is at least one species selected from the group consisting of Mo, W and V, p is 1, q is 12 and r is 40; and (2) when X is P or As and a is 6, M is Mo or W, p is 2, q is 18 and r is 62, and a process for preparing a glycoside derivative by using said catalyst.

Abstract: Alkyl ethers of polygalactomannans wherein the alkyl groups contain 1 to 4 carbon atoms are further modified with long chain aliphatic epoxides wherein the long chains contain 8 to about 28 carbon atoms. The resulting derivatized polygalactomannans are particularly useful as thickening agents for aqueous systems.

Abstract: A second-step virus binding receptor is found in nature on the surface of animal and plant cells. This receptor is thought to be needed for virus penetration into target cells. The second-step receptor has been found to bind a wide variety of viruses belonging to a number of different families. The second-step receptor and natural or synthetic substances which correspond to or are analogous to the binding epitope of the second-step receptor in that they are able to bind to a site on the virus which recognizes the binding epitope of the natural second-step receptor, are therefore indicated for the diagnosis, prophylaxis or treatment of viral infections.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing alkyloligoglycosides. Alkyloligoglycosides and alkylglycosides having alkyl groups with 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which are of interest in home economics and in the cosmetics industry, can be manufactured by glycosidation and transglycosidation. Light-colored alkyloligoglycosides and alkylglycosides are manufactured from saccharides and alcohols by glycosidation and transglycosidation with the addition of polar polymeric complex-forming agents, and by bleaching of the final products with peroxides.

Abstract: Remarkably good surfactancy characteristics are exhibited by alkylene oxide (e.g., ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, etc.) adducts of relatively low degree of polymerication, (D.P.), long chain glycoside compositions of the sort which are predominantly composed of long chain monoglycoside species and in which the types and relative proportions of any long chain polyglycoside species contained therein are such that the average degree of polymerization of such long chain glycoside constituents is less than 2.7.The subject low D.P. long chain polyglycoside alkylene oxide adducts exhibit surfactancy and/or detergency characteristics at least about as good as, and in some respects substantially better than, the corresponding alkylene oxide adducts of higher D.P. long chain glycoside materials.

Abstract: Compounds of the forulae I and Ia ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is a group which can be transferred to carbonyl or imine compounds, for example alkyl, allyl, vinyl or the radical of an enol or enamine, R.sup.2 is, for example, cyclopentadienyl, R.sup.3 is the radical of an optically active sugar or sugar derivative, Me is Ti, Zr or Hf, x is 0, 1 or 2 and y is 0, 1, 2 or 3, M.sym. is Li.sym., Na.sym., K.sym., MgY.sym., ZnY.sym., CdY.sym., HgY, CuY.sym. or quaternary ammonium, Y being halogen, are suitable for use as chiral reactants for compounds containing aldehyde, keto and/or N-substituted imine groups.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is H, Cl, F, Br, I or R.sub.1 S--, in which R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 linear or branched chain alkyl or halogenated linear or branched chain alkyl, andwherein R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and each is H-- or --OH,with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is hydroxy and the further proviso that when R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are all OH, R.sub.1 is other than methyl, are useful in inhibiting the growth of MTR kinase-dependent microorganisms and parasitic protazoans. The compounds wherein R is R.sub.1 S are novel, except those wherein R.sub.1 is methyl or isobutyl when R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are all OH.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a modified polyhydroxy compound, which is characterized in that a polyhydroxy compound is heated for 30 minutes or more at a temperature ranging from 150.degree. to 250.degree. C. under stirring and in the presence of tin, tin compounds such as tin halogenide, tin hydroxide and tin oxide. The polyhydroxy compound modified by this method is effective in improving the foamability and mechanical strength of urethane foam, when it is used as a raw material in the manufacture of urethane foam.

Abstract: New 8-substituted nucleoside and purine derivatives of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents an amino group or an hydroxy group possibly in the corresponding keto tautomeric form, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or an amino group, R.sub.2 is hydrogen or a .beta.-D-ribofuranosyl radical wherein the primary hydroxy group and/or the two secondary hydroxy groups may be derivatized, R.sub.3 is an optionally substituted aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl radical and, X is --O-- or --S--. The new compounds have antihyperlipaemic activity.

Abstract: A novel beta-1,3-glucan (ganoderan) is produced by culturing a microorganism of genus Ganoderma. Ganoderan is composed of a backbone structure of beta-1,3-linked D-glucopyranose residues bearing, at some of the C-6 positions, side chains of single beta-1,6-linked D-glucopyranose residue, and, at some of the C-2 positions, side chains of another type wherein 2-4 D-glucopyranose residues are linked via beta-1,4-linkage. Hydrogenation of ganoderan leads to the formation of a polyol-type ganoderan. Intact- and polyol-type ganoderans both having a strong antioncotic activity. They are usable in chemicals, food products, pharmaceuticals, etc.

Abstract: Polymeric polyols are prepared by reacting a polyhydroxy initiator compound with an epoxide in the presence of alkali metal hydroxide catalyst used in an amount of at least 10% by mole based on the molar amount of polyhydroxy initiator compounds. The polyols so obtained may be chain extended by reaction with further epoxide in the presence of at least 10% by mole of an alkali metal hydroxide catalyst based on the molar amount of the polymeric polyol.

Abstract: A process for the dry cationization of galactomannans by reaction with alkylidene epoxides in an alkaline medium in the presence of water at 5.degree. to 60.degree. C. and in the presence of finely divided, hydrophilic silicic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing etoposide by reacting a 4'-halogenoacetyl-4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-.beta.-D-2,3-di-O-halogeno acetyl-4,6-O-ethylideneglucoside represented by the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which may be the same or different, represent each --COCHX.sub.2 or --COCX.sub.3, wherein X represents a halogen atom, with an alcohol, an amine, and/or ammonia to remove the halogenoacetyl groups.

Abstract: A method for lowering the reducing sugar content of glycoside compositions by adding 1 to 10 wt. % of an orthoformic ester or an acetal of a low-boiling ketone is described. Reducing sugar contents can be lowered from 1 to 3 wt. % to 0.05 to 0.3 wt. % using compounds such as trimethyl orthoformate, triethyl orthoformate and 2,2-dimethoxypropane. Glycoside compositions particularly useful in this method are those formed by the catalytic reaction of starch hydrolysates with low molecular weight polyols. Such glycoside compositions are useful to make high molecular weight polyols having low color suitable for incorporation into polyurethane foams.

Abstract: Glycoside products are successfully prepared directly from aqueous saccharide solutions or syrups, and with acceptably low levels of undesired higher polysaccharide by-products, by dissolving same in the desired alcohol reactant and contacting the resulting homogeneous aqueous saccharide+alcohol solution with an acid catalyst material in a fashion such that substantially no separate or distinct, predominantly aqueous saccharide solution phase is permitted to come into contact with said acid catalyst material under conditions conducive to homopolymerization of said saccharide reactant.

Abstract: Chromogenic substrates of the formula A--O--B are described, in which A represents the radical in the ion A--O.sup.- of a compound A--OH, whose absorbance is measured photometrically after hydrolysis of A--O--B, while B is the radical in a compound B--OH which makes the compound specific for the reaction with a given enzyme, and where A--OH is a hydroxynitropyridine, a hydroxynitrobenzopyranone, a dibenzox(or thi)azine or a dibenzopyranone or a derivative thereof, and B is a sugar or sugar derivative, an amino acid or an oligopeptide or an inorganic acid.These compounds can be used for the detection and determination of hydrolases.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## in which R and R.sub.1, independently of one another, each represent a straight-chained or branched alkyl or alkoyl radical containing up to 6 carbon atoms or a phenyl radical or R and R.sub.1 together also form a methylene bridge, the hydrogen atoms of which, independently of one another, can each be substituted by an alkyl radical containing up to 5 carbon atoms or a phenyl radical, R.sub.2 represents an oligoglucoside residue containing 2 to 7 glucose units and X is a hydrogen atom or an optically-determinable residue.The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of these compounds.

Abstract: Polyethers of the formula: ##STR1## wherein: R is the residue of a starting active hydrogen compound with removal of the active hydrogen atom, R.sub.1 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl or aryl, R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl, R.sub.3 is H, CH.sub.3, C.sub.2 H.sub.5 or phenyl, x is 5-100, y is 1-5, and z is 2-8 are less active than those having primary or secondary alcoholic function at terminals.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are novel .alpha.,.alpha.-trehalose fatty acid diester derivatives useful as carcinostatic substances and surface-activating materials and represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 means an alkyl group having 1-21 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 denotes a hydrogen atom or carbobenzoxy group, and R.sup.3 stands for a hydrogen atom or benzyl group. Their preparation processes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Sugar ketals are prepared by reacting a sugar with a ketone in the presence of an acid catalyst by a process in whichA. a molecular boron trifluoride compound or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is used in an amount of only from 0.01 to 10% by weight, based on the sugar used,B. up to a 30-fold molar excess of the ketone is used andC. the water formed during the reaction is removed continuously from the reaction mixture.In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the process, the boron trifluoride is used in the form of boron trifluoride etherate and, when the reaction is complete, this compound or the trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is rendered ineffective under non-aqueous conditions, after which the ketone is evaporated off and the reaction mixture is then subjected to fractional distillation. The process is particularly important for the reaction of L-sorbose with acetone to obtain 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-L-sorbofuranose, which is required for the synthesis of ascorbic acid.

Abstract: A separation material of crosslinked agarose in which the agarose is crosslinked using at least one bi- or polyfunctional crosslinking agent, which gives a chain of 6 to 12 atoms between two binding points, on one hand and using at least one bifunctional crosslinking agent, which gives a chain of 2 to 5 atoms between two binding points on the other.The separation material is prepared by crosslinking agarose in two steps with (a) a bi- or polyfunctional crosslinking agent, which gives a chain of 6 to 12 atoms between two binding points and (b) a bifunctional crosslinking agent, which gives a chain of 2 to 5 atoms between two binding points, preferably in the order mentioned.

Abstract: Polyethers having molecular weights of about 1000 to about 75,000 modified with alpha-olefin oxides having about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms exhibit increased thickening efficiency in aqueous systems. About 1 to about 20 percent by weight based upon the weight of the polyether is required, the proportion of alpha-olefin oxide modifier varying inversely with the molecular weight of the polyether. Modified polyethers, processes for the preparation of thickened aqueous systems, and thickened aqueous compositions are disclosed. The modified polyether thickening agents of the invention are particularly useful for thickening water or water-glycol mixtures which are useful as hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: A novel process is disclosed for production of ketals of 2-ketogulonic acid or of its esters, which comprises reacting 2-ketogulonic acid or its esters with a ketone in the presence of a ketal formation catalyst. The process is advantageous from the industrial point of view to give ketals of 2-ketogulonic acid or of its esters.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for production of a sugar ketal, which comprises reacting a sugar with a ketone in the presence of antimony pentachloride or antimony pentafluoride. The process offers characteristic features that the reaction can be allowed to proceed fully in a small amount of the catalyst, the objective sugar ketal being obtained in improved yields.

Abstract: A process for the alkaline refining of gum splits is provided. Also provided are hydraulic fluid fracturing compositions which contain alkaline refined gum and which exhibit superior solution viscosity and low residue after break. Also provided is a method of hydraulic fluid fracturing of the subterranean formations surrounding a well using such compositions.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## (in which X represents a hydrogen atom or an alkoxy or arylalkoxy group) are new compounds; those where X represents a hydrogen atom or a methoxy group are potent sweeteners while those with a cleavable 6-ether group are key intermediates in the preparation of 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose (TGS). They are prepared by chlorinating a sucrose 6-ether, by etherifying a suitably protected derivative of TGS or, in the case where X represents hydrogen, by debromination of 6-bromo-4,1',6'-trichloro-4,6,1',6'-tetradeoxygalactosucrose.

Abstract: A method for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen is emulsifying it with a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block polymer, a glycol ether-based surfactant, a metabolizable non-toxic oil, isoosmotic saline, and an immunopotentiating amount of an immunostimulating glycopeptide.