Abstract: An aqueous solution containing a quaternary ammonium salt as a guest compound of a clathrate hydrate, having a property of producing the clathrate hydrate when cooled, and further containing a phosphate of an alkali metal added thereto. A clathrate hydrate produced by cooling an aqueous solution containing a quaternary ammonium salt and a phosphate of an alkali metal, wherein the quaternary ammonium salt is the guest compound.

Abstract: The composition for preventing development-defects containing (1) an ammonium salt, a tetraalkylammonium salt or a C1 to C4 alkanolamine salt of C4 to C15 perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid, C4 to C10 perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid and perfluoroadipic acid, or (2) a fluorinated alkyl quaternary ammonium salt of inorganic acid, wherein said surfactant is formed at the equivalent ratio of acid to base of 1:1-1:3 is applied on a chemically amplified photoresist coating on a substrate having a diameter of 8 inches or more. The chemically amplified photoresist coating is baked before and/or after applying the composition for preventing development-defects described above. Then, the baked coating with the development-defect preventing composition coating is exposed to light, post-exposure-baked, and developed.

Abstract: The current invention provides novel thiotungstate derivatives, methods of making novel thiotungstate derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions of novel thiotungstate derivatives, methods of using novel thiotungstate derivatives to treat diseases associated with aberrant vascularization, copper metabolism disorders and obesity and methods of using pharmaceutical compositions of thiotungstate derivatives to treat diseases associated with aberrant vascularization, copper metabolism disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, obesity or NF-?B dysregulation.

Abstract: The present invention provides the antifungal composition, containing the compound (a) selected from specific quaternary ammonium salts and specific amine oxides and the sequestering agent (b) having a calcium-chelating constant of 4 to 12 at a mass ratio (a)/(b) of 0.01 to 10.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating an impure organic composition of ammonium imide, one of the substituents of which imide ion is a sulfonyl carried by a perhalogenated, advantageously perfluorinated carbon, characterized in that said composition is subjected to a step of liquid-liquid extraction by means of an aqueous phase and containing, as impurity, at least one of the chemical species chosen from halides, sulfonates and sulfinates, in particular those whose sulfur is carried by a perhalogenated carbon.

Abstract: Novel compositions are provided containing a compound represented by the formula YOSF5 or ZOSF5, where: (a) Y is: (i) an organic cation other than (Me2N)3S+ or (ii) an inorganic cation, provided that when Y is the inorganic cation, the composition further includes a complexing agent; and (b) Z is C1-20 alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, combinations thereof, or analogues thereof containing at least one heteroatom, provided that the compound represented by the formula ZOSF5 is a molecular compound. Processes of making the cationic compounds are disclosed as are processes for using the compositions containing cationic compounds in nucleophilic replacement reactions to prepare the compositions containing molecular compounds including the OSF5 group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel class of polymeric compounds having specific quaternized amine based upon a dimer acid reacted with an alkanolamine to make an ester quaternary compound. Dimer acid is a C-36 diacid having a cyclic structure and two amine groups that allow for the synthesis of a high molecular weight cationic compound which is extremely substantitive to human skin and are well tolerated by human tissue making them suitable for use preparation of barrier products for personal care applications. These materials are dimethylaminopropyl amine free, which is highly desirable in personal care applications.

Abstract: Methods for determining invertebrate- and insect-specific, such as mosquito-specific, residues of acetylcholinesterases are provided herein. The methods can be used to design pesticides and insecticides that are specific for the invertebrate or insect (e.g., mosquito) enzymes, resulting in reduced toxicity concerns for mammals. Compositions for inhibiting invertebrate and insect (e.g., mosquito) acetylcholinesterases and methods for preparing the same are also provided.

Abstract: It is possible to provide a heat storage substance, a heat storage agent, a heat transport medium, and a cold insulation agent having low corrosiveness and a high latent heat quantity at a low cost, their production method, and a cold reservoir and a cold insulator containing the heat storage substance as content. The heat storage substance is characterized by containing a tri-n-butylalkylammonium salt and water. The heat storage substance is characterized by containing either tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium bromide or tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium chloride and water. The heat storage agent is characterized by containing a tri-n-butylalkylammonium salt and water. The heat storage agent is characterized by containing either tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium bromide or tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium chloride and water. The heat transport medium is characterized by containing a tri-n-butylalkylammonium salt and water.

Abstract: The application relates to the use of a salt associating an ammonium cation with an alkyl H-phosphonate anion of the following formula (I) in which R is a hydrocarbon radical, the pointed bond can be present or not, the radical R3 being then present or absent, as an ionic liquid. The ammonium cation is preferably an imidazolium cation. This ionic liquid is particularly useful in the field of green chemistry as a substitute for organic solvents. The application also relates to a method for preparing such a salt by the direct dealkylation of the corresponding dialkylphosphite by the appropriate nitrated base, in one step and without any solvent. The application also relates to a method for preparing mixed methylated phosphites.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a quaternary ammonium salt composition containing (a) a quaternary ammonium salt represented by the following general formula (1), (b) a specific tertiary amine and (c) an organic acid ester in specific mass ratios which is excellent in hue and storage stability, a process for producing the quaternary ammonium salt composition, and a wood preservative containing the quaternary ammonium salt composition. wherein R1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group; R2 is an alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxyalkyl group; R3 is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group; R4 is an alkylene group; n is a number of from 1 to 5; and A is a counter ion derived from sulfonic acid, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for textile softener comprising a cationic surfactant, the ratio of which C7-C21 alkyl substituents analyzed by HLPC (high pressure liquid chromatography) or GC (gas chromatography) is 0.6 or more, as an effective ingredient, and a sheet for textile softener comprising the same. Since the present composition for textile softener has excellent dissolving and dispersing effect even in low temperature water, the sheet comprising this composition is used at a rinse time during washing procedures to represent excellent anti-static effect and textile softening effect to textiles and clothes.

Abstract: An asymmetric alkyl compound producing method of the present invention includes a synthesizing step of carrying out an asymmetric synthesis reaction by mixing (i) a reaction solution containing a glycine imine ester, an alkyl halide, and an asymmetric catalyst having a catalytic action which causes the asymmetric synthesis reaction to proceed with (ii) an alkali-treated solid support obtained by treating with an alkaline substance a solid support made of an inorganic compound. By placing this mixture at room temperature, the asymmetric alkylation occurs between the glycine imine ester and the alkyl halide which are catalyzed by the asymmetric catalyst in an alkali-treated solid support contained in the mixture, and the asymmetric alkylation is completed in about 1 hour. Thus, a highly optically pure asymmetric alkyl compound can be obtained in high yield.

Abstract: In the present invention, when an organopolysiloxane is produced by a dealcoholization condensation reaction between a silicon atom-bonded hydroxy group and a silicon atom-bonded alkoxy group, a quaternary ammonium ion-containing compound such as an alkylammonium hydroxide compound or a silanolate thereof is used as a catalyst. The catalyst for the dealcoholization condensation reaction of the present invention is easily removed after use and is stable. For this reason, when an organopolysiloxane is produced using the aforementioned catalyst, it is not necessary to use complicated production steps or a large amount of the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds containing organofluorochlorophosphate anions, the preparation thereof and the use thereof, in particular as ionic liquids.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of tetraalkylammonium tetrafluoroborate-containing electrolyte compositions characterized in that said process comprises step (i): (i) mixing of at least one tetraalkylammonium halide with at least one metal tetrafluoroborate in at least one organic solvent, which is partially or completely miscible with water.

Abstract: The subject of the invention at hand are novel, a little basic, fluorinated pentafluorophenyl imide anions, which can be used as anions in ionic liquids. Methods for producing ionic liquids are described, which contain these novel pentafluorophenyl imide ions as anions, as well as quaternary organic ammonium ions, guanidinium ions, N-organo-pyridinium ions, imidazolium, imidazolidinium or benzimidazolidinium ions, alkyl-alkylidene phosphoranes or aryl-alkylidene phosphoranes as cations. Alternative methods according to the present invention provide ionic liquids through reaction of ketene N,N-diacetals or alkyl or aryl-alkylidene phosphoranes with acids. The ionic liquids according to the present invention are suitable, for example, as solvents for syntheses, as mobile and/or stationary phase in chromatography, as electrolyte systems for batteries, galvanic elements, fuel cells and rechargeable battery packs.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a rotaxane compound that can be used to separate molecules within a linkage layer formed on a solid substrate of a biochip by a predetermined distance. The compound is represented by Formula 1, in which a compound of Formula 3 vertically passes through a cavity of cucurbituril or its derivative of Formula 2. It further provides gene chips, protein chips and sensors for biomaterial assays which use the rotaxane molecules to allow biomaterials to be immobilized on a linkage layer such that they are regularly spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: A cleaning solution and method for removing submicron particles from the surface and/or the bevel of an electronic substrate such as a hard disk media substrate, or an imprint mold used in the manufacturing of the hard disk media or a read/write head assembly part. The cleaning solution comprises a polycarboxylate polymer or an ethoxylated polyamine. The method comprises the step of contacting a surface of the substrate with a cleaning solution comprised of a polycarboxylate polymer or an ethoxylated polyamine. Additional optional steps in the method include applying acoustic energy to the cleaning solution and/or rinsing the surface with a rinsing solution with or without the application of acoustic energy to the rinsing solution.

Abstract: The present invention is a bacteriolytic agent containing a cationic surfactant (A) of which a counteranion is an acid having a pKa (25° C.) of 0 to 10. As the counterion, a carboxylate anion is preferable. As the cationic surfactant (A), a quaternary ammonium salt-type surfactant is preferable. Examples of the useful substance include a protein, an amino acid, a nucleic acid, an antibiotic, sugars or vitamins. The bacteriolytic agent of the present invention is excellent in a bacteriolytic power in a step of extracting a useful substance from a microorganism (useful substance producing bacterium etc.). In addition, denaturation of the useful substance during the step is small.

Abstract: The present invention describes a synthetic non-viral vector composition for gene therapy and the use of such compositions for in vitro, ex vivo and/or in vivo transfer of genetic material. The invention proposes a pharmaceutical composition containing 1) a non-cationic amphiphilic molecule or macromolecule and its use for delivery of nucleic acids or 2) a cationic amphiphilic molecule or macromolecule that transforms from a cationic entity to an anionic, neutral, or zwitterionic entity by a chemical, photochemical, or biological reaction and its use for delivery of nucleic acids. Moreover this invention describes the use of these non-viral vector compositions in conjunction with a surface to mediate the delivery of nucleic acids. An additional embodiment is the formation of a hydrogel with these compositions and the use of this hydrogel for the delivery of genetic material. A further embodiment of this invention is the use of a change in ionic strength for the delivery of genetic material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to bis-cationic compounds comprising quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups. The invention also relates to the use of bis-cationic compounds as Phospholipase B inhibitors and the use of bis cationic compounds for the treatment or prevention of microbial infection.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of onium alkylsulfites by reaction of an onium halide or carboxylate with a symmetrically substituted dialkyl sulfite or with an asymmetrically substituted dialkyl sulfite at temperatures of 0 to 70° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of onium alkylsulfonates by reaction of an onium halide or carboxylate with a symmetrically substituted dialkyl sulfite or with an asymmetrically substituted dialkyl sulfite at temperatures of 50 to 170° C.

Abstract: The present invention discloses highly packed polycationic ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium lipid compounds useful for making lipid aggregates for delivery of macromolecules and other compounds into cells. They are especially useful for the DNA-dependent transformation of cells. Methods for their preparation and use as intracellular delivery agents are also disclosed.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium salt antibacterial is provided, which has a structural formula as follows: in which M represents, for example, Si; R represents a single bond or a C1-C4 alkyl group; R1-R3 are the same or different to each other and represent a C3-C18 alkyl group, respectively; R4 represents a C1-C8 alkyl group or hydrogen; R5-R6, are the same or different to each other and represent a C1-C8 alkyl group, alkoxy group, or hydroxyl group, respectively; and X represents halogen.

Abstract: A water-soluble polymer dispersion, process for producing the same and a method of use therefor. In particular, the water-soluble polymer dispersion is one comprising water-soluble polymer fine particles of 100 ?m or less diameter having at least one ionic property selected from among cationic, amphoteric, nonionic and anionic properties together with a polyalkyleneimine and/or a product of polyalkyleneimine modification wherein according to necessity an appropriate amount of water-soluble inorganic salt is incorporated. The provided process enables easily performing the production in dispersed form by means of production facilities of low cost. The obtained water-soluble polymer dispersion is excellent in storage stability and exhibits satisfactory fluidity and solubility so as to enable use in papermaking raw material pretreatments added to papermaking raw materials prior to machine operation and also for enhancement of freeness, increase of sizing degree and enhancement of yield.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aqueous quick-setting bitumen-aggregate mix suitable for cold pavement of roads, parking places, sidewalks and the like. The bitumen-aggregate mix is manufactured by mixing a mineral aggregate, water, a de-emulsifier, containing hydraulic cement, and a cationic oil-in-water bitumen emulsion, containing, as an emulsifier, a salt of a tertiary diamine and a phosphoric acid. The diamine has the formula (I), where one or two of the groups R1, R2, R4 and R5 designate a hydrocarbon group of 6–22, preferably 8–20 carbon atoms, and the remaining R1, R2, R4 and R5 groups are an alkyl group with 1–4 carbon atoms, and/or a group —(A)2H, where A is an alkyleneoxy group with 2–3 carbon atoms, and s is a number from 1–4, R3 is an alkylene group with 2–4 carbon atoms and n is a number from 0–2.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group, e.g., a sulfonic acid group. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group to catalyze a Bronsted-acid-catalyzed chemical reaction. A third aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant nucleophilic group, e.g., an amine. Still another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to catalyze a nucleophile-assisted chemical reaction. A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to remove a gaseous impurity, e.g., carbon dioxide, from a gas, e.g., sour natural gas.

Abstract: Ionic compounds having a freezing point of no more than 50° C., formed by the reaction of at least one amine salt of the formula R1R2R3R4N+X? (I) with at least one hydrated salt, which is a chloride, nitrate, sulphate or acetate of Li, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, La or Ce; wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently a C1 to C5 alkyl or a C6 to C10 cycloalkyl group, or wherein R2 and R3 taken together represent a C4 to C10 alkylene group, thereby forming with the N atom of formula (I) a 5 to 11 membered heterocyclic ring, and wherein R4 is hydrogen, or phenyl, or C1 to C12 alkyl or cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one group selected from OH, Cl, Br, F, I, phenyl, NH2, CN, NO2, COOR5, CHO, COR5 and OR5, wherein R5 is a C1 to C10 alkyl or cycloalkyl group, and X? is an anion capable of being complexed by the said hydrated salt.

Abstract: Ionic compounds with a freezing point of up to 100° C. are formed by the reaction of an one amine salt of formula (I) R1R2R3R4N+X?, such as choline chloride with an organic compound (II) capable of forming a hydrogen bond with X; such as urea, wherein the molar ration of I to II is from 1:1.5 to 1:2.5. R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be H, optionally substituted C1 to C5 alkyl, optionally substituted C6 to C10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C6 to C12 aryl, optionally substituted C7 to C12 alkaryl, or R1 and R2 taken together may represent a C4 to C10 optionally substituted alkylene group, thereby forming with the N atom of formula I a 5 to 11-membered heterocyclic ring and all of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are not identical, X? may be NO3?, F, Cl?, Br?, I?, BF4?, ClO4?, CN?, SO3CF3?, or COOCF3?. The ionic compounds are useful as solvents, and electrolytes for example in electroplating, electrowinning, and electropolishing, and as catalysts.

Abstract: A method for preparing exfoliated clay nanocomposites by in-situ polymerization comprising the steps of (a) providing a mixture of at least one type of monomer and at least one type of organophilic clay; and (b) initiating an in-situ polymerization reaction in the mixture so as to cause the at least one type of monomer to polymerize thereby forming the exfoliated clay nanocomposite. The exfoliated clay nanocomposite produces an x-ray diffraction pattern that is substantially devoid of an intercalation peak. The exfoliated clay nanocomposite may then be used as a masterbatch.

Abstract: The present invention relates to synthetic cationic lipids, liposome formulations and the use of such compounds to introduce functional bioactive agents into cultured cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a series of novel alkoxylated mono alkyl glyceryl ester phosphobetaine compounds, which are exceptional surface active agents that provide outstanding foam and are very mild to the hair and skin, in addition because of the presence of the ester linkage these materials are not persistent in the aquatic environment. This lack of persistence in the aquatic environment makes these materials greener and environmentally friendly than other non-ester containing compounds. The compounds, because they contain a pendant ionizable phosphate group and a quaternary amine compound are amphoteric surfactants that is they contain both a positive and negative charge in the same molecule. This combination of properties makes these polymers ideally suited for use in personal care applications.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium hydroxycarboxylate is produced by quaternizing a tertiary amine with a hydroxycarboxylic ester represented by the following Formula 1: wherein R1 to R3 are as defined in the disclosure. By using only one tertiary amine having at least one substituent different from R1 of the ester moiety of the hydroxycarboxylic ester and by controlling the reaction conditions, a mixture of quaternary ammonium hydroxycarboxylates having different quaternary ammonium ions is produced. By reacting an inorganic acid with the quaternary ammonium hydroxycarboxylate or its mixture, a quaternary ammonium salt of inorganic acid or its mixture is produced.

Abstract: This invention is a method of preparing a quaternized amidoamine surfactant comprising reacting an amidotertiaryamine of formula with methyl halide and alkylene oxide, an aqueous quaternized amidoamine surfactant composition, a gelled aqueous composition comprising the quaternized amidoamine surfactant composition and one or more salts or alcohols and use of the gelled aqueous composition for fracturing subterranean formations.

Abstract: A method of forming polymers in the presence of nucleic acid using template polymerization. Also, a method of having the polymerization occur in heterophase systems. These methods can be used for the delivery of nucleic acids, for condensing the nucleic acid, for forming nucleic acid binding polymers, for forming supramolecular complexes containing nucleic acid and polymer, and for forming an interpolyelectrolyte complex.

Abstract: The invention relates to chiral ionic liquids of the general formula [A]n+[Y]n?, whereby n=1 or 2, the anion [Y]n? is the anion of an organic or inorganic proton acid and the cation [A]+ an optically active organic ammonium cation with up to 50 carbon atoms, at least one chirality center and at least one functional group that can produce a coordination by forming hydrogen bridges or by providing free electron pairs. At least one chirality center is provided with a distance of up to 5 atomic bonds from the functional group. The invention also relates to a method for producing said chiral ionic liquids and to the use thereof in methods for the asymmetric synthesis, the asymmetric catalysis and for separating racemates.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of formula (I), prepared by quaternising a compound (II) by means of at least one compound R3—X?: R1=H or —CH3; R2=—CH3; —C2H5; —C3H7 or —C4H9; and compound (I) is optionally quaternised on one of the nitrogens, which is symbolised by the fact that the R3, X?and ? associated with this nitrogen are shown between brackets; if compound (I) is quaternised on a single nitrogen, R3 and X? have the following meanings: (1) R3=—CH3 or —CH2C6H5; and X?=Cl? or CH3OSO3?; or (2) R3=a C1-C12-alkyl group; and X?=Br? or I?; if compound (I) is quaternised on both nitrogens, the two X? may be the same or different and the two R3 may be the same, in which case: (3) R3=a C5-C12 alkyl group; and X?=CH3OSO3?, Br? or I?; or different, in which case: (4) one of the R3=—CH3 or —CH2C6H5; and X?=Cl? or CH3OSO3?; and the other=a C5-C12-alkyl group; and X?=Br? or I?.

Abstract: Based on the discovery that the melting point and solubility of onium salts are affected by the asymmetry of the substitution on cation, and that the branched substituents effectively shield onium cations from electrochemical reduction, new onium salts are synthesized and high performance electrolytes based on these salts for electrochemical capacitor are provided. The composition of the new electrolyte comprises an onium salt or mixture of such onium salts dissolved in aprotic, non-aqueous solvents or mixture of such solvents. The electrolyte is able to perform at high rate of charge/discharge, at low ambient temperatures, and within wide operating voltage, due to the high solubility, low melting temperature, and the improved reduction stability of the new onium cations, respectively.

Abstract: A compound of formula I:

Abstract: The present invention is a demulsifying and corrosion-inhibiting compound formed from the salt of an amphiphilic amine and an amphiphilic acid. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the demulsifier may be a salt of an alkyl amine and an alkyl aryl sulfonic acid. Even more preferably, the demulsifier may be a salt of a methyl, di-cocoyl amine and an alkyl aryl sulfonic acid. According to another embodiment of the invention, an organic system may be demulsified by mixing the salt of an alkyl amine and an alkyl sulfonic acid with the system to be demulsified.

Abstract: Ionic compounds having a freezing point of no more than 50° C., formed by the reaction of at least one amine salt of the formula R1R2R3R4N+X− (I) with at least one hydrated salt, which is a chloride, nitrate, sulphate or acetate of Li, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, La or Ce; wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently a C1 to C5 alkyl or a C6 to C10 cycloalkyl group, or wherein R2 and R3 taken together represent a C4 to C10 alkylene group, thereby forming with the N atom of formula (I) a 5 to 11 membered heterocyclic ring, and wherein R4 is hydrogen, or phenyl, or C1 to C12 alkyl or cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one group selected from OH, Cl, Br, F, I, phenyl, NH2, CN, NO2, COOR5, CHO, COR5 and OR5, wherein R5 is a C1 to C10 alkyl or cycloalkyl group, and X− is an anion capable of being complexed by the said hydrated salt.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group, e.g., a sulfonic acid group. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group to catalyze a Bronsted-acid-catalyzed chemical reaction. A third aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant nucleophilic group, e.g., an amine. Still another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to catalyze a nucleophile-assisted chemical reaction. A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to remove a gaseous impurity, e.g., carbon dioxide, from a gas, e.g., sour natural gas.

Abstract: Perfluoroalkyl-substituted amines, acids, amino acids and thioether acid compounds containing a perfluoroalkyl-iodoalkyl or perfluoroalkyl-alkene group as well as derivatives thereof, are described. They are useful as surfactants in a variety of applications where low surface tensions are required, including coating formulations for glass, wood, metal, cement, paper, textiles, as foam control agents in polyurethane foams and especially in aqueous fire-fighting formulations.

Abstract: Quaternary ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or bisulfate salts are made by a process comprising the steps of: (1) forming a first mixture by contacting a quaternary ammonium halide with: (a) a water-insoluble organic solvent capable of forming a ternary azeotrope with water and hydrogen halide and (b) an amount of water and sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid sufficient to maintain the temperature of the first mixture in the range of from about 98° C. to about 105° C. when heated; (2) heating the first mixture to a temperature sufficient to separate a ternary azeotrope comprised of hydrogen halide, water and the water-insoluble organic solvent from the first mixture to form a second mixture comprised of water, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, the water-insoluble organic solvent and a quaternary ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or bisulfate salt.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions from which radically initiated oligomers/polymers having a controlled molecular weight, low polydispersity and a vinyl or dienyl end group are prepared. Further subjects of the invention are a process for controlled radical polymerization, oligomers/polymers obtainable by said process and the use of specific addition fragmentation agents for the polymerization process. The addition fragmentation agents are new in part and these are also subject of the present invention. The addition fragmentation agents are of the formula (Ia), (Ib) or (Ic) where Y is a group which activates the double bond towards Michael addition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel ammonium salt of an organic acid. When the salt is used as a base additive for a chemically amplified resist, the environmental stability of the resist can be enhanced, and the T-top phenomenon can be effectively prevented. In addition, the line width change caused by acid diffusion can be prevented, and the E0 value of the resist can be decreased.

Abstract: The present invention is a demulsifying and corrosion-inhibiting compound formed from the salt of an amphiphilic amine and an amphiphilic acid. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the demulsifier may be a salt of an alkyl amine and an alkyl aryl sulfonic acid. Even more preferably, the demulsifier may be a salt of a methyl, di-cocoyl amine and an alkyl aryl sulfonic acid. According to another embodiment of the invention, an organic system may be demulsified by mixing the salt of an alkyl amine and an alkyl sulfonic acid with the system to be demulsified.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antitumor agent containing a phytosphingosine derivative, and more specifically, to an antitumor agent containing a phytosphingosine derivative of formula I as an active ingredient, wherein R1, R2 and R3 respectively represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C8 alkyl group; and X represents an atom or an atomic group containing a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkyl sulfonate group or an aryl sulfonate group.