Abstract: A device to actuate a switch. The switch has a switch toggle movable between a first position and a second position. The device includes a switch yoke movable between the first position and the second position adapted to engage the switch toggle and move therewith. The device also includes a first linkage connected to the switch yoke. The first linkage applies a force in response to an input signal to move the switch yoke from the first position to the second position. The first linkage includes a shape memory alloy. The device is configured to permit manual actuation of the switch toggle.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus for achieving high work output per unit volume in micro-robotic actuators, and in particular TiNi actuators. Such actuators are attractive as a means of powering nano-robotic movement, and are being developed for manipulation of structures at near the molecular scale. In these very small devices (one micron scale), one means of delivery of energy is by electron beams. Movement of mechanical structures a few microns in extent has been demonstrated in a scanning electron microscope. Results of these and subsequent experiments will be described, with a description of potential structures for fabricating moving a microscopic x-y stage.

Abstract: A power-off hold element for operating in cooperation with an actuator is disclosed. The power-off hold element comprises a material having selectively adjustable rigidity wherein a position or shape of said material is adjustable when energy is applied to increase the temperature of the material above a temperature where the material becomes flexible and the material is rigid in a position or shape when the temperature of the material decreases below the temperature where the material becomes flexible. Also disclosed is a process for operating a power-off hold element for operating in cooperation with an actuator.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a locking mechanism for positioning or locking an article comprising a housing 3; an optional active element 6 in operative communication with a connecting means 22, wherein the active element 6 and the connecting means 22 are disposed within the housing 3; wherein the active element 6 upon being activated is capable of exerting a force on the connecting means 22; a compression initiation element 4 located within the housing 3, wherein the compression initiation element 4 comprises a shape memory material, and wherein the compression initiation element 4 upon activation facilitates the activation of the active element 6; and a spring stack 8 disposed adjacent to the compression initiation element 4, wherein the spring stack 8 is in operative communication with the compression initiation element 4 and wherein the spring stack 8 is configured to radially expand within the housing 3.

Abstract: A shape memory activated fluid control pinch valve is disclosed. The valve may be normally open or normally closed. In various embodiments of the valve, the valve may be a latching pinch valve and may operate with magnetic assistance.

Abstract: A position control actuator system includes a control element and first and second actuators. The first and second actuators are each comprised of magneto-active twinned material. The first actuator is configured to extend and drive the control element in a first direction when the first actuator is subjected to a magnetic field. The second actuator is configured to extend and drive the control element in a second direction when the second actuator is subjected to a magnetic field. A magnetic field source subsystem is configured to extend the first actuator to drive the control element in the first direction, and extend the second actuator to drive the control element in the second direction.

Abstract: An architecture shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators is presented called Segmented Binary Control (SBC). Instead of controlling the phase transition of the entire SMA wire as a single plant, we divide the SMA wire into many segments, each of which is controlled separately as an ON-OFF finite-state process. SBC produces a displacement as the addition of small displacements generated by the individual segments. Furthermore, the segmented architecture of SMA wires is extended to a multi-axis actuator array by arranging them in a two-dimensional array, so that the multi-axis control may be streamlined and coordinated. Moreover, the 2-D segmentation can be so designed that coordinated gross motion as well as independent fine movements may be generated with minimum complexity and minimum control loops.

Abstract: A microelectrical mechanical out-of-plane thermal buckle-beam actuator is capable of providing transverse-plane movement of shutters. The actuator includes a pair of structural anchors secured to a substrate and one or more thermal buckle-beams secured at respective base ends to the anchors. Each buckle-beam extends substantially parallel to and spaced-apart from the substrate and is releasable from the substrate at points other than at the anchors. The thermal buckle-beam actuators are suitable for use in a microelectrical mechanical optical display system.

Abstract: A rotary SMA actuator includes an SMA assembly having a plurality of grooves formed therein to form a plurality of concentrically arranged SMA tubes. A heater element is disposed against an input end of the SMA tubes and generates heat when electrical current is applied thereto. The heat is used to heat the SMA tubes, which causes an angular deflection of each of the tubes at an output end thereof. An innermost one of the SMA tubes is used as an output member and its angular deflection is the sum of the angular deflections of all of the SMA tubes. The actuator is of a smaller size and lighter weight than electrical, mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators of comparable torque output. The actuator also provides greater deflection capability than similarly sized SMA type actuators that do not employ concentric tubes.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical (MEM) apparatus is disclosed which includes a pair of tensile-stressed actuators suspending a platform above a substrate to tilt the platform relative to the substrate. A tensile stress built into the actuators initially tilts the platform when a sacrificial material used in fabrication of the MEM apparatus is removed. Further tilting of the platform can occur with a change in the ambient temperature about the MEM apparatus, or by applying a voltage to one or both of the tensile-stressed actuators. The MEM apparatus can be used to form a tiltable micromirror or an array of such devices, and also has applications for thermal management within satellites.

Abstract: A thermal bend actuator (6) is provided with a group of upper arms (23, 25, 26) and a group of lower arms (27, 28) which are non planar, so increasing the stiffness of the arms.

Abstract: An apparatus for two degree of freedom positioning a moveable structure relative to a support structure is provided. The apparatus includes a moveable structure, a support structure, a compliant support disposed between the moveable structure and the support structure. The compliant support biases the moveable structure away from the support structure. In addition, three shape memory alloy actuators are provided between the structures and symmetrically arranged about the compliant support. The shape memory alloy actuators are selectively activated to provide two degrees of freedom of movement for the moveable structure relative to the support structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of controlling flow of liquids in a micro channel structure. It comprises providing in said micro channel structure plugs (34) of polymer material in said structure, said polymer material in a first state blocking said channel from liquid flow, and in a second state providing a free path-way (32) for liquid flow. Energy is selectively applied so as to cause said polymer to enter a desired one of said first or second states. It also relates to a micro channel valve system, comprising a plurality of such plugs (34). Additionally it comprises a chemical reactor, comprising a plurality of micro chambers interconnected by micro channels, having a valve system according to the invention.

Abstract: The present invention employs an optimized cross-sectional shape for a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA) composite that is used in a spring-type actuator, an improved hybrid magnetic trigger for use in FSMA based actuators, an a FSMA composite based spring type actuator, an a FSMA based spring type actuator including a stack of triggering units and FSMA springs, a FSMA composite based torque actuator. The invention also includes a model that can be employed to evaluate different materials being considered as components a FSMA for a FSMA composite used in either a FSMA based torque actuator or a FSMA spring actuator.

Abstract: A discrete step rotary actuator (1) comprises a stator (2), a rotor (3) and at least an actuating element (10) made with a shape memory active material, the actuating element (10) having a first portion (11) anchored to said stator and a second portion with a terminal element (12). The rotor has a sequence of seatings (14) arranged as a circumference, into which the terminal element (12) can engage in a sequential way. Elastic means (13) placed between the actuating element (10) and the stator (2) induce the shift of the terminal element (12) between two consecutive seatings (14), during the passage of the active material from its shortened to its extended configuration. The passage of the active material from the extended configuration to its shortened configuration imparts the rotor (3) a rotation couple with respect to the stator (2).

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for pumping fluid are disclosed. An exemplary apparatus is a miniature pump that includes a shape memory wire that obtains a plastic condition below a transformation temperature and has a memorized shape such that the shape memory wire produces a work stroke by returning to the memorize shape at least at the transformation temperature. A spring biased against the shape memory wire is deflected by the work stroke to deform the shape memory wire from the memorized shape below the transformation temperature. A fluid pump is coupled to the shape memory wire and driven by the biased spring and shape memory wire to produce a fluid flow. The miniature pump can be incorporated into a self-contained infusion device in the form of a compact self-adhesive patch including a fluid reservoir, control electronics and power supply that is place directly at the infusion site of a user.

Abstract: An asymmetric MEMS thermal actuator device includes a base portion, typically a pair of bond pads, and an actuator element connected to the base portion by a flexure portion. The actuator element has a first arm and a second arm alongside the first arm and spaced from the first arm. The second arm is wider than the first arm so that the actuator element deflects about the flexure element due to differential heating in the first and second arms when an electrical current is passed therethrough. A cut-out portion is provided in the second arm adjacent the first arm so as to increase the spacing therefrom over at least a portion of the second arm. Preferably, a heat sink is also provided laterally adjacent the second arm.

Abstract: The MEMS cantilever actuator is designed to be mounted on a substrate. The actuator comprises an elongated hot arm member having two spaced-apart portions, each provided at one end with a corresponding anchor pad connected to the substrate. The portions are connected together at a common end that is opposite the anchor pads. It further comprises an elongated cold arm member adjacent to and substantially parallel of the hot arm member, the cold arm member having at one end an anchor pad connected to the substrate, and a free end that is opposite the anchor pad thereof. A dielectric tether is attached over the common end of the portions of the hot arm member and the free end of the cold arm member. This MEMS actuator allows improving the performance, reliability and manufacturability of MEMS switches.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical actuator includes a substrate. An elongate actuator arm has a fixed end portion that is fast with the substrate and a free end portion that is spaced from the substrate. The elongate actuator arm incorporates a heating circuit that is connectable to a power supply to heat the actuator arm. At least a portion of the actuator arm is of a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion which is such that the material is capable of thermal expansion to do work. The heating circuit is positioned to generate differential thermal expansion and contraction when heated and subsequently cooled to cause reciprocal displacement of the free end portion of the actuator arm. Control logic circuitry is positioned on the substrate along an elongate region defined on the substrate and interposed between the actuator arm and the substrate.

Abstract: Actuators that employs a shape memory alloy component as the driving element include linear and rotational devices. An Intrinsic Return Means (IRM) may be imparted to the SMA actuator, thereby reducing the use of a spring return mechanism. The rotational actuator may include a cylindrical bobbin with a helical groove to receive an SMA wire. A number of turns may be placed in a small length of bobbin to amplify the rotational excursion. In another rotational actuator, a plurality of narrow, coaxial rings are provided, the rings being nested in close concentric fit or stacked in side-by-side fashion. Each ring is provided with a groove extending thereabout to receive an SMA wire and contraction of the wire causes each ring to rotate with respect to the adjacent ring. In an embodiment for linear actuation, the invention provides a bar-like component having SMA wires joined between bars.

Abstract: A shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator assembly is provided that includes an SMA component. The SMA component is used to impart motion in an output shaft. Also provided is a return force component that provides a variable, tailored return force to the SMA component. Additionally, a variety of protective mechanisms are disclosed and utilized to prevent damage to the internal workings and components within the SMA actuator assembly as well as provide protection and safety for external workings.

Abstract: A fluid ejection device includes a substrate. Nozzle chamber walls are arranged on the substrate and define a plurality of nozzle chambers. The substrate defines a plurality of fluid inlet channels in fluid communication with the nozzle chambers to supply fluid to the nozzle chambers. Drive circuitry is arranged on the substrate. A plurality of micro-electromechanical devices is positioned on the substrate. Each device includes an elongate actuator having a fixed end that is fast with the substrate and a working end that is displaceable along a path relative to the substrate to perform work. The actuator includes a pair of elongate arms that are spaced relative to each other along the path and are connected to each other at each end.

Abstract: A unilateral in-plane thermal buckle-beam microelectrical mechanical actuator is formed on a planar substrate of semiconductor material, for example. The actuator includes first and second anchors secured to the substrate and a floating shuttle positioned movably parallel to the substrate. Symmetric first and second sets of elongated thermal half-beams are secured between the floating shuttle and the respective first and second anchors. The first and second anchors and the first and second sets of thermal half-beams are positioned along one side of the floating shuttle. The half-beams are formed of semiconductor material, such as polysilicon. A current source directs electrical current through the thermal half beams via the anchors to impart thermal expansion of the thermal half-beams and hence linear motion of the floating center beam generally parallel to the substrate.

Abstract: A microelectrical mechanical out-of-plane thermal buckle-beam actuator is capable of providing transverse-plane movement of shutters. The actuator includes a pair of structural anchors secured to a substrate and one or more thermal buckle-beams secured at respective base ends to the anchors. Each buckle-beam extends substantially parallel to and spaced-apart from the substrate and is releasable from the substrate at points other than at the anchors. The thermal buckle-beam actuators are suitable for use in a microelectrical mechanical optical display system.

Abstract: A micro-actuator includes a shape memory thin film having one end fixed to a substrate and one remaining part which, at room temperature, is in the martensitic phase and assumes a curly-configuration, whereas at a higher temperature than a threshold value it changes to the austenitic condition, wherein the film is completely stretched upon the substrate.

Abstract: A device is formed from an integrated circuit which comprises a substrate; drive circuitry arranged on the substrate; and a plurality of micro-electromechanical devices positioned on the substrate. The micro-electromechanical devices have an elongate actuator having a fixed end that is fast with the substrate so that the actuator is connected to the drive circuitry and a free end that is displaceable along a path relative to the substrate to perform work. The actuator includes a pair of elongate arms that are spaced relative to each other along the path and are connected to each other at each end, with one of the arms being connected to the drive circuitry to define a heating circuit and being of a material that is capable of expansion when heated, such that, when the heating circuit receives an electrical signal from the drive circuitry, that arm expands relative to the other to deform the actuator and thus displace said free end along said path.

Abstract: A SMA actuator having rigid members and SMA wires, in which improved temperature control of the SMA wires of the actuator is provided by a heat sink, which may be the rigid members themselves, in close proximity to at least a central portion of the wires. Optionally, the heat sink is sized and placed such that the end portions of the wires where they are attached to the rigid members are not in close proximity to the heat sink. Where the heat sink is external, it optionally has a cooling element that acts passively as a heat sink during the heating cycle of the actuator and that acts as an active cooling element during the cooling cycle of the actuator. An SMA actuator having a desired contraction limit and a power supply circuit has a switch in the power supply circuit that is normally closed when the actuator is contracted to less than the desired contraction limit and is opened by the actuator reaching the desired contraction limit.

Abstract: A thermal bend actuator (6) is provided with upper arms (23, 25, 26) and lower arms (27, 28) which are non planar, so increasing the stiffness of the arms. The arms (23, 25, 26, 27, 28) may be spaced transversely of each other and do not overly each other in plan view, so enabling all arms to be formed by depositing a single layer of arm forming material.

Abstract: An SMA device in which an SMA wire actuating element is operated periodically at a low voltage by power derived from a current source current which is too low to heat the wire directly sufficiently for effective actuation. The low current source is connected to a capacitor which discharges periodically through the SMA wire actuating element in response to an upper threshold charge stored by the capacitor thereby to periodically supply the SMA wire actuating element with a current level sufficiently high for effective operation. The discharge is effected through a signal amplifier formed by first and second transistors coupled to provide positive feedback and connected to a switch formed by a third transistor biased by output from the second transistor to periodically conduct, thereby permitting discharge of the capacitor through the SMA actuating element.

Abstract: A printer includes a microelectromechanical printhead incorporating a plurality of ink ejection nozzles. Each of the ink ejection nozzles includes an ink well to contain printing fluid and an electrically operated thermal ink ejection actuator assembly. The ink ejection actuator includes a pair of substantially parallel opposed activation members that extend from a substrate and define a gap therebetween. An actuator arm extends from the distal end of the paired activation members. In use an electrical driving circuit causes differential thermal expansion of the activation members that results in the free end of the actuator arm pivoting into the ink well in order to cause ink ejection. In order to maintain a relatively constant heating temperature along the length of the activation members, heat sinks are located in the gap and extend between the paired members. The heat sinks also act to provide increased strength and functional integrity.

Abstract: Two shape memory alloy members d7 and d8 are connected to a movable member. Continuously, one and then the other of the shape memory alloy members d7 is heated alternately by application of a voltage or current thereto so that, by the generated force exerted by one shape memory alloy member d7 deformed by being heated, the other shape memory alloy member d8 is deformed and the movable member is moved. The shape memory alloy members d7 and d8 are made of a Ti—Ni—Cu alloy subjected to heat treatment at 300° C. or higher, and has an operating temperature of 70° C. or higher.

Abstract: An injector includes a housing having a chamber for holding a liquid formulation of an active principle to be injected into a biological body and an output port in fluid communication with the chamber through which the liquid formulation is injected. A piston is positioned within the housing, and includes an end portion with substantially the same shape as the chamber. A magnetic force draws the piston and housing together to expel the liquid formulation out of the chamber through the output port.

Abstract: Aircraft that use a shape memory alloy to extend or retract landing gear are provided. The present invention includes aircraft that contain a first retractable landing gear and a first shape memory alloy. The first retractable landing gear in the aircraft may be moveable from a first position to a second position while the first shape memory alloy may be changeable from a first configuration to a second configuration, the first shape memory alloy being in physical communication with the first retractable landing gear. Aircraft in accord with the present invention may also include a lock positioned to secure the first retractable landing gear in a retracted position and/or a second retractable landing gear coupled to the aircraft. This second retractable landing gear may also be moveable from a first position to a second position.

Abstract: Shape memory actuators for use with repetitive motion devices are provided. The present invention includes a method of urging a working end of a repetitive motion work arm into a work surface in which the working end is positioned to repetitively move across. This method may include providing a work arm having a working end positioned to repetitively move about a predetermined path of a work surface. This method may also include repetitively moving the working end of the work arm about the predetermined path of the work surface and urging the working end of the work arm into the work surface by activating a shape memory alloy actuator in physical communication with the work arm. The present invention also includes a method of urging a wiper blade towards a non-opaque surface of a motor vehicle.

Abstract: A bistable shape memory alloy (SMA) micro-switch includes a single continuous SMA element such as a nitinol wire that provides bi-directional motion for switching functions. Bifunctional contact arms provide a mechanical force to maintain an open state of the micro-switch in addition to conducting current through a circuit. The SMA element includes first and second segments that are alternately heated above a transition temperature to cause the SMA element to alternate between first and second conformations. A cursor attached to the SMA element moves from a first position to a second position as the SMA element moves from its first to its second conformation. To close the SMA micro-switch, the contact arm is moved from an open position to a closed position through sliding contact with the cursor as the cursor moves from its second position to its first position.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling an exhaust attack angle for a variable turbine applied in a turbocharger of an engine is provided that comprises: an actuator driven according to a strength of a supplied current; one or more vanes rotatably installed at the perimeter of a turbine; and a transmission assembly that is linked to said actuator, which converts linear motion of the actuator to rotational motion and transmits the rotational motion to the vane in order to rotate the vane, thereby varying the exhaust attack angle based on the strength of the supplied current.

Abstract: A solid state thermal engine has two drums, each drum having two pulleys positioned thereon. Each pulley on the one drum is coupled to its counterpart pulley on the other drum via a belt, chain or other connector. One of the belts, referred to as the active belt, is heated which causes the active belt to expand. The expansion decreases the tension on the active belt, and further causes the active belt and the pulleys on which it is positioned to rotate. In a preferred embodiment, the active belt is manufactured out of a memory metal such as NITINOL. In another embodiment, a system of several drums and pulleys are used to implement a chain fall device.

Abstract: Electrothermal Self-Latching MEMS Switch and Method. According to one embodiment, a microscale switch having a movable microcomponent is provided and includes a substrate having a stationary contact. The switch can also include a structural layer having a movable contact positioned for contacting the stationary contact when the structural layer moves toward the substrate. An electrothermal latch attached to the structural layer and having electrical communication with the movable contact to provide current flow between the electrothermal latch and the stationary contact when the movable contact contacts the stationary contact for maintaining the movable contact in contact with the stationary contact.

Abstract: A scratch drive actuator (SDA) device comprising a drive shoe and an actuator. The drive shoe has a first drive shoe position and a second drive shoe position and is configured to urge a shuttle from a first shuttle position to a second shuttle position. The actuator is coupled to the drive shoe and is configured to expand and contract in response to exposure to thermal energy, wherein the expansion and contraction of the actuator each urge the drive shoe towards a corresponding one of the first and second drive shoe positions.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a substrate. Drive circuitry is arranged on the substrate. A plurality of micro-electromechanical devices is positioned on the substrate. Each device includes an elongate electrothermal actuator having a fixed end that is fast with the substrate so that the actuator is connected to the drive circuitry and a free end that is displaceable along a path relative to the substrate to perform work when the actuator receives an electrical signal from the drive circuitry. A heat sink is positioned intermediate ends of the actuator to disperse excessive heat build-up in the actuator.

Abstract: Actuators that employs a shape memory alloy component as the driving element include linear and rotational devices. An Intrinsic Return Means (IRM) may be imparted to the SMA actuator, thereby reducing the use of a spring return mechanism. The rotational actuator may include a cylindrical bobbin with a helical groove to receive an SMA wire. A number of turns may be placed in a small length of bobbin to amplify the rotational excursion. In another rotational actuator, a plurality of narrow, coaxial rings are provided, the rings being nested in close concentric fit or stacked in side-by-side fashion. Each ring is provided with a groove extending thereabout to receive an SMA wire and contraction of the wire causes each ring to rotate with respect to the adjacent ring. In an embodiment for linear actuation, the invention provides a bar-like component having SMA wires joined between bars.

Abstract: An electrically insulative layer of a shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator includes an inorganic material formed upon a portion of an SMA substrate. A conductive material formed upon a portion of the electrically insulative layer in a trace pattern includes a first end, a second end, and a heating element disposed between the first and second ends. The SMA substrate is trained to deform at a transition temperature achieved when electricity is conducted through the conductive material via first and second interconnect pads terminating the first and second ends of the trace pattern.

Abstract: A Thermal actuation device has at least a heat expandable or deformable material, a heater, a power supply for the heating, a thruster capable of movement following expansion or distortion of a material, so as to perform a substantially predetermined stroke having a length from a first to a second position, at least an actuation element linearly following the action of the thruster so as to move with respect to a fixed structure from a first to a second position, and a resilient device able to return the thruster and/or actuation element respective first positions. A motion multiplyer actuated by the thrusting means is further provided for obtaining a stroke of the actuation element longer than the stroke of the thruster.

Abstract: A unilateral in-plane thermal buckle-beam microelectrical mechanical actuator is formed on a planar substrate of semiconductor material, for example. The actuator includes first and second anchors secured to the substrate and a floating shuttle positioned movable parallel to the substrate. Symmetric first and second sets of elongated thermal half-beams are secured between the floating shuttle and the respective first and second anchors. The first and second anchors and the first and second sets of thermal half-beams are positioned along one side of the floating shuttle. The half-beams are formed of semiconductor material, such as polysilicon. A current source directs electrical current through the thermal half beams via the anchors to impart thermal expansion of the thermal half-beams and hence linear motion of the floating center beam generally parallel to the substrate.

Abstract: Shape memory alloy actuators for aircraft landing gear are provided. In one embodiment a retractable aircraft landing gear system is provided. This embodiment includes a shape memory spring strut having a first end and a second end wherein the shape memory spring strut is extendable from a first length to a second length and the shape memory spring strut contains a shape memory alloy. This embodiment also includes a shape memory spring strut activation line connected to the shape memory spring strut wherein the shape memory spring strut activation line may be configured to activate the shape memory spring strut and a longitudinal connecting member having a first segment and a second segment wherein the first segment is in pivotal contact with the first end of the shape memory spring strut and the second segment supports a wheel rotatably mounted on a pin. The connecting member may be moveable along a line of travel from an extended position to a retracted position in this embodiment.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a substrate. Drive circuitry is arranged on the substrate. A plurality of micro-electromechanical devices is positioned on the substrate. Each device includes an elongate actuator having a fixed end that is fast with the substrate so that the actuator is connected to the drive circuitry and a free end that is displaceable along a path relative to the substrate to perform work. The actuator includes a pair of elongate arms that are spaced relative to each other along the path and are connected to each other at each end, with one of the arms being connected to the drive circuitry to define a heating circuit and being of a material that is capable of expansion when heated, such that, when the heating circuit receives an electrical signal from the drive circuitry, that arm expands relative to the other to deform the actuator and thus displace said free end along said path.

Abstract: A fluid ejection device includes a substrate. Nozzle chamber walls are arranged on the substrate and define a plurality of nozzle chambers. The substrate defines a plurality of fluid inlet channels in fluid communication with the nozzle chambers to supply fluid to the nozzle chambers. Drive circuitry is arranged on the substrate. A plurality of micro-electromechanical devices is positioned on the substrate. Each device includes an elongate actuator having a fixed end that is fast with the substrate and a working end that is displaceable along a path relative to the substrate to perform work. The actuator includes a pair of elongate arms that are spaced relative to each other along the path and are connected to each other at each end.

Abstract: A thermostat apparatus is provided. The thermostat apparatus comprises a thermostat and a positioner for establishing different operating temperatures for thermostat.

Abstract: A linear actuator includes a plurality of sub-modules disposed in adjacent array and adapted to translate reciprocally parallel to a common axis. A plurality of shape memory alloy wires extend generally linearly and parallel to the axis, and are each connected from one end of a sub-module to the opposed end of an adjacent sub-module. The SMA wires are connected in a circuit for ohmic heating that contracts the SMA wires between the sub-modules. The sub-modules are linked by the SMA wires in a serial mechanical connection that combines the constriction stroke displacement of the SMA wires in additive fashion to achieve a long output stroke. Moreover, the sub-modules are assembled in a small volume, resulting in an actuator of minimal size and maximum stroke displacement.

Abstract: A shape memory actuator includes a shape memory actuator element for biasing an actuated member from an initial rest position to an operative position against the action of return spring means. Holding means are associated with the actuator element for holding the actuated member in its operative position even when the shape memory actuator element is deactivated. These holding means can be deactivated with a subsequent activation of the shape memory actuator element, allowing the actuated member to return to its rest position.