Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for selective surgical removal of tissue. In one variation, tissue may be ablated, resected, removed, or otherwise remodeled by standard small endoscopic tools delivered into the epidural space through an epidural needle. The sharp tip of the needle in the epidural space, can be converted to a blunt tipped instrument for further safe advancement. The current invention includes specific tools that enable safe tissue modification in the epidural space, including a barrier that separates the area where tissue modification will take place from adjacent vulnerable neural and vascular structures. A nerve stimulator may be provided to reduce a risk of inadvertent neural abrasion.

Abstract: A bone marker for use in image guided surgery comprises a support having an anchor mechanism for anchoring the support in a bone. The marker includes at least one reference member which can be detected by an image guided system and which is attached to the support. The support has at least one limb which is resiliently deformable.

Abstract: A portable surgical workstation for implant formation comprising a base with a central planar section. The central planar section has a plurality of tracks and a throughgoing slot with a recessed stepped surrounding surface formed on a bottom surface of the central planar section. A vise assembly mounted to the base comprises a fixed jaw member secured to the base, a traveling jaw member moveably mounted to the base and a fixed drive housing mounted to the base. The traveling jaw member has a plurality of rail members adapted to be slidably mounted in the central planar section tracks. The fixed drive housing has a threaded longitudinal bore which receives a threaded drive shaft, one end of the drive shaft being secured in the traveling jaw member to transport the traveling jaw members.

Abstract: A guide clamp for clamping a femur and guiding placement of a guide wire relative to the femur. The guide clamp includes a body supporting a pair of clamping surfaces at the end of a pair of clamping arms that are spring-biased to move with respect to each other into a closed position to grip the femur. Defined by the body is a guide opening that guides insertion of the guide pin once the femur has been gripped. One of the clamping arms of the guide clamp may have proximal and distal portions that are slidably adjustable with respect to each other to allow a controlled repositioning of the guide opening with respect to the femur. The guide clamp may also include an engagement member which is supported by the body of the clamp and is capable of advancing into abutting contact with the head of the femur.

Abstract: An endoscopic surgical instrument includes an elongated shaft, which may be articulated to facilitate positioning of an end effector. The instrument accommodates reactionary forces associated with closing the end effector without substantial disruption to the position of the end effector. The instrument includes an elongated shaft housing generally defining distal and proximal shaft axes, and a torsion member extending through the shaft housing. The torsion member transmits rotational displacement from a handle portion of the instrument to the end effector to selectively move the end effector between open and closed configurations. The torsion member comprises a flexible shaft exhibiting a plurality of generally radial slots spaced longitudinally along a length of the flexible shaft.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method of inserting spinal implants is disclosed in which an intervertebral space is first distracted, a hollow sleeve having teeth at one end is then driven into the vertebrae adjacent that disc space. A drill is then passed through the hollow sleeve removing disc and bone in preparation for receiving the spinal implant which is then inserted through the sleeve. Apparatus and a method of inserting spinal implants is disclosed in which an intervertebral space is first distracted to restore the normal angular relationship of the vertebrae adjacent to that disc space. An extended outer sleeve having extended portions capable of maintaining the vertebrae distracted in their normal angular relationship is then driven into the vertebrae adjacent that disc space. A drill is then passed through the hollow sleeve removing disc and bone in preparation for receiving the spinal implant which is then inserted through the sleeve.

Abstract: Spinal tools and methods are described herein. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes an elongate member and a tissue disrupter. The elongate member has a distal end portion and defines a lumen. The tissue disruptor is coupled to the distal end portion of the elongate member. The tissue disruptor is configured to rotate relative to the elongate member to disrupt a body tissue.

Abstract: A spinal platform for delivering a therapeutic agent to a spinal cord target includes a brace member for attachment to a plurality of bony structures surrounding at least a portion of the spinal cord target, a carriage member operatively coupled to and movable along the brace member, and a universal joint for adjusting the coronal or sagittal angle of a surgical instrument. The brace member includes at least one longitudinal rail and a plurality of attachment members. The plurality of attachment members is operably connected to the at least one longitudinal rail. The at least one longitudinal rail includes a proximal end portion, a distal end portion, and a middle portion extending between the proximal and distal end portions. The universal joint is seated within a portion of the carriage member and is capable of delivering the therapeutic agent to the spinal cord target.

Abstract: Instrumentation for implanting an intervertebral disc replacement device includes at least one retaining clip comprising a body member having a first side, a hook flange extending from the body member for clipping retention of the first side of the body member against the flange of the intervertebral disc replacement device and at least one lateral flange extending from the body member, partially received over a portion of the bone screw to prevent the bone screw from backing out of the at least one bone screw hole. The invention also comprises a prepackaged, sterile retaining clip assembly for an intervertebral disc replacement device, comprising an applicator having first and second applicator arms, each of the first and second applicator arms extending in substantially the same direction out from a common bending elbow for retaining one or more retaining clips.

Abstract: An insert (70) for a clamping element with two jaws to clamp a rod-shaped element comprises an inner cavity (144) to accommodate a rod-shaped element and at least one flange element (153) at one longitudinal end of the insert intended to abut against the clamping element. The flange element (153) comprises clamping members (161) to reduce the available room within the inner cavity (144) for the rod-shaped element to be clamped and to clamp the flange element (153) between the rod-shaped element and an outer clamping surface of the clamping element to prohibit any longitudinal movement of the clamped insert.

Abstract: A sensing device for determining the location of an intramedullary pin emplaced within the bone of a patient. The sensing device is useable with a frame that initially holds the intramedullary pin external of the patient and the sensing device used to contact a planar portion of the intramedullary pin to verify the orientation of predrilled holes in the intramedullary pin. The same set up is thereafter used with the intramedullary pin emplaced within the bone of a patient. The sensing device verifies the same location of the predrilled holes by contacting the same planar portion. The sensing device is an electrical continuity device that completes an electrical circuit when the distal end of the sensing device contacts the planar portion of the intramedullary pin, thereby activating an alerting device to notify the physician that the contact has been established and the predrilled holes are accurately located.

Abstract: A surgical tool is disclosed that is capable of communicating wirelessly with either a neural integrity monitoring system or a surgical navigation system. The surgical tool includes electronic circuitry operable to provide a neural stimulation signal to a surgical instrument connected with the tool. If a predetermined response is received by the neural integrity monitoring system, it is capable of automatically stopping rotation of the surgical instrument. Further, if a predetermined safe threshold is breached or about to be breached, the surgical navigation system is operable to automatically stop rotation of the surgical instrument. In addition, the surgical tool is provided with audio and visual feedback of the neurological status of the patient.

Abstract: A flexible extension shaft comprises a flexible extension member having a length, and one end and an opposite end. A tool base connection member is secured to one end of the flexible extension member. A tool bit connection member is secured to the opposite end of the flexible extension member. A lighting unit is secured to the flexible extension shaft.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an insertion tool and a guide wire. The insertion tool has a proximal end portion and a distal end portion. The distal end portion of the insertion tool is configured to retain a bone fixation device. The proximal end portion of the insertion tool defines a threaded opening. The guide wire has a proximal end portion and a distal end portion. At least a portion of the guide wire is configured to be disposed within the insertion tool such that the distal end portion of the guide wire is disposed outside of and spaced apart from the distal end portion of the insertion tool. The proximal end portion of the guide wire includes a threaded portion configured to be disposed within and engage the threaded opening of the insertion tool.

Abstract: An instrument for preparation of vertebral endplates and a method of preparing a surface of a vertebral endplate are described. The instrument includes a body having a frame, an endplate preparation member supported by the body, and a pivot point. A tilt axis is perpendicular to and intersects a sweep axis at the pivot point. The endplate preparation member is coupled to the frame and controllably pivotable in an arc about the first tilt axis to change a tilt of the endplate preparation member. The endplate preparation member is also controllably pivotable in an arc about the sweep axis while maintaining the tilt of the endplate preparation member. By sweeping the endplate preparation member at incrementally larger tilt angles, recesses in a vertebral endplate surface are gradually formed, which may allow greater precision and control of a depth of the recesses and reduce stress on the vertebral endplate, as opposed to more aggressive techniques.

Abstract: An expansion assembly expands a vertebral implant. The vertebral implant has an inner cylindrical assembly adapted for insertion into an outer cylindrical assembly having an outer wall. The vertebral implant is expandable along an implant axis defined by the outer and inner cylindrical assemblies. The expansion assembly comprises an axle having proximal and distal end portions and an axle axis defined between the proximal and distal end portions. The expansion assembly further comprises a gear arranged about the axle axis at the proximal end portion of the axle and adapted to rotate about the axle axis to cause the inner cylindrical assembly to expand the vertebral implant. The engagement assembly also comprising a first engaging portion adapted to engage the inner cylindrical assembly and a second engaging portion adapted to engage the gear externally of the outer wall of the outer cylindrical assembly.

Abstract: A tool for use during surgery includes a housing including a distal end and a proximal end, a motor disposed within the housing, and an output shaft having a proximal end connected to the motor and a distal end extending from the distal end of the housing. The tool further includes a battery pack contained within the housing, and a passage extending from the distal end to the proximal end of the housing through the output shaft and the battery pack, wherein the passage is defined by an interior surface of the output shaft and a channel through the battery.

Abstract: The invention concerns an anchoring screw (1) in a bone tunnel (6) for a relay strip (8) made of synthetic material or a suture, comprising: a cylindrical proximal portion (3) of length ranging between 0 and 10 mm and a conical intermediate portion (4), whereon are provided a blunted thread (2) with a large pitch, the intermediate portion having a convergent section in the direction of, a smooth cylindrical distal portion at the rounded end and foam whereof the diameter is not less than the diameter of the bone tunnel (6).

Abstract: An ultrasound diagnostic apparatus according to the present invention includes a pressing mechanism capable of appropriately applying a pressing force to a predetermined position on a fractured bone. The pressing mechanism includes an annular belt detachably hung around a leg in which a shinbone (i.e., a target bone) is present, a deadweight connected to a lower end of the annular belt and having a weight value corresponding to a desired pressing force, and a mobile base positioned under the deadweight and movable in an up-and-down direction. If the mobile base moves downward, the deadweight separates from the mobile base and is brought into a free state where a pressing force acts on the target bone. If the mobile base moves upward, the deadweight is supported by the mobile base and the target bone is released from the pressing force.

Abstract: A vertebral implant assembly having a tubular body and a pair of endplate assemblies is installed between two vertebral endplates using an apparatus comprising an axle having a proximal end and a distal end, a set of gears connected to the proximal end of the axle, and an engager device connected to the set of gears and adapted to rotate the tubular body when the axle is rotated. As the tubular body is rotated, the vertebral implant assembly expands.

Abstract: Motor-driven hone crest expander-compacter (1) whose geometry and dimensions have been redesigned to optimal values that allow the expander-compacter (1) to bc used for bone expansion or compaction in rear areas of the patient's mouth. The expander-compacter (1) presents a threaded body (3) with a cylindrical threaded area (5) and a conical threaded area (6), where the cylindrical threaded area (5) presents a length smaller than two-thirds the length of the conical threaded area (6), in addition to the fact that the total length of the threaded body (3) is less than 12 mm. The invention also refers to a connector (7) connecting the expander-compacter (1) to a surgical motor, and to an initial burr (11), both of them equally optimised.

Abstract: A method in which a probe is advanced between a neural tissue structure and a non-neural tissue structure such as the intervertebral foramen. The probe includes electrodes on opposite surfaces. Threshold currents required to stimulate action potentials for each electrode are determined. A ratio of the threshold currents are calculated. Tissue is removed from the non-neural tissue structure when the ratio is greater than a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A percutaneous biomedical device comprising a body having a lumen extending longitudinally at least partially through the body, an implantable interface region disposed on the body, the implantable interface region having a plurality of radially extending conduits through the body, each of the conduits are in fluid communication with the lumen and in fluid communication with an exit port. The exit ports extrude a skin-interface composition between the subject's skin and the percutaneous biomedical device. Methods for implanting a percutaneous biomedical device includes implanting a percutaneous biomedical device percutaneously in a subject and aligning the exit ports of the implantable interface region between the epidermis and the hypodermis skin layers of the subject.

Abstract: A wire fixation device for fixing a tensioned wire or a pin to a medical device has a wire post having a head portion with an opening having a predetermined longitudinal axis for reception of a wire or pin. The wire post has a neck portion for being in engagement with an opening of the medical device. A locking element is adapted to be introduced into opening having an opening with inclined sections that are inclined to the longitudinal axis. A clamping cone abuts on an abutment element. The clamping cone has a clamping opening to accommodate a wire and has inclined outer surfaces that are inclined to the longitudinal axis and which are encompassed with the conical section of the locking element. Upon an axial displacement of the locking element relative to the clamping cone a radial force is exerted onto the clamping cone leading to a reduction of the diameter of the clamping opening such that if a wire or a pin is received in the clamping opening a radial force results onto the wire or the pin.

Abstract: Orthopedic procedures, such as total hip replacement and/or other surgical procedures, involve the retraction and distraction of bone and tissue in order to reduce prosthesis components, such as a femoral head prosthesis, into place during surgery and to perform other surgical techniques, such as reaming of the acetabulum. An instrument handle that allows for enhanced control of surgical instruments and other tools that involve the application of directional force includes a grip, an extension arm and a support brace that is configured to contact a user's forearm during a surgical procedure. A multiple-tool receptor may also be included that allows for the removable and interchangeable use of tools in connection with the instrument handle. The system described herein allows for deep distraction without angulation using larger muscles or even one's body.

Abstract: An apparatus for impacting bone material comprises an impaction element and a guide element having a bore. The bore has a longitudinal axis. The impaction tool is connected to the guide element, and is provided at a predetermined distance to the bore in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bore. A guide rod may be connected to a medical device and can be inserted into the bore. Thus, the apparatus may be guided into a cavity adjacent the medical device for impacting bone material inserted into the cavity.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods relating to manipulation, e.g. pivoting, of a rod-shaped element using a rod positioning assembly are disclosed. A rod-shaped element is initially gripped axially (relative to and) by a rod positioning assembly and then pivoted into a transverse orientation without pivoting the rod positioning assembly and/or releasing the rod-shaped element. Rod positioning assemblies include a handle element and a pair of jaw elements in communication therewith. The jaw elements are positioned distally relative to the handle element and the handle element is adapted to effect relative motion between the first and second jaw elements. The abutment faces of the jaw elements define a pair of axially aligned notches at or near the distal ends of the first and second jaw elements, a pair of traversely aligned central wells that define a circular opening that extends transversely across the jaw elements, and a pair of grooves that open up to a single transverse side of the jaw elements.

Abstract: We describe various alignable tools, in particular, trials and chisels, that may be used in preparing an intervertebral site in a spine, the site being suitable for placement of a prosthetic intervertebral disc as a replacement for a natural disc in that spine. We also describe methods of using those tools.

Abstract: Apparatus for locating an attachment position for a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament on an attachment surface of a bone comprises locating means (51, 61) arranged to locate at least one reference surface (4) of the bone and guide means (53, 54) arranged to define the attachment position in two dimensions on the attachment surface relative to the reference surface.

Abstract: An implant for positioning between the spinous processes, such as the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae, include first and second wings foe lateral positioning and a spacer located between the adjacent spinous processes. The implant can be positioned using minimally invasive procedures without modifying the bone or severing ligaments. The implant is shaped in accordance with the anatomy of the spine.

Abstract: Disclosed are surgical tools, tool sets and methods for percutaneously accessing and preparing treatment sites within the spine for subsequent treatment procedures. The treatment site may be an inter-vertebral motion segments in the lumbar and sacral regions of the spine. The tool set may comprise introducer tools and bone dilators for accessing and tapping into a targeted site, such as, for example, the anterior surface of the S1 vertebral body. The tool set may also comprise cutters and extractors for preparing the treatment site for subsequent treatment procedures. The tool set may additionally comprise a bone graft inserter, an exchange system, and/or a temporary distraction tool for further preparing the treatment site for subsequent treatment procedures.

Abstract: Described herein are various implant delivery systems and methods of use. The systems can include an implantable medical device mated to a pusher wire via a detachable link. The user can detach the detachable link by rotating the pusher wire. For example, the detachable link can include first and second interlocking members, where the first interlocking member including a male mating surface and the second interlocking member including a female mating surface. The first and second body members can be mechanically interlocked, for example, with a pin and a slot.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an insertion device including a shaft with a head supported on a distal end thereof. The shaft includes a proximal end with an engagement member that is configured to frictionally engage a distal end of a surgical fastening apparatus such that an interference fit is created therebetween to facilitate selective detachment of the insertion device from the surgical fastening apparatus. The head has an atraumatic configuration, and is dimensioned to be received in a body orifice.

Abstract: A shroud is provided which includes a rounded atraumatic distal configuration. The shroud is configured and dimensioned to be positioned on the distal end portion of a surgical instrument. The shroud is movable between a first position in which a distal portion of the shroud extends beyond a distal end of a tool assembly of the surgical instrument and a second position in which the distal portion of the shroud is positioned proximal to the distal end of the tool assembly.

Abstract: A system for mechanically adjusting medical implants uses an external coil to set up a magnetic field. The magnetic field causes an actuator inside the implant to move in small steps, allowing fine adjustment. The element responding to the magnetic field can be magnetostrictive or SMA based. Large motions are made up from small steps by using two one-way clutches allowing the active element to move small increments in one direction. For SMA based devices, short burst of AC magnetic field are used. For magnetostrictive devices short pulse of unipolar magnetic field are used.

Abstract: A femoral head center locating mechanism and method for using same. The femoral head center locating mechanism may include a frame and a plurality of lasers which emit laser beams which intersect to identify a reference point relative to a center of a femoral head.

Abstract: A computer assisted surgery (CAS) system and method for preparing an anatomical structure to receive an orthopaedic implant. The method generally involves the steps of determining a contour of the anatomical structure by using the CAS system to acquire a plurality of points on the anatomical structure and provide a best fit approximation of the anatomical structure based on the plurality of points, selecting an implant to replicate the anatomical structure, and preparing the anatomical structure to receive the implant.

Abstract: A controlled removable fracture-reducing assembly (10) for reducing a bone fracture. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a controlled removable fracture reducing assembly (10) includes an implant (12), a reducer (14), a buttress (16), and a locking device (18) that engage a proximal bone fragment (2) and a distal bone fragment (4). The implant (12) is secured to the distal bone fragment (4) by the locking device (18). The buttress (16) engages the implant (12) through an opening (30). The reducer (14) contains a compressing screw (24) that applies a force (60) on the buttress (16), reducing the fracture. According to another embodiment of the invention, the reducer (114) contains a cam mechanism (124) which applies a force (186) on the buttress (116), which does not engage the implant (112), that pushes the proximal bone fragment (102) to reduce the fracture.

Abstract: A method of determining the size and/or placement of a prosthetic disc in a disc space between adjacent endplates of two vertebrae in a selected spinal area, comprising: using a computer to identify the disc space parameters of height, width, depth and lordosis between the adjacent vertebral endplates; using a computer to create an artificial volume corresponding to an actual prosthetic disc that can be positioned in the disc space in accordance with a manufacturer's size and lordosis specifications for prosthesis; using a computer to determine the center of the disc space and the center of rotation of the prosthetic disc volume; using a computer to position the prosthetic disc volume in the disc space such that the center of rotation of the prosthetic disc volume is positioned posterior to the center of the disc space; and using a computer to determine the prosthetic disc volume that fits within the disc space in accordance with a surgeon's or manufacturer's specification for prosthesis.

Abstract: A surgical instrument for securing an anchor in a target area of the skull of a patient, wherein the anchor has a shaped surface, a top and a base. In one embodiment, the surgical instrument includes a driver having a first end, an opposite, second end, and a body portion defined therebetween forming a bore therein along a longitudinal axis, where the bore is configured to allow the anchor to be received therein, a first inner surface formed inside the bore proximate to the first end, wherein the first inner surface is formed with a shape that is complimentary to the shaped surface of the anchor, and a second inner surface formed inside the bore and between the first inner surface and the second end, wherein the second inner surface is formed with a shape that is different from that of the first inner surface.

Abstract: A unique four function surgical instrument that performs aspiration, irrigation, dilation and cauterization with an innovative trigger mechanism. An embodiment is “gun-like” in configuration having a housing with a depending handle and a protruding trigger, a forward extending pair of forceps-like arms that terminate in dilation/cauterization tips and a common conduit between the forceps-like arms. The unique trigger mechanism utilizes a pinch valve concept where the trigger button has an elongated portion that has two slide surfaces with offset a recesses that act like tracks on which pinch sliders follow and the pinch sliders act like valve stems that squeeze close and allow to open silicone tubing. The end result, being a single poll, two stage actuator such that a half a pump of the trigger delivers irrigation or aspiration and a full pump delivers the other.

Abstract: A radiolucent fastening device for fastening a reference device to a body for computer-assisted surgery, wherein a part of the fastening device is made from an unsubstituted carbon fiber reinforced polyether compound, a monosubstituted carbon fiber reinforced polyether compound or a multisubstituted carbon fiber reinforced polyether compound.

Abstract: The tissue augment sheet delivery system includes a tube funnel adapter and a tissue augment sheet delivery instrument. The tube funnel adapter includes a oval/conical shaped funnel. The tissue augment sheet delivery instrument includes a handle. A cylindrical tube is connected to the handle. A wire is inserted in the tube. The wire is formed in a large loop with small loops formed in the large loop. A tissue augment sheet is attached to one side of the large loop using a monofilament. In use, the tube funnel adapter is inserted in body. The tissue augment sheet is placed in mouth of the oval/conical shaped funnel and gently moved down. While moving down, the tissue augment sheet conforms to the internal diameter of the tube funnel adapter. The handle is withdrawn to remove the large loop from the body leaving the tissue augment sheet in body.

Abstract: A novel process for marking implants and instruments is provided by masking a portion of the implant or instrument and then applying a treatment to alter the appearance of the unmasked area. The process may be used to mark surfaces not suitable for laser or chemical etching.

Abstract: An external fixation assembly for bone fusion is disclosed. The assembly includes an extension arm having a fixation joint portion and a pin element moveably disposed along the extension arm defining a first joint portion. The assembly further comprises a plurality of connecting pins for bone fusion. Each of the connecting pins is configured to engage with bone matter for bone fusion and to singly attach to one of the joint portions for support.

Abstract: A flexible piece of barrier material for use in preventing or minimizing adhesions and fibrous attachments following anterior lumbar surgery. In one embodiment, the barrier structure comprises a multiple level device shaped as a generally wider tongue to function as a barrier at or above the L4-5 level, and a generally narrower lower section to function as a barrier at or below the L5-S1 level. The structure also can include a recessed waist section along an edge opposite the tongue to allow for easier placement in the L4-5 area. In another embodiment, a single level barrier for use at or above L4-5 is shaped as a tongue with a tapered outer extension to allow the barrier to extend laterally onto the psoas muscle to provide for identification of the barrier upon reoperation.

Abstract: A method of reconstructing a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament in a human knee. Femoral and tibial tunnels are drilled into the femur and tibia. A transverse tunnel is drilled into the femur to intersect the femoral tunnel. A filamentary loop is threaded through the femoral tunnel and tibial tunnel and partially through the transverse tunnel. A replacement graft is formed into a loop and moved into the tibial tunnels using a surgical needle and suture. A flexible filamentary member is simultaneously moved along with the loop into the femoral and transverse tunnels. The filamentary member is used as a guide wire in the transverse tunnel to insert a cannulated cross-pin to secure a top of the looped graft in the femoral tunnel.

Abstract: The present invention provides tools and methods designed to aid in the placement of artificial facet joints at virtually all spinal levels. One aspect of the present invention is a measurement tool for installing an artificial cephalad facet joint including a fixation measurement element and a support arm element. This measurement tool assists in the selection and/or configuration of an artificial cephalad facet joint for implantation in a patient. Another aspect is a measurement tool for installing a caudad facet joint including a stem element and a trial caudad bearing surface element. This measurement tool assists in the selection and/or configuration of a caudad facet joint for implantation in a patient. Yet another aspect is a measurement tool holder including a measurement surface connected to a holder element. This tool holder assists in determining the measurements obtained with the caudad facet joint measurement tool.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an implant tool and cannula used to facilitate the implantation of a medical device into a patient. The implant tool includes a housing that is held by a user and a needle attached to the housing. The cannula may be positioned over the needle and delivered to a target tissue within the patient. The cannula includes an electrode at a distal portion to deliver test stimulation to confirm the location of the target site or placement of the implant tool relative to the target site before removing the needle of the implant tool. In this manner, the cannula may be repositioned within the patient until the position of the implant tool and cannula relative to the target site is verified with the test stimulation.

Abstract: A plate for use in fixating the position of a first bone segment relative to a second bone segment, the plate comprising a body portion having a plurality of attachment mechanisms located therein, wherein the attachment mechanisms include: a first group of three attachment mechanisms substantially positioned within 90°-150° of one another about a circle, and preferably within substantially 120° of one another, whereby the first group of attachment mechanisms is designed to facilitate attachment of a plurality of adjustable length struts to the plate; and a second group of attachment mechanisms substantially positioned about the circle that are designed to facilitate attachment of accessories to the plate, wherein the total number of the attachment mechanisms is a multiple of three.