Abstract: Catalytically-active metallic glasses containing at least one element from a subgroup of the periodic system and at least one element from a main group of the periodic system. Process for the production of catalytically-active metallic glasses where the metallic glass is produced from at least one element from a subgroup of the periodic system and at least from one element from a main group of the periodic system. The metallic glasses are activated by self-activation or by an oxidative and/or reductive treatment. The catalytically-active metallic glasses can be used as hydrogenation, oxidation or isomerization catalysts.

Abstract: Process for the selective hydrogenation of diolefinic compounds to monoolefinic compounds employing catalyst consisting essentially of elemental nickel on an inorganic support in the presence of hydrogen and at least one nitrogen-containing compound is disclosed. Selective hydrogenation of the less substituted of the two carbon-carbon double bonds of the diolefinic compound is achieved while isomerization of the more highly substituted, non-hydrogenated double bond, is minimized.

Abstract: In a process wherein the vinyl acetylenes present as an impurity in a stream of butadienes are removed by hydrogenating the stream over a catalyst the loss of butadiene is lessened and catalyst aging is diminished by injecting the hydrogen in reduced quantities into a series of smaller catalyst beds connected in series.

Abstract: A catalyst for the hydrogenation of a diolefin, having palladium or a compound thereof and at least one co-catalyst component selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, and rhenium supported each in the form of an elemental metal or a metal compound on a support, its method of preparation and its use for said hydrogenation, particularly for the hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene is described herein.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon, particularly useful for the hydrogenation of alkynes such as acetylene to alkenes such as ethylene. The unsaturated hydrocarbon is brought into contact with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst which comprises cations selected from the group consisting in five-coordinate and six-coordinate complex cations of ruthenium (II) having the general formula (1):(RuXL.sub.n).sup.+ (1)in which:X is a radical;L is a donor ligand; andn is an integer not greater than 5.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprising a catalytic metal and a support, the support being prepared by depositing a metal alkoxide on a core support, then calcining the support.

Abstract: In a two-stage hydrofining process, hydrogen is utilized as a quench fluid to reduce the temperature of the effluent withdrawn from the hydrodemetallization stage prior to providing such effluent to the hydrodesulfurization stage and the flow of such hydrogen is controlled so as to maintain a desired temperature for the feed to the hydrodesulfurization stage. Also, the flow of fuel to a furnace is controlled so as to maintain a desired temperature for the feed to the hydrodemetallization stage and hydrogen flow rates are manipulated throughout the process so as to maintain desired hydrogen concentrations throughout the hydrofining process.

Abstract: Catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of multi-unsaturated organic compounds, in particular of diolefins and dienes in mixtures with other hydrocarbons; the catalyst is characterized by(A) a metal component from one or more elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table on(B) a support material on the basis(b.sub.1) of one or more n-semiconducting oxides of one or more elements from the Subgroups IVb, Vb and VIb of the Periodic Table or of thorium or cerium, or respectively on the basis(b.sub.2) of one or more n-semiconducting mixed oxide systems of the formula Me.sub.2 Me.sub.1 (0).sub.x, where Me.sub.1 is an element of the group defined in (b.sub.1), Me.sub.2 an alkaline earth metal or an element different from Me.sub.1 or the group defined in (b.sub.1), and x signifies the number of oxygen atoms required for the saturation of Me.sub.1 and Me.sub.

Abstract: A C.sub.4 cut of high butadiene content is selectively hydrogenated in contact with a supported palladium catalyst, the operation being performed in admixture with a hydrocarbon and an amine.The C.sub.4 cut of high butadiene content (1) and liquid hydrocarbon containing the amine (6) pass through reactor (2). The resultant product is fractionated (13). The C.sub.4 cut is recovered in the vapor phase (15) and the liquid phase recycled (16).

Abstract: This invention relates to a catalyst containing palladium and optionally chromium on an alumina which is used for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic hydrocarbons in olefin gas streams. The catalyst is characterized by the use of an alumina support having a surface area of less than about 5 square meters per gram, a Hg pore volume of between about 0.2 and about 0.5 cubic centimeters per gram and wherein at least 40% of the pore volume is contained in pores having pore diameters of greater than about 10 microns.

Abstract: Acetylene is selectively hydrogenated by passing a mixture of acetylene and ethylene with a hydrocarbon liquid phase through a bed of a palladium-on-alumina catalyst. The liquid phase comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon and a primary or secondary amine.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an alkadiene and/or alkatriene is contacted with a free hydrogen containing gas in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising (a) palladium metal and (b) aluminum phosphate, so as to form primarily an alkene. In another embodiment, a cycloalkadiene and/or cycloalkatriene is contacted with a free hydrogen containing gas in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising (a) palladium metal and (b) aluminum phosphate, so as to form primarily a cycloalkene. The preferred cycloalkadiene is 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and the preferred cycloalkene is cyclooctene. Optionally, an alkali metal alkoxide, e.g. lithium methoxide, and/or carbon monoxide can be present during the hydrogenation reactions to improve the selectivity to alkenes and cycloalkenes, respectively.

Abstract: A technique, including an apparatus, for automatically regenerating a catalyst used in a process for obtaining a product in an exit stream from a raw material in a feed stream of a reactor, comprises determining the concentration of raw material in the feed and exit stream and obtaining a value for the catalyst selectivity as a function of the difference between the concentrations. When a selected selectivity is reached, which is indicative of the need for the catalyst to be regenerated, regenerator equipment is activated for regenerating the catalyst in the reactor. To continue the process, the feed stream is transferred to an auxiliary reactor during regeneration of the primary reactor, which contains regenerated or fresh catalyst.

Abstract: Process for the selective hydrogenation of the acetylenic hydrocarbons of a C.sub.4 hydrocarbons cut, containing butadiene and at least 1% by weight of acetylenic hydrocarbons, without substantial hydrogenation of butadiene, wherein said hydrocarbons cut in liquid phase and hydrogen are contacted with a supported catalyst containing 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of palladium and 0.05 to 1% by weight of silver, the Ag/Pd ratio by weight being at least 0.7.

Abstract: Supported palladium-gold catalyst of high resistance to poisoning by sulfur compounds, not subject to elution by vinylacetylene and not inducing a substantial formation of oligomers, for use in hydrogenation reactions wherein acetylenics and diolefins are selectively hydrogenated, said catalyst being obtained by the steps of: admixing a palladium compound with an inorganic carrier, roasting in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas, treating with a reducing agent, admixing a halogenated gold compound with the resulting composition, treating with a reducing agent, treating with a compound having a basic reaction so as to lower the halogen content of the catalyst below 10 ppm by weight, and roasting, in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas, the palladium and gold compounds being used in convenient proportions so that the catalyst contains 0.03 to 1% palladium and 0.003 to 0.3% gold by weight.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of linear olefinic hydrocarbons. A feed stream of paraffins is fed to a catalytic dehydrogenation reaction zone. Liquid phase hydrocarbons withdrawn from the dehydrogenation reaction zone are passed through a diolefin selective hydrogenation zone. The effluent of the hydrogenation zone is stripped of light ends and passed into an olefin separation zone, which preferably employs a selective adsorbent. The paraffinic effluent of the separation zone is recycled to the dehydrogenation zone. The paraffinic recycle stream contains some monoolefins, but is essentially free of diolefins. Dehydrogenation catalyst life is lengthened by elimination of diolefins in total charge to dehydrogenation zone. Product quality and yield is improved.

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons is disclosed. Feed paraffinic hydrocarbons are dehydrogenated to yield an olefin-containing vapor stream, which is partially condensed to produce a liquid phase process stream which contains by-product diolefins along with the intended product monoolefins. The liquid phase process stream and added hydrogen are passed through a selective hydrogenation zone in which diolefins are catalytically converted to monoolefins. This increases the quality of the product monoolefin stream. The selective hydrogenation zone is located between the vapor-liquid separator and stripper column of the dehydrogenation zone.

Abstract: A process for the selective hydrogenation of hydrocarbons having three and more carbon atoms and several double bonds or with triple bonds in monoene-containing hydrocarbon mixtures is described. These compounds are selectively hydrogenated to monoenes in a practically quantitative fashion. Before beginning the hydrogenation, a small amount of carbon monoxide and once to twice the stoichiometric quantity of hydrogen are homogeneously dissolved in the hydrocarbon mixture. The mixture is hydrogenated as a homogeneous liquid phase on a fixed palladium catalyst under a moderately high pressure and at a moderately high temperature. No isomerization can be found in the monoenes and no side reactions or secondary reactions occur.

Abstract: A catalyst and process for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene, said catalyst comprising palladium and silver with the palladium concentrated as a skin and the silver distributed throughout.

Abstract: A selective hydrogenation method for highly saturated hydrocarbons by bringing a mixture of hydrocarbons of low hydrogenation degree having 4 or more carbon atoms containing the highly saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst using a fixed bed reaction vessel, which comprises supplying a hydrogen gas in a state of plural splits along the flow direction of the fixed bed reaction vessel is disclosed. In accordance with this mehtod, only the highly unsaturated hydrocarbons are selectively hydrogenated without being accompanied by isomerization of olefins.

Abstract: Process for selectively hydrogenating a diolefin present in a mixture of hydrocarbons having at least 4 carbon atoms per molecule: the hydrocarbon mixture is reacted with hydrogen in contact with a catalyst comprising palladium and silver, the molar ratio of hydrogen to the diolefin being from 1:1 to 5:1.

Abstract: A catalyst and process for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene, said catalyst comprising palladium and silver with the palladium concentrated as a skin and the silver distributed throughout.

Abstract: Palladium or platinum is deposited on a low acidity silica polymorph/silicalite/high silica zeolites to yield a supported catalyst particularly useful in the hydrogenation of acetylenes and diolefins. The catalyst has a decreased tendency to promote polymerization which causes fouling than previously used alumina catalysts.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is removed from a fluid stream by contacting the fluid stream which contains hydrogen sulfide with an absorbing composition comprising zinc, titanium and at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, rhenium, and compounds thereof. If organic sulfur compounds are present in the fluid stream, the absorbing composition acts as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst to convert the sulfur in the organic sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide which is subsequently removed from the fluid stream by the absorbing composition. If olefin contaminants are present in the fluid stream, the absorbing composition acts as hydrogenation catalyst to hydrogenate the olefin contaminants to paraffins.

Abstract: In purifying a gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbon stream by selectively hydrogenating more highly unsaturated hydrocarbon impurity contained therein, part of the starting stream is mixed with hydrogen in excess of the stoichiometric requirement to hydrogenate the impurity and passed over a first bed of hydrogenation catalyst, whereafter a second part of the starting stream is mixed with the hydrogen-containing product of the first catalyst and passed over a second bed of hydrogenation catalyst. Using such stepwise feed of hydrocarbon the hydrogen excess can be kept at a high enough level to limit or avoid deactivation of the catalyst, which is preferably supported palladium.

Abstract: In a selective hydrogenation process wherein at least two catalyst beds in series are utilized, the temperature of the feed stream flowing to the first catalyst bed and the temperature of the feed stream flowing from the first catalyst bed to the second catalyst bed are controlled using a combination of feed forward and feed back control. The feed forward control is based on the change in a process variable during a specified period of time. The feed back control is based on a comparison to the actual concentration of acetylene in the product stream flowing from the second catalyst bed to the desired concentration of acetylene in the product stream flowing from the second catalyst bed.

Abstract: A C.sub.2 or C.sub.3 hydrocarbon fraction comprising at least one mono-olefinic hydrocarbon and at least one acetylenic hydrocarbon, and optionally at least one diolefinic hydrocarbon, is hydrogenated selectively in contact with a palladium-on-alumina catalyst subjected to calcining at a relatively high temperature and whose palladium crystallites have an average size of at least 50 Angstroms.

Abstract: A catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of highly unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. acetylene, in the presence of less unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. ethylene, comprises palladium supported on a calcined refractory material comprising a calcium aluminate cement having a Ca:Al ratio of 1:4 to 1:10, the average depth of penetration of the palladium into the catalyst pieces being less than 300 .mu.m.

Abstract: The invention concerns selectively hydrogenating butadiene to butene in a C.sub.4 fraction containing at least 30 weight % butene-1 by treatment with hydrogen under carefully controlled conditions which comprise in combination use of a supported palladium catalyst containing about 0.01 to about 1.0 weight % palladium, a small excess of hydrogen over theoretical, temperatures in the range of about 50.degree. to 90.degree. C., pressures sufficient to maintain the hydrocarbons in a mixed vapor-liquid phase and a mass velocity of above 1500 lbs./(Sq. ft..times.H).

Abstract: In a process for the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbon components of a feedstock, the feedstock is initially passed over a hydrogenation catalyst in the absence of hydrogen to increase hydrogenation selectivity of the catalyst, after which the amount of hydrogen required is then passed over the catalyst along with the feedstock to carry out the desired hydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: A copper promoted massive nickel catalyst is disclosed which is capable of having a reduced nickel surface area ranging from about 55 to about 100 m.sup.2 /g as determined by hydrogen chemisorption, after reduction at 400.degree. C., and a B.E.T. total surface area ranging from about 150 to about 300 m.sup.2 /g, wherein the amount of copper in the catalyst ranges from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % and the amount of nickel ranges from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, said wt. % of copper and nickel metal are based on the total weight of the catalyst. The copper promoted massive catalysts are prepared by the steps comprising comingling a solution containing copper and nickel cations with another solution containing silicate anions and coprecipitating the copper, nickel and silicate ions in an aqueous solution onto solid carrier particles. The catalysts are useful in hydrogenation processes.

Abstract: In an ethylene manufacturing process in which the effluent from the cracking furnaces is provided to an acetylene reactor to therein selectively hydrogenate acetylene to ethylene, method and apparatus is provided whereby methanol is injected into the cracking furnace to produce carbon monoxide in sufficient quantities to substantially optimize the selectivity of the conversion of acetylene to ethylene in the acetylene reactors. The concentration of the carbon monoxide in the effluent flowing from the cracking furnace is utilized to manipulate the flow of methanol to the cracking furnace so as to maintain a desired concentration of carbon monoxide in the effluent flowing from the cracking furnace.

Abstract: In a selective hydrogenation process wherein at least one catalyst bed is utilized, the temperature of the feed stream to the catalyst bed is controlled so as to maintain a desired reaction temperature in the catalyst bed. Primary control is based on an analysis of the feed stream. An override control based on the differential temperature across the at least one catalyst bed is provided to prevent fast changes in the composition of the feed stream from causing the temperature of the catalyst bed to change rapidly.

Abstract: A selective hydrogenation process wherein at least two catalyst beds in series is controlled by predicting the inlet temperature to the first catalyst bed in the series required to maintain the concentration of the component being selectively hydrogenated in the effluent flowing from the second reactor within a desired concentration limit. This prediction is biased by a comparison of the actual concentration to the concentration limit. The thus biased prediction is utilized to manipulate the inlet temperature to the first reactor in the series. The inlet temperature to the second reactor to the series is controlled by establishing a prediction of the differential temperature across the second reactor in the series.

Abstract: There is provided a method of selectively hydrogenating acetylenes in a C.sub.4 -hydrocarbon mixture containing butadiene for removing said acetylenes wherein a hydrogen containing gas and the liquid C.sub.4 -hydrocarbon mixture are continuously fed through the upper portion of a reactor filled with catalyst particles carrying one or more precious metals selected from the Group VIII elements of the Periodic Table, the hydrogen containing gas is present in the reactor forming a substantially continuous phase at the hydrogen partial pressure of less than 1.5 kg/cm.sup.2.a, while the C.sub.4 -hydrocarbon mixture is allowed to flow down over the surfaces of the catalyst particles in the liquid form and to react at 5 to 80.degree. C., and the reaction mixture is withdrawn through the bottom of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel zero-valent rhodium catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbyl-lithium compound with a hydrocarbon-soluble complex of a rhodium halide and a ligand. The catalyst may, if desired, be deposited on a support such as alumina or silica. It is effective to catalyze the hydrogenation of organic compounds such as benzene, styrene and the like.

Abstract: Acetylene contained in an ethylene product stream in minor amounts is selectively hydrogenated to ethylene in the presence of suitable catalysts in a two stage converter having a primary reactor stage providing hydrogenation of a portion of the acetylene present in the stream in series with a secondary reactor stage providing hydrogenation of substantially all of the remaining unreacted acetylene. Overall process control is achieved by adjusting the molar ratio of hydrogen to acetylene in the feed stream for the primary reactor stage in response to feedforward information from an analyzer for the primary stage feed stream and feedback information from an analyzer for the primary stage effluent stream to provide a primary stage effluent of substantially constant acetylene content.

Abstract: In a selective hydrogenation process wherein at least two catalyst beds in series are utilized, the temperature of the feed stream to the first catalyst bed and the temperature of the feed stream from the first catalyst bed to the second catalyst bed are manipulated so as to maintain a desired reaction temperature in both catalyst beds. The desired reaction temperature of the first catalyst bed is manipulated so as to insure that a desired percent of a specific feed component is selectively hydrogenated in the first catalyst bed. The reaction temperature of the second catalyst bed is manipulated so as to maintain a desired concentration of the specific feed component in the product stream from the second catalyst bed.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of certain aromatic, olefinic and acetylenic compounds. The process is catalyzed by a zero-valent mixed metal catalyst which is in turn prepared by the reaction of an organic metal cluster compound wherein one of the metals is lithium with a complex of rhodium halide and an olefinic hydrocarbon ligand. The catalyst may, if desired, be deposited on a support such as alumina or silica. The hydrogenation process can, in many instances, be carried out under ordinary conditions, i.e., at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A noble metal hydrogenation catalyst suited for removal of acetylene by hydrogenating the same selectively as when it is in the presence of ethylene from which it is to be removed, e.g., palladium, which has been poisoned by arsenic is reactivated by purging the same with an arsenic-free gas, e.g., an arsenic-free ethylene containing acetylene together with hydrogen, in one embodiment at an elevated temperature, until substantial acetylene removal is occurring as one indication of restoration of activity and selectivity for removal of acetylene. The catalyst can then be employed for the selective removal of acetylene as from a gas containing it and ethylene.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenating hydrocarbons which comprises reacting a hydrocarbon with hydrogen in contact with a layered complex nickel silicate catalyst which has been reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere, oxidized in an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen and then again reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating (hydroprocessing) hydrocarbons and mixtures of hydrocarbons utilizing a catalytic composite comprising a combination of a nickel component, a molybdenum component and a platinum component with a zeolitic carrier material wherein said platinum component is present in an amount sufficient to result in the composite containing, on an elemental basis, about 0.2 to about 0.5 percent by weight platinum, in which process there is effected a chemical consumption of hydrogen. Hydrocarbon hydroprocesses are hydrocracking, the hydrogenation of aromatic nuclei, the ring-opening of cyclic hydrocarbons, desulfurization, denitrification, hydrogenation, etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a synthesis process for preparing lubricating oils, according to which a n-olefin cut is subjected to catalytic autocondensation, under controlled conditions, and the reaction mixture is distilled, the bottom product, possibly stabilized to eliminate unsaturations, being the desired lubricating oil having outstanding properties of viscosity index and pour point.

Abstract: A continuous process for the selective production of ethylene by the diacritic cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feeds such as residual oils, heavy vacuum gas oils, atmospheric gas oils, crude oils and coal-derived liquids. The diacritic cracking takes place in a non-tubular multi-zone reactor at elevated pressures (e.g. 70-1000 p.s.i.a.) A fuel is combusted with oxygen in the first section of the multi-zone reactor. The high temperature products of combustion of the first zone pass into a second section of the reactor where the feed is atomized and cracked to yield products including ethylene, acetylene and synthesis gas. The reaction products of the second zone then pass into a third section in which they are quenched. In each stage of the reactor the present process seeks to prevent the build-up of coke deposits on the walls of the reactor. In the first two stages, a film of gas such as CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2 is injected along the inner walls to prevent build-up of coke.