Abstract: A compact integrated patch may be used to collect physiological data. The patch may be wireless. The patch may be utilized in everyday life as well as in clinical environments. Data acquired by the patch and/or external devices may be interpreted and/or be utilized by healthcare professionals and/or computer algorithms (e.g., third party applications). Data acquired by the patch may be interpreted and be presented for viewing to healthcare professionals and/or ordinary users.

Abstract: A device for detecting electric potentials of the body of a patient has measuring electrode inputs (Y1, . . . , Yn) connected with and a plurality of outputs (A1, . . . , An) via amplifiers (Op1, . . . , Opn). A summing unit (13) is connected with the outputs and outputs a mean value of the signals (E1, . . . , En) output by the amplifiers. Common mode signals are removed from the signals (E1, . . . , En) by a subtracting unit (19) which subtracts the output of the summing unit, amplified by an amplification factor (1/?), from at least a portion of the output of the subtracting unit. The output of the subtracting unit is connected with the inputs of the amplifiers. The subtracting unit amplification factor (1/?) and an amplification (??) of the amplifiers for the output of the subtracting unit are adapted, such that the reciprocal value of the amplification factor (1/?) corresponds to the amplifiers amplification (??).

Abstract: A catheter control system the system can include a control unit having a first connection port. The control unit can have a first visual indicator associated with the first connection port. The system can also include a first catheter interface connector connected to the first connection port of the control unit. The first catheter interface connector can have a first visual indicator corresponding to the first visual indicator on the control unit. The first visual indicator on the first catheter interface connector can be to be active to indicate that the first catheter interface connector is connected to the first connection port on the control unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining cardiac performance in the patient includes a plurality of electrodes adapted to be placed in the patient and in communication with a heart chamber of the patient for measuring conductance and blood volume in the heart chamber of the patient; and a processor for determining instantaneous volume of the ventricle based on measurement of complex admittance at a plurality of frequencies to identify mechanical strength of the chamber, the processor in communication with the electrodes. A method for determining cardiac performance in a patient.

Abstract: Technologies are disclosed herein for a low impedance detection system. The detection system includes an electrical insulation and an impedance measurement device. The impedance measurement device can be used to test the impedance of the system when the barrier is placed between the user of the barrier and a source of electrical power. In a defibrillation system, a rescuer can place the barrier over the patient. An electrical power source can deliver electrical shocks to the patient. The impedance measurement device can monitor impedances of the system across various frequencies to detect electrical conditions that might be harmful to the rescuer.

Abstract: A catheter control system the system can include a control unit having a first connection port. The control unit can have a first visual indicator associated with the first connection port. The system can also include a first catheter interface connector connected to the first connection port of the control unit. The first catheter interface connector can have a first visual indicator corresponding to the first visual indicator on the control unit. The first visual indicator on the first catheter interface connector can be to be active to indicate that the first catheter interface connector is connected to the first connection port on the control unit.

Abstract: A defibrillator storage device including a housing defining an interior storage compartment configured to hold a removable automated external defibrillator therein, a door pivotally attached to the housing, an alarm disposed within the housing, and a tether attached at a first end thereof to an interior wall of the housing and at a second end thereof to the alarm, the tether configured to be routed through a handle of the automated external defibrillator such that removal of the automated external defibrillator from the interior compartment causes the second end of the tether to be pulled from the alarm, thereby triggering the alarm.

Abstract: A physiological sensor history backfill system and method including a method of sensor history backfill for a local base device operable to wirelessly communicate with a physiological sensor connected to a patient, the method including: obtaining physiological readings for the patient at a predetermined interval; storing the physiological readings at the physiological sensor as sensor physiological readings; storing the physiological readings at the local base device as historic physiological readings; obtaining a current physiological reading for the patient; transmitting the current physiological reading to the local base device in a current reading message; detecting a record gap in the historic physiological readings between the current physiological reading and the historic physiological readings; and filling the record gap in the historic physiological readings with sensor physiological readings from the physiological sensor when the current reading message does not include the sensor physiological read

Abstract: In the present invention, an electrophysiology (EP) mapping or recording device for obtaining and recording information on a patient connected to the EP system includes a central processing unit (CPU), a display connected to the CPU, a catheter connected to the CPU by a catheter input module and configured to supply a physiological signal to the CPU via the input module and a catheter identification system connected between the input module catheter and the CPU. The identification system includes a driver circuit that communicates with the CPU to determine a color of a visual representation of the signal from the catheter on the display and a light source connected to the driver circuit. The light source is operated by the driver circuit to emit light corresponding to the color of the representation on the display to identify the catheter in conjunction with the representation on the display.

Abstract: A closed loop system is disclosed for monitoring patient movements, such as tremors, and for automatically controlling an implantable stimulator device on the basis of the detected movements. The system includes a motion sensor such as a wearable item that contains an accelerometer to monitor a patient's movements, such as a ring locatable proximate to a patient's hand tremor. The motion sensor periodically transmits a feedback signal to the implantable stimulator device instructing it to change the stimulation parameters, such as current amplitude, in an attempt to reduce the tremor. The motion sensor can additionally communicate with other system components such as an external controller. In a preferred embodiment, the motion sensor and the implantable stimulator device communicate using short range electromagnetic radio waves.

Abstract: An illustrative method and system for displaying ECG data of a patient includes the steps of: receiving an ECG waveform of a patient, determining at least a first attribute of the ECG waveform, and determining at least one data point from the first attribute of the ECG waveform. The first data point and associated first attribute of the ECG waveform are displayed on a linear scale. In an alternative method, the at least one data point is structured in a database of ECG data according to the Cabrera sequence; the display domain of the display is divided into several recurrent display slots; and a sequential one of the several recurrent display slots is associated with the at least one data point, which is displayed on the linear scale in the order in which the at least one data point appears in the Cabrera structured database of ECG data.

Abstract: A system for recording electroneurographic activity comprising at least three neurosense electrodes capable of sensing a nerve signal from a peripheral nerve and means for receiving and processing the sensed nerve signal to identify a signal indicative of a specific action being a movement of a body part performed by the patient and for producing a control signal in response thereto featuring means for rejection of signals originating from biological interference sources without affecting the electroneurographic activity measured.

Abstract: A medical imaging method and associated device for generating an image data record of a recording region of a patient, which region is influenced by a cyclical cardiac motion, in which an EKG signal is used to derive a series of recording pulses matched to the cardiac motion, by which pulses the imaging is actuated in a pulsed fashion. In at least one embodiment, a time window of a future recording pulse is calculated taking into account at least one dispersion parameter characterizing the variation in the cycle duration and a location parameter characterizing the expected value of the cycle duration, wherein the dispersion parameter is included into the calculation of the time window using a weighting determined on the basis of the location parameter.

Abstract: A system and method for positioning an electrode for cardiotherapy of atrial arrhythmia are described. Signals from patient electrical activity for a plurality of electrode locations on a patient are analyzed. An electrode can be repositioned to different locations on the patient to obtain signals from patient electrical activity therefrom. A human perceptible output indicative of the quality of the signals for the plurality of locations is generated and a final electrode location on the patient for placement of the electrode for cardiotherapy is identified based on the human perceptible output.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to devices, implementations and techniques for health monitoring. Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to cardiac arrest monitoring devices.

Abstract: An ECG lead system for use with a plurality of unique diverse ECG floor monitors for when a patient is substantially immobile and/or a plurality of unique diverse ECG telemetry monitors, is provided. The ECG lead system includes a plurality of unique adapters, wherein each adapter includes an input receptacle configured for selective electrical connection with a device connector of an ECG lead set assembly; and at least one unique monitor plug electrically connected to the input receptacle. Each monitor plug is configured to selectively electrically connect to a corresponding receptacle of a respective unique diverse ECG floor monitor or unique diverse ECG telemetry monitor.

Abstract: Methods and systems are directed to selecting from a variety of capture verification modes. A plurality of capture verification modes, including a beat by beat capture detection mode and a capture threshold testing mode without intervening beat by beat capture detection is provided. An efficacy of at least one of the capture verification modes is evaluated, and based on the evaluation, a capture verification mode is selected.

Abstract: Medical monitor readings (150) are displayed along with an indication of along with the age of the reading. The reading display is changed by altering the intensity of the reading value (210-240), color of the reading value (310-330), a subscript next to the reading (400), a shape of the background (600-700), or icon (FIGS. 6-11) to indicate the age of a presented reading.

Abstract: A modular external defibrillator system in embodiments of the teachings may include one or more of the following features: (a) a base containing a defibrillator module to deliver a defibrillation shock to a patient, (b) a patient parameter monitoring pod connectable to a patient via patient lead cables to collect patient data, the patient data including at least one patient vital sign, (c) a power supply sharing link between the base and the pod, the pod receiving power from the base via the power sharing link, the pod being operable to collect patient data without receiving power from the base, and (d) an external battery charger, the battery charger interrogating the batteries to determine battery information used for battery charging, the battery information including at least one of charging voltage, charging current, and charge time.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a primary cardiac signal sensing circuit configured to sense at least a first cardiac signal, a secondary cardiac signal sensing circuit configured to sense a secondary cardiac signal, and a control circuit. The control circuit includes a noise detection circuit that has an alignment circuit. The alignment circuit is configured to align a segment of the sensed first cardiac signal with a segment of the sensed secondary cardiac signal. The noise detection circuit configured to determine a number of turns in the first cardiac signal segment, determine a number of turns in the secondary cardiac signal segment, generate an indication of noise in the first and secondary cardiac signals according to the determined number of turns, and provide the indication of noise to a user or process.

Abstract: An ambulatory medical device including a plurality of electrodes configured to be disposed at spaced apart positions about a patient's body, an electrode signal acquisition circuit, and a monitoring circuit. The acquisition circuit has a plurality of inputs each electrically coupled to a respective electrode of the plurality of electrodes and is configured to sense a respective signal provided by a plurality of different pairings of the plurality of electrodes. The monitoring circuit is electrically coupled to an output of the acquisition circuit and is configured to analyze the respective signal provided by each of the plurality of different pairings and to instruct the acquisition circuit to select at least one of the plurality of different pairings to monitor based on at least one of the quality of the respective signal, a phase difference between the respective signal and that of other pairings, a position of electrodes relative to the patient's body, and other criteria.

Abstract: A capacitive sensor system including a sensing plate, an amplifier, and a switching circuit is described. The sensing plate is capacitively coupled to a body surface. A change in the electric potential on the body surface generates an electric field that induces change in the electric potential of the sensing plate. The sensing plate includes a sensing node positioned in the electric field for generating an input signal from the electric field. The sensing plate is not in contact with the body surface. The amplifier receives the input signal at the input port, amplifies the input signal and generates an output signal at the output port. The switching circuit is connected to the input port and a reference voltage. The switching circuit non-continuously closes a shunting path from the sensing node to the reference voltage to reset the voltage at the sensing node.

Abstract: An intracardiac defibrillation catheter system equipped with a defibrillation catheter, a power source device and an electrocardiograph. The defibrillation catheter is equipped with a first DC electrode group and a second DC electrode group. The power source device is equipped with a DC power source unit, a catheter-connected connector, an electrocardiograph-connected connector, an arithmetic processing unit, which controls the DC power source unit and has an output circuit for outputting a direct current voltage from the DC power source unit, and a changeover unit, in which the catheter-connected connector is connected to a common contact. The electrocardiograph-connected connector is connected to a first contact, and the arithmetic processing unit is connected to a second contact. In the intracardiac defibrillation catheter system, electric energy necessary and sufficient for defibrillation can be surely supplied.

Abstract: An apparatus includes detection circuitry and gating circuitry. The detection circuitry is configured to sense a radio frequency (RF) ablation signal that is applied to a heart by an intra-body probe, and to identify time intervals during which an amplitude of an ablation signal is within a predefined window. The gating circuitry is configured to gate an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquired in the heart, such that the ECG signal is sampled only within the identified time intervals.

Abstract: A device detects electrical and mechanical cardio-vascular activities of patient, especially early decompensation detection of congestive heart failure patients (CHF). The device includes a transmitter for transmitting electromagnetic signals of a predefined frequency into the chest of the patient, a Doppler radar sensor (1) for detecting a Doppler radar signal reflected in the patient's chest, and an ECG unit (3) for capturing an ECG signal of the patient's heart. This device allows for simultaneous detection of electrical and mechanical cardio-vascular activities of a patient which can be used in an easy and reliable way and which allows for implementation in a hand-held or wearable device.

Abstract: The system and method of the present application includes a wireless transmitter adapted to receive physiological signals from a patient and to wirelessly transmit the physiological signals to a receiver, where a display device prepares the physiological signal for display on a display monitor. In one embodiment, both the wireless transmitter and receiver further include an estimation algorithm module. The estimation algorithm module in each of the wireless transmitter and the receiver calculate a physiological signal based on a collected signal. The system displays the calculated, estimated signal unless the error of the estimated signal reaches a predetermined threshold. When the estimated signal is being displayed, no transmission from the wireless transmitter is necessary.

Abstract: Portable systems and methods for continuous and discontinuous monitoring of a user's heart activity, for obtaining a complete, up to twelve-lead electrocardiogram reading are disclosed. A plurality of wearable wired or wireless sensors obtain raw electrocardiogram data from the user. The raw electrocardiogram data is transmitted to data storage media, which include computer instructions for converting the raw data to a complete, up to twelve-lead electrocardiogram reading. The computer instructions can compare the electrocardiogram to one or more predetermined threshold parameters and/or medical standards. The results of the comparison, the electrocardiogram, the parameters, the raw data, the user's location, or combinations thereof, can be transmitted to one or more destinations, which can include medical facilities, insurance providers, emergency responders, and/or family physicians or specialists.

Abstract: Systems, devices, structures, and methods are provided to present a visual display based on data from an implantable medical device. The display includes a chart showing the frequency of a detected type of arrhythmia over a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to devices, implementations, and techniques for health monitoring, specifically cardiac arrest monitoring systems. A paramedical equipment locator may receive a periodically sent message configured to identify a location information corresponding to a paramedical equipment and determine whether to select the paramedical equipment based at least in part on the location information.

Abstract: A system and method are provided to associate a medication name with an infusion pump and to communicate that association to a patient data management system (“PDMS”) for display and monitoring. In the case where the infusion pump does not contain a library of selectable medical fluid names that includes the name of the medical fluid to be infused, a separate computer will display a list of medical fluid names for the infusion pump and the operator may select the name of the medical fluid for that infusion pump. The computer will then continually associate that medical fluid name with that infusion pump and communicate the association to the PDMS. In the case where the infusion pump is capable of accepting an upload of new medical fluid names, the computer will upload an abbreviated list of fluid names so as not to overburden the computer with the transfer of large amounts of data.

Abstract: Techniques for determining whether one or more leads are not adequately connected to a patient, e.g., for ECG monitoring, are described. The techniques involve injection of an integrated signal (which includes a test signal) into one lead, and monitoring the driven lead and the response at the other leads, including the common mode and the difference between the other leads. These “lead-off” detection techniques may be provided by an external defibrillator that provides three-wire ECG monitoring. Techniques for determining a type of a cable coupled to a defibrillator are also described. The cable-type identification may allow a defibrillator to, for example, operate in either a three-wire ECG monitoring mode or a therapy mode, based on whether a three-wire ECG cable or a defibrillation cable is coupled to the defibrillator.

Abstract: Methods and systems are directed to selecting from a variety of capture verification modes. A plurality of capture verification modes, including a beat by beat capture detection mode and a capture threshold testing mode without intervening beat by beat capture detection is provided. An efficacy of at least one of the capture verification modes is evaluated and, based on the evaluation, a capture verification mode is selected.

Abstract: Methods, implantable medical devices and systems configured to perform analysis of captured signals from implanted electrodes to identify cardiac arrhythmias. In an illustrative embodiment, signals captured from two or more sensing vectors are analyzed, where the signals are captured with a patient in at least first and second body positions. Analysis is performed to identify primary or default sensing vectors and/or templates for event detection.

Abstract: A method for selectively interacting with electrically excitable tissue of a patient is provided. In one configuration, an implantable pulse generator with a number of outputs and an array of electrodes with a number of electrodes being greater than the number of outputs may be implanted in a patient. An extension unit may be implanted between the implantable pulse generator and array. The extension unit acts to electrically couple the inputs of implantable pulse generator with the greater number of electrodes in the array so that the output sources are coupled to a portion of the electrodes.

Abstract: A system evaluates the performance of an implantable medical device, such as by using a remote external server and a user interface and stored historical physiological data of a population of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. A processor is coupled to a patient data storage device to apply multiple algorithm variations against the same implantable physiological data from the patient to produce corresponding resulting CHF indicators. The user interface includes a display that is configured to display to a user information allowing comparison between the resulting CHF indicators from the multiple algorithm variations. The display also includes a population data selector to permit the user to select physiological data from a population that includes a different set of one or more patients or physiological data collected over a period of time from the patient. This permits optimization of an algorithm parameter or selection of a best performing algorithm.

Abstract: Apparatus for storing data records associated with a medical monitoring event in a data structure. Upon indication by a patient of a possible manifestation of a neurological event, the implanted device obtains and stores data in the data record in a first data structure that is age-based. Before an oldest data record is lost, the oldest data record may be stored in a second data structure that is priority index-based. The priority index may be determined by a severity level and may be further determined by associated factors. The implanted device may organize, off-load, report, and/or display a plurality of data records based on an associated priority index. Additionally, the implanted device may select a subset or composite of physiologic channels from the available physiologic channels based on a selection criterion.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for graphically configuring leads for a medical device. According to one aspect, the system generally comprises a medical device and a processing device, such as a programmer or computer, adapted to be in communication with the medical device. The medical device has at least one lead with at least one electrode in a configuration that can be changed using the processing device. The processing device provides a graphical display of the configuration, including a representative image of a proposed electrical signal to be applied by the medical device between the at least one electrode of the medical device and at least one other electrode before the medical device applies the electrical signal between the at least one electrode and the at least one other electrode. In one embodiment, the graphical display graphically represents the lead(s), the electrode(s), a pulse polarity, and a vector.

Abstract: Systems, devices, structures, and methods are provided to present a visual display based on data from an implantable medical device. The display includes a chart showing the frequency of a detected type of arrhythmia over a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for adjusting the operation of implantable stimulation devices used to provide medical monitoring and treatment. Several hierarchical algorithms are described which operate according to conditionally obtaining a patient response to an alert signal. In one such strategy semi-automatic therapy adjustment occurs by automatically issuing patient alert messages when selected operations are to occur, and using a patient's response to the alert message that is provided within a selected time limit in order to contingently adjust therapy. Methods are also described for resolving conflicts which may occur when time information and sensed data information each indicate different patient states are occurring. Although treatment of neural and cardiac disorders is emphasized, the techniques can be applied to the monitoring and treatment of any medical disorder with an implanted device.

Abstract: In a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) system, physiological data is processed and alarms are provided by the controller of the physiological module sensing the data according to a first rule. The physiological data is also processed by a second, separate controller according to a second rule independent from the first controller. According to the second rule, the physiological data may be filtered, processed with physiological data and non-physiological data obtained from another source, such as a remote server, and the PCA delivery device controlled to prevent delivery of medication accordingly. The provided system of multiple processors and rules enables normal alarming by physiological sensor modules while the pausing or prevention of the PCA delivery is controlled by a separate controller. Through this means, not only are false pauses and alarms for PCA delivery reduced, but the normal alarms of the monitors are permitted to function normally.

Abstract: A medical imaging method and associated device for generating an image data record of a recording region of a patient, which region is influenced by a cyclical cardiac motion, in which an EKG signal is used to derive a series of recording pulses matched to the cardiac motion, by which pulses the imaging is actuated in a pulsed fashion. In at least one embodiment, a time window of a future recording pulse is calculated taking into account at least one dispersion parameter characterizing the variation in the cycle duration and a location parameter characterizing the expected value of the cycle duration, wherein the dispersion parameter is included into the calculation of the time window using a weighting determined on the basis of the location parameter.

Abstract: An implantable medical device such as an implantable pacemaker or implantable cardioverter/defibrillator includes a programmable sensing circuit providing for sensing of a signal approximating a surface electrocardiogram (ECG) through implanted electrodes. With various electrode configurations, signals approximating various standard surface ECG signals are acquired without the need for attaching electrodes with cables onto the skin. The various electrode configurations include, but are not limited to, various combinations of intracardiac pacing electrodes, portions of the implantable medical device contacting tissue, and electrodes incorporated onto the surface of the implantable medical device.

Abstract: An arrangement includes a mobile device executing a process to detect an episode in electrical signals representative of a beating heart. The mobile device determines that the detected episode is a notable finding and sends data corresponding to the notable finding to a second system. The second system analyzes the data corresponding to the notable finding using one or more additional computing resources.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for graphically configuring leads for a medical device. According to one aspect, the system generally comprises a medical device and a processing device, such as a programmer or computer, adapted to be in communication with the medical device. The medical device has at least one lead with at least one electrode in a configuration that can be changed using the processing device. The processing device provides a graphical display of the configuration, including a representative image of a proposed electrical signal to be applied by the medical device between the at least one electrode of the medical device and at least one other electrode before the medical device applies the electrical signal between the at least one electrode and the at least one other electrode. In one embodiment, the graphical display graphically represents the lead(s), the electrode(s), a pulse polarity, and a vector.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for controlling the recording of intracardiac electrograms (IEGMs) within an implantable medical device such as a pacemaker, wherein the device is capable of recording different channels of IEGMs in response to different diagnostic triggers. Exemplary triggers include pacemaker-mediated tachycardia; atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, etc. In one example, the device stores, for each diagnostic trigger, a physician selection of particular IEGMs to be recorded for subsequent review. Then, whenever a trigger is detected, the device senses and records only the particular IEGMs that had been selected by the physician for that particular trigger. The IEGMs are eventually transmitted to an external programmer for review. In this manner, the physician can specify particular IEGMs to be stored in response to particular diagnostic triggers, thereby providing considerable diagnostic flexibility, while also conserving memory.

Abstract: An implantable medical device having a prioritized multiplexor sensing circuit used for monitoring the condition or status of a patient. The device includes patient parameter sensors, such as electrodes, that are monitored for indications of significant events. Sensors indicating the presence of significant events may then be monitored more often than the other sensors.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a catheter monitoring system including a catheter input module (CIM) adapted to be connected to at least one catheter, an amplifier base, and a host adapted to process data from the amplifier base. The CIM is adapted to be connected to an amplifier base during a study. The amplifier base is adapted to receive data from the CIM when the CIM is connected to the amplifier base.

Abstract: A wristwatch worn by a user for measuring three-lead ECG is disclosed. The wristwatch includes three electrodes placed separately on the front, either side, and back or strap thereof. The wristwatch further includes an electrode panel having the electrode on the front or either side of the watch, sensing elements, pressure, infrared or impedance detectors, and circuits. The electrode panel is capable of sensing the contact or press of fingers to trigger ECG measuring. While the electrode in the back-side of the watch contacts the hand wearing the watch, the electrode and electrode panel on the front or either side of the watch are pressed by fingers from the other hand and the electrode in the strap contacts abdomen or left leg simultaneously, three-lead ECG can be measured. ECG data can be transmitted to a personal or hospital computer by wireless networks or flash memory.

Abstract: An optical perfusion sensor may monitor blood oxygen saturation of blood-perfused tissue, which may be referred to as tissue perfusion, until a tissue perfusion value is within a threshold range of a reference value, and, in some examples, for at least a minimum period of time. The tissue perfusion value may indicate an absolute blood oxygen saturation level or a relative change in blood oxygen saturation level. The reference value may be, for example, determined by an optical oxygenation (O2) variation index that indicates a change in blood oxygen saturation of tissue. In some examples, an operation of a cardiac signal sensing module may be controlled based upon detecting a threshold change in tissue perfusion. For example, the cardiac signal sensing module may be activated upon detecting a threshold change in tissue perfusion.

Abstract: A portable electrocardiograph, in which an exposed electrode is arranged on the end face of one end of a housing, characterized in that: the other end of the housing is of a comfortable structure for holding; the comfortable structure for holding is provided with the other exposed electrode; and the geometric center of the comfortable structure for holding is of an offset toward the other end of the housing and one of the two transverse sides, and a measuring key is arranged in the geometric center of the comfortable structure for holding. The present invention is of a humanized and unique holding structure shape, which ensures the wrist, the arm, and the trunk of the user are closed to form a relative space, thus allowing the user to measure in natural and correct posture so as to make sure the monitored data to be accurate and reliable.