Abstract: A method of making a water soluble carbon nanostructure includes treating a fluorinated carbon nanostructure material with a polyol in the presence of a base. A water soluble carbon nanostructure comprises a fluorinated carbon nanostructure covalently bound to a polyol. Exemplary uses of water soluble carbon nanostructures include use in polymer composites, biosensors and drug delivery vehicles.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for producing 1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-ribofuranose in an industrially appropriate manner. The present invention provides a process for producing a 1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-ribofuranose which comprises hydrogenating a compound represented by the formula (1) or formula (2) in the presence of a metal catalyst: wherein P1 and P2 independently represent a hydrogen atom or an acyl group, OP1 and OP2 may together form an acetal group, and R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or an acyl group; wherein X1 represents Br or I, P3 and P4 independently represent a hydrogen atom or an acyl group, and R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or an acyl group.

Abstract: Cavitation is an often used mechanism for accelerating chemical reactions and for cleaning purposes. This invention describes a very simple process for generating cavitation with a vibration table through vertical excitations which generates a “water hammer” that generates very effective cavitation. A simple example is given for an industrial application of this process—splitting cellulose via sulfuric acid to glucose.

Abstract: A free-flowing, hydrophobic starch composition has a near-neutral dry product pH. Methods for making the hydrophobic starch composition by preparing an aqueous mixture comprising a starch, a siliconate, and an acid, where the aqueous mixture has a near-neutral pH, and drying the starch solids to obtain a hydrophobic starch. Novel fuel compositions comprise hydrophobic starch which can be used in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines. Hydrophobic starch compositions may be used as fuels or fuel components. Novel methods of fueling and operating internal combustion engines use hydrophobic starch as fuel or fuel components.

Abstract: Non-naturally occurring carbohydrate-based fibrous elements and more particularly, non-naturally occurring carbohydrate-based fibrous elements having a macrostructure and a microstructure wherein the microstructure is visible when wet and methods for making same are provided.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to systems and methods for treating inflammatory and proliferative diseases, enabling treatment of MDR tumor cells by using a bifunctional compound that inhibits both fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis. Thus, the invention links a fatty acid metabolism inhibitor to a glycolysis inhibitor. More particularly, the invention provides novel bifunctional compounds that link a moiety having the functionality of an oxirane carboxylic acid compound to a moiety having the functionality a glucose derivative. In specific embodiments, the invention provides a bifunctional compound that links a moiety having the functionality of etomoxir to a moiety having the functionality of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to ligand/receptor and antigen/antibody specificity exchangers comprising a saccharide or glycoconjugate. Methods of making these specificity exchangers and methods of using said specificity exchangers to treat or prevent human disease are described herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the technical field of additives or adjuncts, especially additives that have an antioxidant effect and antioxidants, for food products, animal feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The present invention above all provides an improved antioxidant agent for food products, animal feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals and also provides compositions that include this antioxidant agent as preferably the sole supplementary additive that has an antioxidant effect.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new ethoxyphenylmethyl modulators of SGLT2, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of denitrifying a solution including introducing into the solution an amount of a carbon source within a duration and at a frequency so that indigenous heterotrophic bacteria deplete dissolved oxygen in the solution and decompose oxygen from nitrate in the solution to obtain its combined oxygen. Related apparatuses and compounds also are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel glucofuranose esters and glucopyranose esters of alkyl-fumarates. The esters are suitable for use as active substances in the treatment of e.g. psoriasis or other hyperproliferative, inflammatory or autoimmune disorders.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a novel sugar-alcohol-modified organopolysiloxane compound which can have hydrophilicity effectively imparted thereto with a raw material incorporated even in a smaller amount, by using a precursor having a sugar alcohol residue, and which provides a nonionic surfactant usable in a wide range of applications. Another object is to provide processes for producing the compound. The invention relates to a sugar-alcohol-modified organopolysiloxane compound represented by formula (1) and processes for producing the compound.

Abstract: Material characterized by that the material contains at least one biologically active di- or trisaccharide or higher oligosaccharide which is covalently bound via a spacer to cross-linked agarose.

Abstract: SAE-CD compositions are provided, along with methods of making and using the same. The SAE-CD compositions comprise a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin having an absorption of less than 0.5 A.U. due to a drug-degrading agent, as determined by UV/vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 245 nm to 270 nm for an aqueous solution containing 300 mg of the SAE-CD composition per mL of solution in a cell having a 1 cm path length.

Abstract: Glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivatives of general formula I where the groups R1 to R6 as well as R7a, R7b, R7c are defined herein and the tautomers, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof and the salts thereof. The compounds according to the invention are suitable for the treatment of metabolic disorders.

Abstract: SAE-CD compositions are provided, along with methods of making and using the same. The SAE-CD composition comprises a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin and less than 100 ppm of a phosphate, wherein the SAE-CD composition has an absorption of less than 0.5 A.U. due to a drug-degrading agent, as determined by UV/vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 245 nm to 270 nm for an aqueous solution containing 300 mg of the SAE-CD composition per mL of solution in a cell having a 1 cm path length.

Abstract: Method of preparing a non-hygroscopic pulverulent composition, includes a step for the spray drying, without an atomization support, of an aqueous solution containing at least one initially hygroscopic product, having a glass transition temperature ranging from 10° C. to 110° C., and a cryogenic fluid, especially a food-grade cryogenic fluid, or a mixture of cryogenic fluids, particularly chosen from liquid air, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the aqueous solution being obtained by dissolving the cryogenic fluid in an initial aqueous solution containing the initially hygroscopic product.

Abstract: A particulate SAE-CD composition is provided. The SAE-CD composition has an advantageous combination of physical properties not found in known solid forms of SAECD. In particular, the SAE-CD composition possesses an advantageous physicochemical and morphological property profile such that it can be tailored to particular uses. The SAE-CD composition of the invention has improved flow and dissolution performance as compared to known compositions of SAE-CD.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing alkylpolyglycosides from monomeric glycosides, oligo- or polyglycosides and alcohols according to the general scheme (Glyc-O)zH+R1—OH?(Glyc-O)z?R1 where z?1, z??z, preferably from 1 to 10, (Glyc-O)— is a glycoside radical, R1 is a hydrocarbon radical which optionally contains multiple bonds and/or heteroatoms, which comprises carrying out the reaction under supercritical conditions with regard to the alcohol, preferably at pressures and temperatures which are at least 5% above the critical parameters, the alcohols serving both as the solvent and as reactants.

Abstract: The invention concerns the use, in a composition for textile care in aqueous or wet medium, of a non-ionic polysaccharide whereof the native skeleton is formed of a main chain comprising similar or different anhydrohexose units, and branches including at least an anhydropentose and/or anhydrohexose unit. The anhydrohexose and/or anhydropentose units of the native skeleton being modified by at least a non-ionic group. The composition is designed for washing and/or rinsing and/or softening, prespotting textile articles, drying wet clothes in a dryer or for facilitating ironing.

Abstract: Provided are compounds having an inhibitory effect on sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter SGLT. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions, methods of preparing the compounds, synthetic intermediates, and methods of using the compounds, independently or in combination with other therapeutic agents, for treating diseases and conditions which are affected by SGLT inhibition.

Abstract: Glucopyranosyl-substituted benzene derivatives of general formula I where the groups R1 to R6 as well as R7a, R7b, R7c are defined herein and the tautomers, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof and the salts thereof. The compounds according to the invention are suitable for the treatment of metabolic disorders.

Abstract: The present invention provides substantially water soluble, substantially non-dusting delivery systems for natural high-potency sweeteners, methods for their formulation, and uses. In particular, the present invention relates to different delivery systems of sweetener compositions comprising at least one non-caloric or low-caloric natural high-potency sweetener.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of treating type II diabetes with a polyacetylenic compound of the following formula: in which R1 is H, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C10 alkynyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, C1-C20 heterocycloalkyl, C1-C20 heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R2 is H or a monosaccharide residue; R3 is H or C1-C10alkyl; m is 2, 3, or 4; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Abstract: A free-flowing, hydrophobic starch composition has a near-neutral dry product pH. Methods for making the hydrophobic starch composition by preparing an aqueous mixture comprising a starch, a siliconate, and an acid, where the aqueous mixture has a near-neutral pH, and drying the starch solids to obtain a hydrophobic starch. Novel fuel compositions comprise hydrophobic starch which can be used in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines. Hydrophobic starch compositions may be used as fuels or fuel components. Novel methods of fueling and operating internal combustion engines use hydrophobic starch as fuel or fuel components.

Abstract: Polyol polyesters useful as nondigestible fat substitutes are prepared by improved heterogeneous interesterification processes between fatty acid esters of easily removable alcohol and polyol characterized by having one or more improvements such as using low levels of soap emulsifying agent, catalyst, and/or excess fatty acid ester; reducing the size of the polyol by mechanical means; removing extraneous particulate material during the reaction; using low temperature and/or high pressure and compensating by increasing the mass transfer area; and/or using backmixing in the initial stage(s) and plug-flow conditions in the final stage(s).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a starch comprising a novel percentage of actual amylose. A grain comprising the starch is also embodied by the present invention. The present invention is also directed to a plant comprising the novel starch.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes for production of alkylamino glucosaminide phosphate compounds, and of disaccharide compounds, including various novel intermediates and intermediate processes. In one aspect, glycosyl halides are produced by reaction of an O-silyl glycoside with a dihalomethyl alkyl ether.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing a hydrophobic starch, comprising etherification, esterification or amidation of a root or tuber starch comprising at least 95 wt. % of amylopectin, based on dry substance of the starch, or a derivative thereof, with a substituent comprising an alkyl chain having from 4–24 carbon atoms. The invention further relates to a hydrophobic starch obtainable by said process.

Abstract: The invention provides a number of methods for enhancing the aqueous solubility of an active ingredient which is insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. In one preferred embodiment, solubilization of the active ingredient is enhanced by combining it with ?-cyclodextrin in an aqueous complexation medium comprising ?-cyclodextrin and a negatively- or positively-charged compound which forms an inclusion or non-inclusion complex with ?-cyclodextrin and its inclusion complexes.

Abstract: This invention concerns the use of compounds selected among 1,4?-D-glucuronans, and/or glycuronic polysaccharides derived from polymers of formula (I), and whereof the number of saccharide units is less than about 30, and/or esters and/or ethers corresponding to polymers of formula (I) or said oligosccahride derivatives, as phytosanitary products in applications related to their activity for amplifying the 1,3?-D-glucanase enzyme, and/or the 1,4?-D-glucanase, and/or the xyloglucan endotransglycolase.

Abstract: A stable form of artemisinin wherein an artelinic acid or artesunic acid is complexed with cyclodextrin analogs, preferably, ?-cyclodextrin. The complexed cyclodextrin artemisinin formulation shields the peroxide portion of the artemisinin backbone from hydrolytic decomposition rendering it stable in solution. Artelinic acid and cyclodextrin are placed into contact with one another to yield a 2:1 molecular species. Artesunic acid and cyclodextrin yield a 1:1 molecular species. The complexed cyclodextrin artemisinin formulation is effective for the treatment of malaria and is stable in solution for long periods of time.

Abstract: Methods for forming structurally defined organosilicon carbohydrates are provided. Additionally, structurally defined organosilicon carbohydrates are provided. The structurally defined organosilicon carbohydrates may be formed by contacting a hydrolase enzyme with an organosilicon reactant and a carbohydrate reactant. The enzyme may catalyze the formation of an ester bond between carboxylic acid, ester, or amide functional groups of the organosilicon or carbohydrate reactant and alcohol functional groups of the carbohydrate or organosilicon reactant. The enzyme may catalyze the formation of an amide bond between carboxylic acid, ester, or amide functional groups of the organosilicon or carbohydrate reactant and amine functional groups of the carbohydrate or organosilicon reactant.

Abstract: The invention concerns the use, in a composition for treating textile fiber articles in aqueous or moist medium, of an amphoteric polysaccharide, whereof the native skeleton is a polysaccharide consisting of a main chain comprising anhydrohexose units and branches comprising at least a neutral or anionic anhydropentose and/or anhydrohexose unit, the anhydrohexose and/or anhydropentose units being substituted of modified by groups bearing at least a (potentially) anionic load and/or at least a (potentially) cationic load, the degree of substitution or modification by the set of said groups bearing (potentially) anionic loads ranging between 0.01 and less than 3, with a ratio of the number of (potentially) anionic charges over the number of (potentially) cationic loads ranging between 99.5/0.

Abstract: A superabsorbent polysaccharide can be obtained by crosslinking a polysaccharide or derivative thereof with at least 1% by weight of a flexible spacer having a chain length of at least 9 chain atoms and having terminal activated coupling groups. The flexible spacer may comprise a polyalkyleneglycol with a molecular weight from about 400 to 10,000. The coupling groups may be provided by divinyl sulphone units.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to compounds and processes for synthesizing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-?-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid. The compounds of this invention are useful, inter-alia, for the inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as bronchial asthma rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection and psoriasis. This invention also relates to pharmacological compositions containing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-?-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid and the methods of treating such pathologies as listed above.

Abstract: The invention includes compositions and methods useful for treatment of a virus infection in a mammal by double-targeting the virus (i.e. targeting the virus at more than one stage of the virus life cycle) and thereby inhibiting virus replication. The compositions of the invention include compounds, which comprise a phosphocholine moiety covalently conjugated with one or more therapeutic agents (e.g. nucleoside analogue, protease inhibitor, etc.) to a lipid backbone. The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions for use in treatment of a virus infection in mammals. The methods of the invention comprise administering a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, in an amount effective to treat the infection, to a mammal infected with a virus.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to compounds and processes for synthesizing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-?-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid. The compounds of this invention are useful, inter-alia, for the inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection and psoriasis. This invention also relates to pharmacological compositions containing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-?-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid and the methods of treating such pathologies as listed above.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to compounds and processes for synthesizing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-?-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid. The compounds of this invention are useful, inter-alia, for the inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection and psoriasis. This invention also relates to pharmacological compositions containing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-?-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid and the methods of treating such pathologies as listed above.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inclusion complex of Rifampicin and cyclodextrin (CD) that can be used as an anti-tubercular drug. The present invention also relates to a process for synthesizing inclusion complexes of the anti-tubercular drug, Rifampicin, with ?-CD (?-cyclodextrin) and HP-?-CD (2-hydroxy propyl cyclodextrin) and characterization of these inclusion complexes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compounds that are novel adenosine receptor analogues. Specifically, the compounds of the present invention preferably function as both adenosine receptor agonists and ganglionic blocking agents. To achieve this functionality, the compounds of the present invention, preferably contain a ganglionic blocking motif, is inserted into the adenosine molecule. The ganglionic blocking motif preferably includes an elongated carbon chain that, in a particularly preferred embodiment, contains two terminal amino groups. The ganglionic blocking motif preferably includes a carbon along the elongated carbon chain that is integral to a cyclic ketal that is part of the adenosine molecule. In presently-preferred embodiments, the elongated carbon chain ranges from two to sixteen carbons in length. The compounds of the present invention will be useful for treatment of a variety of conditions including, but not limited to, hypertension, vasodilation, and ischemia.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method of chemically preparing functionalized derivatives of ?-(1,3)-glucans, enabling obtaining oligosaccharides which are free or which comprise specific groups such as, for example, sulphate, phosphate, methyl, in pre-defined positions. This method includes a reaction between a glycosyl donor of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and a glycosyl acceptor of formula (II), defined in the claims. Application: Preparation of biologically active compounds which can be used in the agricultural, cosmetic or pharmaceutical fields.

Abstract: A stable form of artemisinin wherein an artelinic acid or artesunic acid is complexed with cyclodextrin analogs, preferably, ?-cyclodextrin. The complexed cyclodextrin artemisinin formulation shields the peroxide portion of the artemisinin backbone from hydrolytic decomposition rendering it stable in solution. Artelinic acid and cyclodextrin are placed into contact with one another to yield a 2:1 molecular species. Artesunic acid and cyclodextrin yield a 1:1 molecular species. The complexed cyclodextrin artemisinin formulation is effective for the treatment of malaria and is stable in solution for long periods of time.

Abstract: There is described a process for the synthesis of a sucrose-6-ester comprising: (a) reacting a mixture comprising sucrose and a polar aprotic solvent with an organotin-based acylation promoter, while adding a solvent capable of removing water by co-distillation, and removing water by co-distillation, to afford a first reaction mixture which is substantially free from water, followed by (b) adding a carboxylic anhydride to said first reaction mixture to afford a second reaction mixture, and maintaining said second reaction mixture at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to produce a sucrose-6-ester, characterised in that step (a) is performed at a temperature of from 85 to 125° C. and at a pressure of from 20 to 80 kPa. In the most preferred embodiment, the polar aprotic solvent is DMF, the solvent capable of removing water by co-distillation is cyclohexane, the organotion-based acylation promoter is a 1,3-diacyloxy-1,1,3,3-tetrabutyldistannoxane, and step (a) is performed at approximately 97° C.

Abstract: Process for the production of polysaccharide ethers, e.g. cellulose ethers, are disclosed wherein salts formed during the process, e.g., sodium nitrate or sodium acetate, are converted to their corresponding acids and bases by means of an electric current, preferably in combination with a bipolar membrane and suitable catiion and/or anion membranes. The acids and bases recovered from the process can be recycled, thereby avoiding the need to provide for disposal of salts.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cosmetic or dermatological composition for protection against ultraviolet radiation, based on inorganic screening agent, characterized in that it comprises a water-in-oil emulsion containing a combination of at least a particulate inorganic sunscreening agent, selected among the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and mixtures thereof, and at least an emulsifier selected among the group consisting of silicone derivatives with glycosidic constituent, the particulate screening agent being homogeneously dispersed in the water-in-oil emulsion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of perbenzylated 1-O-glycosides of general formula I or salts thereof in which sugar1 is a monosaccharide that is functionalized in 1-OH-position, R represents benzyl, n means 2, 3 or 4, X means —COO— or —NH— and L means a straight-chain, branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C30 carbon chain, which optionally is interrupted or substituted by groups. The process according to the invention starts from economical starting materials, provides good yields and allows the production of perbenzylated saccharides with 1-O-functionalized side chains on an industrial scale.

Abstract: A substituted polysaccharide comprising ?1-4 linkages having covalently bonded on the polysaccharide moiety thereof, at least one deposition enhancing group which undergoes a chemical change in water at a use temperature to increase the affinity of the substituted polysaccharide to a substrate, the substituted polysaccharide further comprising one or more independently selected silicone chains.

Abstract: Finely divided polysacharide derivatives are described. The finely divided polysacharide derivatives are prepared by a process comprising: a) forming an aqueous composition comprising a polysaccharide derivative and water, in which the polysaccharide derivative is soaked or dissolved; b) converting the polysaccharide derivative of the aqueous composition into finely divided solid particles by, (i) contacting the aqueous composition with superheated water vapor in a dryer-pulverizer; or (ii) causing the polysaccharide derivative of the aqueous composition to flocculate; and c) optionally drying the finely divided solid particles of step b). The primary structures of the polysaccharide starting material are largely removed, and the product has a shape factor of less than 5 and greater than or equal to 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a low temperature, solvent-free trans-acidolysis process for preparing surface-active carbohydrate fatty-acid esters comprising the steps of: (e) reacting acylated carbohydrate with free fatty acid in the presence of acid catalyst, under reduced pressure, and without adding any solvent; (f) decolorizing and separating the reaction mixture obtained in step (a) into unreacted fatty acid layer and a carbohydrate fatty-ester layer; (g) precipitating out the unreacted acylated carbohydrate; (h) librating the hydroxyl groups by partial hydrolysis in the presence of an acid catalyst; (i) removing the unreacted free fatty acids and unreacted carbohydrate esters of low molecular-weight carboxylic acids during purification, and recycling the removed unreacted free fatty acids and carbohydrate esters to the starting reactant mixture.

Abstract: An invention is a chemical process for complete destruction and safe disposition of hazardous organic chemicals carbonaceous chemicals. The invention also comprises the process for production of an inert polymer formed essentially of Carbon and Sulfur, and also comprises the new inert polymer, itself and articles made of the new polymer. This new polymer has many of the properties of refractory materials and is an inert non-inflammable cross-linked polymer that is relatively insoluble in all generally known solvents. In the process of the invention, a carbonaceous chemical and Sulfur is heated, in an atmosphere of Nitrogen at 500.degree. to 1500.degree. C. Waste gases including sulfur and sulfides are condensed, scrubbed and the sulfur recycled. The solids residue when analyzed by a mass spectrometer contains less than one (1) part per million (1 ppm) of unreacted organic chemical.