Abstract: Described herein are methods for making retinoids. Also described herein are retinoids and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: Produce the target substance, or a polynuclear poly(formylphenol) expressed by General Formula (2), in an industrial setting with ease and at high purity by causing a polynuclear poly(hydroxymethylphenol) or polynuclear poly(alkoxymethylphenol) to react with hexamethylene tetramine in the presence of an acid and then hydrolyzing the obtained reaction product.

Abstract: Disclosed are a catalyst including a hydrotalcite and, immobilized on a surface thereof, particles of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, and Au; a method for producing a carbonyl compound through dehydrogenation of an alcohol in the presence of the catalyst; and a method for producing a carbonyl compound through dehydrogenation of an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst including a hydrotalcite and, immobilized on a surface thereof, particles of a metal, in which dehydrogenation is performed in the absence of oxygen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing aldehydes or ketones using an alkali metal hypochlorite or an alkaline earth metal hypochlorite in the presence of a ruthenium catalysts.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for the direct production of molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 78 g/mol by the breakdown of lignin, lignin derivatives, lignin fragments, and/or lignin-containing substances or mixtures in the presence of at least one polyoxometallate and preferably in the presence of a radical scavenger in a liquid medium.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing nano graphene platelets (NGPs) that are both dispersible and electrically conducting. The process comprises: (a) preparing a pristine NGP material from a graphitic material; and (b) subjecting the pristine NGP material to an oxidation treatment to obtain the dispersible NGP material, wherein the NGP material has an oxygen content no greater than 25% by weight. Conductive NGPs can find applications in transparent electrodes for solar cells or flat panel displays, additives for battery and supercapacitor electrodes, conductive nanocomposite for electromagnetic wave interference (EMI) shielding and static charge dissipation, etc.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and an apparatus useful for site-isolating reagents or catalysts during chemical reactions. The methods and apparatus are useful for carrying out cascade or domino reactions.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for stabilizing lithiated halogen-substituted aromatic compounds. In particular, the method is useful for the preparation of 2-methoxy-5,6-difluorobenzaldehyde, an important intermediate for the preparation of [4-amino-2-(1-methanesulfonylpiperidin-4-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl](2,3-difluoro-6methoxyphenyl)methanone, a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK4/Cyclin D1, CDK2/Cyclin E and CDK1/Cyclin B. The method is also useful for stabilizing other lithiated halogen-substituted aromatic compounds and is particularly useful for scale up reactions where the exothermic nature of the reaction can lead to reaction runway.

Abstract: Novel fluorophosphite compounds having the structure of general formula (I): where Ar1 and Ar2 are aryl groups containing 4 to 30 carbon atoms; R1 to R6 are H or alkyl or aryl hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 40 carbon atoms; and X is a connecting group or a simple chemical bond, were developed and found to be very active for hydroformylation processes for ethylenically unsaturated substrates. Catalyst solutions prepared from these compounds with a Rh metal show an unusual “ligand acceleration effect” for simple alkenes, i.e., the hydroformylation activity increases as the concentration of ligand increases, and are capable of producing linear or branched aldehydes under typical hydroformylation conditions.

Abstract: A new process for synthesizing 3,4-dioxo-substituted aromatic aldehydes by Oppenauer oxidation of the corresponding benzyl alcohols is described. The process, which specifically uses formaldehyde as hydrogen acceptor, proceeds with unexpectedly high yields and conversion percentages, allowing low cost access to finished and intermediate products of high industrial interest in the field of pharmaceutical products and fragrances.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for stabilizing lithiated halogen-substituted aromatic compounds. In particular, the method is useful for the preparation of 2-methoxy-5, 6-difluorobenzaldehyde, an important intermediate for the preparation of [4-amino-2-(1-methanesulfonylpiperidin-4-ylamino) pyrimidin-5-yl](2,3-difluoro-6methoxyphenyl)methanone, a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK4/Cyclin D1, CDK2/Cyclin E and CDK1/Cyclin B. The method is also useful for stabilizing other lithiated halogen-substituted aromatic compounds and is particularly useful for scale up reactions where the exothermic nature of the reaction can lead to reaction runway.

Abstract: The invention relates to mixed oxide catalysts for the catalytic gas-phase oxidation of olefins and methylated aromatics, processes for producing the catalysts and the reaction with air or oxygen in the presence of inert gases in various ratios at elevated temperatures and pressure to form aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of ring compounds via a combinatorial synthesis, the reaction procedure is based on a Suzuki coupling, subsequent halo-demetallation and finally a further Suzuki coupling. The Suzuki couplings are each carried out with a boronic acid or a boronic acid ester. The reaction procedure uses provides novel ring compounds and uses novel synthesis units used for this purpose. The novel ring compounds are suitable for use as constituents in liquid-crystalline mixtures.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed at a process for the preparation of (hetero)aromatic aldehydes. The aldehydes are obtained from corresponding Hal?-substituted (hetero)aromatics by palladium-catalysed reductive carbonylation in the presence of a specific monodentate phosphane-based ligand system.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel is presented. The process includes the production of diesel and naphtha boiling point range fuels by hydrotreating and hydrocracking of lignin in the biomass in a one step process.

Abstract: A process for producing an aromatic aldehyde compound represented by a general formula (3): (wherein R? and n are as defined below), which comprises reacting a benzyl compound represented by a general formula (1): (wherein R may represents hydrogen atom, n represents an integer of 1 to 6, and R? may be the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl gorup, an alkyl group or a phenyl group which may have a substituent) with an oxy-compound of bromine represented by the formula (2): MBrOm??(2) (wherein M represents a hydrogen atom or a metal atom, and m represents an integer of 1 to 3) in the presence of an acid catalyst. According to this method, an aromatic aldehyde compound can be produced in high selectivity by a simple operation without using an expensive catalyst or transition metal.

Abstract: Nonmetallic, chiral organic catalysts are used to catalyze enantioselective fluorination of enolizable aldehydes. Reaction systems composed of an enolizable aldehyde, an electrophilic fluorination reagent, and a nonmetallic chiral catalyst in the form of an imidazolidinone salt are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an oxide from an alcohol compound, the process comprising the steps of causing silica gel to carry the alcohol compound thereon and an oxidative catalyst thereon, and oxidizing the alcohol compound in the presence of an oxidizing agent, giving an oxide higher in oxidizing degree than the alcohol compound, and also provides a process for producing an oxide from an alcohol compound, the process comprising the steps of causing silica gel to carry the alcohol compound, and subjecting the alcohol compound to an electrolytic oxidation, giving an oxide higher in oxidizing degree than the alcohol compound.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched amino aldehydes and amino alcohols, wherein a corresponding enantiomerically enriched amino nitrile is subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen, a hydrogenation catalyst, preferably a Pd-catalyst and a mineral acid. For the preparation of an amino aldehyde hydrogen preferably is present at a hydrogen-pressure between 0.1 and 2 MPa, in particular between 0.5 and 1 MPa. The amino aldehyde preferably is isolated in the form of a chemically and configurationally stable derivative. For the preparation of an amino alcohol, preferably at least during part of the hydrogenation hydrogen is present at a hydrogen-pressure between 2 and 10 MPa, in particular between 4 and 6 MPa. In a preferred embodiment the hydrogen-pressure initially is between 0.5 and 2 MPa and subsequently, after most of the nitrile starting material is converted, the hydrogen pressure is increased to a value between 2 and 10 MPa.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and devices for alleviating the problems of toxic discharge of aldehydes present in waste streams are disclosed. The methods relate to forming neutralized aldehydes by treating aldehydes with oxidizing agents. The oxidizing agents offer a simple, effective, fast and inexpensive solution for treatment of toxic aldehydes prior to disposal into the environment.

Abstract: Processes for coupling phenol and cycloalkyls including combining an optionally substituted phenol, a cycloalkyl substituted with a leaving group, carbonate salt, tetrahydrofuran, and an optional phase transfer agent are provided. Also provided are processes for preparing 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde by combining 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, a cyclopentyl compound, a carbonate salt, a solvent, and an optional phase transfer agent.

Abstract: A carrier for carrying an osmium oxide comprising an aromatic polyolefin polymer having a group shown by the general formula [1] as a substituent on the aromatic ring of said polyolefin polymer: —A?—O(—A—O)n—R[1] (wherein A is an alkylene group; A? is a direct link or an alkylene group; R is an aryl group; and n is an integer of 1 to 10), an osmium oxide carried by the carrier for carrying an osmium oxide and a method for producing the osmium oxide carried by said carrier are disclosed. Since the osmium oxide carried by the carrier of the present invention has a hydrophilic group, in an oxidation reaction and an asymmetric oxidation reaction, particularly in a heterogeneous solvent system, the osmium oxide carried by the carrier of the present invention enables to produce a diol compound easily and in a high optical yield.

Abstract: Manganese(IV) complex salts of formula [LMn(?-O)3MnL]n[XM12O40]m, (I), wherein L is 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, X is P or Si, M is Mo or W, n is 2 or 3, and m is 1 or 2, with the provisos that (i) if X is Si, then n=2 and m=1 and (ii) if X is P, then n=3 and m=2. These compounds are active catalysts in the partial oxidation of various organic compounds with peroxy compounds, e.g., the preparation of ketones from secondary alcohols or the epoxidation of olefins.

Abstract: A process for the production of 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde is disclosed. The 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde is obtained by the reduction of 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid using trimethylacetic anhydride and a phosphine. The 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid is preferably obtained by a process in which tert-butanol and vinylidene chloride are reacted in the presence of sulfuric acid. The disclosed process has improved cost and yield.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing aldehydes by isomerization of the corresponding unsaturated primary alcohols using a transition metal catalyst system, in an alcoholic solvent and in the presence of an acid. An aldehyde forms by isomerizing an unsaturated primary alcohol under conditions that protect the newly formed aldehyde as a dialkylacetal in situ during the reaction. Protecting the aldehyde as an acetal allows for facile separation of the product from the catalyst as well as effectively driving the reaction toward completion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an oxide from an alcohol compound, the process comprising the steps of causing silica gel to carry the alcohol compound thereon and an oxidative catalyst thereon, and oxidizing the alcohol compound in the presence of an oxidizing agent, giving an oxide higher in oxidizing degree than the alcohol compound, and also provides a process for producing an oxide from an alcohol compound, the process comprising the steps of causing silica gel to carry the alcohol compound, and subjecting the alcohol compound to an electrolytic oxidation, giving an oxide higher in oxidizing degree than the alcohol compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of carbonyl compounds by the oxidation of alcohols in the presence of osmium compounds as catalysts in water or a solvent mixture containing water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for catalytically reducing substituted benzonitriles to substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of aqueous formic acid, of a nickel- and aluminium-containing catalyst and hydrogen.

Abstract: The present invention recites a process for the of 2,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde by reacting a 2-hydroxy-5 methoxy-benzaldehyde with a suitable metal hydroxide in the presence of a suitable solvent to make a metal salt of 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzaldehyde comprising. The invention further provides a method for alkylating said metal salts with dimethylsulfate in the presence of a suitable solvent so as to provide a 2,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for iodinating a substituted benzaldehyde.

Abstract: The present invention recites a process for the of 2,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde by reacting a 2-hydroxy-5 methoxy-benzaldehyde with a suitable metal hydroxide in the presence of a suitable solvent to make a metal salt of 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzaldehyde comprising. The invention further provides a method for alkylating said metal salts with dimethylsulfate in the presence of a suitable solvent so as to provide a 2,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process by a series of reactions using tetrafluorocyanobenzens as material for producing tetrafluorobenzenemethanols, tetrafluorobenzenecarbaldehyde dialkylacetals and tetrafluorobenzenecarbaldehydes in a high purity and a high yield which are useful as intermediates in the production of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid esters having insecticidal action, and also relates to a novel tetrafluorobenzenecarbaldehyde dimethylacetal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for stabilizing phenylacetaldehyde by adding at least one additive, in which case the additive contains one or more polybasic carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A process for producing benzyloxyacetaldehyde which comprises oxidizing 2-benzyloxyethanol with hypochlorous acid in the presence of a nitroxy radical having the general formula (I) wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, an acyloxy group, an alkoxyl group or an aralkyloxy group.

Abstract: The invention relates to a particularly advantageous preparation of fluorine-containing benzaldehydes by reacting a corresponding aromatic acid chloride with hydrogen in the presence of a supported palladium catalyst and a catalyst moderator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of high purity and yield &agr;-asarone, trans 2,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamaldehyde, 2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl propionone, from &bgr;-asarone or &bgr;-asarone rich Acorus calamus oil containing &agr; and &ggr;-asarone by hydrogenating, followed by treatment with DDQ with or without solid support of silica gel or alumina in dry organic solvent and &agr;-asarone can also be obtained by treating the hydrogenated product of &bgr;-asarone or &bgr;-asarone rich Acorus calamus with DDQ in an aqueous organic solvent to obtain an intermediate 2,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl propionone, which in turn is reduced with sodiumborohydride to obtain the corresponding 2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl propanol and followed by final treatment with a dehydrating agent.

Abstract: An aromatic carboxylic acid, aromatic aldehyde, and aromatic alcohol are simultaneously and efficiently prepared by liquid phase oxidizing an aromatic compound represented by formula (I) with a gas containing molecular oxygen, in a presence of a catalyst comprising transition metal compound, tertiary amine and bromide compound:

Abstract: A process for preparing a compound represented by the following formula: wherein each symbol is as defined below, or a salt thereof, characterized by subjecting a compound represented by the following formula: wherein R1 is an electron-attracting group; R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted amino group, an optionally substituted hydroxyl group, an optionally substituted thiol group, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group, provided that R6 and R7 may be united to form a ring; and R8 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, or a salt thereof, to a ring-closing reaction.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and devices for alleviating the problems of toxic discharge of aldehydes present in waste streams are disclosed. The methods relate to forming neutralized aldehydes by treating aldehydes with oxidizing agents. The oxidizing agents offer a simple, effective, fast and inexpensive solution for treatment of toxic aldehydes prior to disposal into the environment.

Abstract: A process for preparing polymerizable biaryl derivatives comprises reacting an aromatic comprising a 6-membered ring which bears ester or benzylic OH groups in the 1,4 position with a second aromatic in a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction to give a biaryl and converting the ester or benzylic OH groups into polymerizable groups in one or more steps. The biaryls obtained are suitable for preparing polymers which are used as electroluminescence materials.

Abstract: A method for oxidizing an aromatic compound possesssing at least one alkyl substituent by using a catalyst avoids containing a corrosive bromine ion, remains stably without being decomposed even in an oxidizing atmospherfe, and permits reclamation is provided. An aromatic compound possessing at least one alkyl substituent is oxidized by using a catalyst which has at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, silicon, and germanium as a hetero atom and at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and niobium as a poly atom and comprises a heteropoly-oxometalate anion possessing two defective structure site and at least one kind of element selected from the group of elements of Periods 4˜6 of Groups IB, VA,VIIA, and VIII in the Periodic Table of the Elements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for the production of benzaldehyde with 40-50% selectivity comprising by catalytic liquid phase air oxidation of toluene. The process involves providing a continuous flow of air in the presence of a catalyst such as salts of Fe, Co, Mo and Ni, and preferably a co-catalyst such as salts of manganese or copper, a promoter which may also be a bromine source, and a carboxylic acid solvent selected from the group consisting of acetic, propionic, benzoic acids ranging between 0.05 to 0.3 wt. times with respect to toluene, at a temperature ranging between 60-130° C. and pressures in the range of 1-10 bars for a period of 0.5-1.5 hours to obtain benzaldehyde (40-50%) along with other by-products.

Abstract: Improved process for the purification and formulation of o-phthalaldehyde in which crude o-phthalaldehyde, obtained by cleavage of an acetal of o-phthalaldehyde by means of acidic hydrolysis, is, optionally by adding an aqueous basic solution, adjusted to a pH of from 1 to 8, and then, after phase separation has taken place, water is distilled off from the phase which contains the aldehyde with very short thermal stress of less than 1 minute at a pressure of between 100 mbar and atmospheric pressure and a temperature of from room temperature to 180° C. on a thin-layer overhead evaporator and o-phthalaldehyde is then stripped off from the distillation bottom which remains with very short thermal stress of less than 1 minute at a pressure of from 0.5 to 50 mbar and a jacket temperature of from 80 to 80° C. via a thin-layer evaporator and the resulting o-phthalaldehyde melt is pelleted at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of from 60 to 80° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing formaldehyde from methanol by non-oxidative dehydrogenation, in a reactor, in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 1000° C. Said method is characterized in that the generation of the catalyst takes place spatially separate from the reactor and at a temperature greater than the dehydrogenation.

Abstract: A process which makes it possible to prepare aldehydes under mild reaction conditions with a high efficiency through the reduction of carboxylic acids with molecular hydrogen. Specifically, a process of reducing an organic carboxylic acid with molecular hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst into an aldehyde corresponding to the acid, characterized by conducting the reduction in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as a carboxylic anhydride.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the selective oxidation of alcohols to ketones or to aldehydes by means of an alkali hypohalite under alkaline conditions, which comprises carrying out the oxidation in the presence of a heterogeneous oxidation catalyst that is insoluble in the reaction medium and is selected from the group comprising the compounds of formula (I) (III), wherein n is a number from 3 to 3000; or a 4-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl that is 4-oxy-bound to a Merrifield polymer. The invention relates also to the compounds of formulae (II) and (III) and to the use of the above-mentioned oxidation catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols.

Abstract: A process for preparing aldols by catalytic reaction of aldehydes and/or ketones comprises conducting said reaction in the channels of a microstructured reaction system.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for orthometalation of a carbocyclic aromatic derivative bearing at least an electron donor group, characterised in that it consists in reacting said carbocyclic aromatic derivative with an efficient amount of at least one alkaline metal in the presence of a compound of formula (I): RX, wherein: R represents a hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which can be a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, acyclic aliphatic radical; a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or polycyclic cycloaliphatic radical; a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched aliphatic radical bearing a cyclic substituent; and X represents a bromine or chlorine atom.

Abstract: Disclosed is process for the treatment of cyclopropanecarboxaldehdye (CPCA) which contains crotonaldehyde impurity with a base at elevated temperature to convert the crotonaldehyde to one or more higher boiling compounds followed by distillation to recover CPCA substantially free of crotonaldehyde. This selective reaction may be combined with a distillation to purify CPCA or in combination with the reaction of the CPCA in the treated mixture to produce a CPCA-derivative while avoiding or minimizing the formation of the analogous crotonaldehyde derivative.

Abstract: A process for preparing alkyl- or aryloxyacetaldehydes of the formula 1