Abstract: A cinch deployment system includes a delivery system and a releasable cinch including an inner tubular, a compressible gripper having a suture passage, the gripper positioned within the inner tubular housing, and a resilient structure biased to compress the gripper to reduce the size of the suture passage. The resilient structure has a first configuration in which the resilient structure is constrained from applying sufficient compression to the gripper to prevent movement of the gripper on the suture, and a second configuration in which sufficient compression is applied to secure the gripper on the suture. The resilient structure is moved from the first to the second configuration by movement of the retainer moved by the deployment system.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a monolithic thin-film lead assembly and methods of microfabricating a monolithic thin-film lead assembly. Particularly, aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a monolithic thin-film lead assembly that includes a cable having a proximal end, a distal end, a supporting structure that extends from the proximal end to the distal end, and a plurality of conductive traces formed on a portion of the supporting structure. The supporting structure includes one or more layers of dielectric material. The monolithic thin-film lead assembly may further include an electrode assembly formed on the supporting structure at the distal end of the cable. The electrode assembly includes one or more electrodes in electrical connection with one or more conductive traces of the plurality of conductive traces.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a screw-in lead implantable in the pericardium of a patient heart and a system for delivering such leads to an implantation location. The leads include a helical tip electrode and a curvate body including a defibrillator coil with improved contact between the defibrillator coil and the patient heart. The delivery system includes a delivery catheter and lead receiving sheath disposed within the catheter. A fixation tine is disposed on one of the delivery catheter and the lead receiving sheath such that the delivery system may be anchored into the pericardium during fixation of the screw-in lead. In certain implementations, an implantable sleeve receives the leads to bias the defibrillator coil against the patient heart.

Abstract: A medical device for the diagnosis or treatment of tissue in a body and method for fabricating the same are provided. The device includes comprises a first shaft and a second shaft. The first shaft includes a longitudinal axis, and the second shaft includes a second shaft axial end disposed within the first shaft. The second shaft is connected to the first shaft by a first nested lap joint formed between the first shaft and the second shaft.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments are directed to detecting persons or animals trapped in vehicles and providing automated assistance to such persons or animals. In one embodiment a method is disclosed comprising detecting that a vehicle is stopped; activating at least one camera and recording at least one image of an interior of the vehicle using the at least one camera; classifying the at least one image using a machine learning model; and operating at least one subsystem of the vehicle in response to detecting that classifying indicates that a person or animal is present in the at least one image.

Abstract: One aspect is a method of forming a lead for implantation. The method includes forming a distal end assembly, forming a proximal end assembly, and forming a flexible circuit coupling the distal end assembly to the proximal end assembly. The distal end assembly, the proximal end assembly and the flexible circuit are formed over an inner member. An outer member is placed over the combination of the distal end assembly, the proximal end assembly and the flexible circuit. The outer member and circuit are fused adjacent the distal end assembly to the proximal end assembly.

Abstract: A medical device includes a motion sensor configured to produce a motion signal and a control circuit configured to sense atrial events from the motion signal. In some examples, the control circuit is configured to set a ventricular diastolic event window and set a threshold amplitude during the ventricular diastolic event window for sensing an atrial event in response to the motion signal crossing the threshold amplitude during the ventricular diastolic window. The control circuit may determine a maximum amplitude of the motion signal during the ventricular diastolic event window for multiple ventricular cycles and determine an amplitude metric based on at least a portion of the determined maximum amplitudes. The control circuit may determine a target value of the threshold amplitude based on at least the amplitude metric and adjust the threshold amplitude toward the target value.

Abstract: A medical device includes a motion sensor configured to produce a motion signal and a control circuit configured to set sensing control parameters and sense atrial events from the motion signal during ventricular cycles according to the sensing control parameters. In some examples, the control circuit is configured to determine a feature of the motion signal for at least some ventricular cycles, determine a metric of the motion signal based on the determined features, and adjust at least one of the sensing control parameters based on the metric.

Abstract: Methods for estimating of the effectiveness of catheter ablation procedures to form lesions, and particular lesions which together form an ablation segment of an ablation line. Lesion effectiveness parameters are received, and effectiveness, optionally the joint effectiveness, of corresponding ablations (optionally planned, current, and/or already performed) is estimated. In some embodiments, estimating is based on use by computer circuitry of an estimator constructed based on observed associations between previously analyzed lesion effectiveness parameters, and observed lesion effectiveness. Additionally or alternatively, estimators may be constructed based on analytic functions. The estimator is used by application to the received lesion effectiveness parameters.

Abstract: An implantable medical electrical lead connectable to an electrical header of an implantable medical device includes a lead body extending from a proximal end to a distal end, a lead terminal disposed at the proximal end of the lead body and configured to couple the lead to the electrical header, and a lead boot disposed at the lead terminal. The lead boot includes a strain relief portion and a seal portion. The strain relief portion is formed of a first elastic polymer and the seal portion is formed of a second elastic polymer. The first elastic polymer is different from the second elastic polymer.

Abstract: A lead anchor for a neuromodulation lead has an anchor body that receives a portion of the lead. A mesh is arranged so as to at least partially surround the portion of the lead when the portion of the lead is received in the anchor body.

Abstract: A system and method for improving heart contractions during a heart function cycle (heartbeat) of a patient requires detecting a local electrical event (depolarization) during the cycle. This local electrical event is then used to trigger a stimulation interval ?t at a time t0. Importantly, the stimulation interval ?t is set to end at a time t1 during the absolute refractory period of the heart function cycle. At the time t1, a stimulator is triggered to stimulate a local sympathetic nerve on the epicardial surface of the heart. With this stimulation the sympathetic nerve secretes norepinephrine to improve a subsequent contraction of the heart.

Abstract: Recovery circuitry for passively recovering charge from capacitances at electrodes in an Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) is disclosed. The passive recovery circuitry includes passive recovery switches intervening between each electrode node and a common reference voltage, and each switch is in series with a variable resistance that may be selected based on differing use models of the IPG. The passive recovery switches may also be controlled in different modes. For example, in a first mode, the only recovery switches closed after a stimulation pulse are those associated with electrodes used to provide stimulation. In a second mode, all recovery switches are closed after a stimulation pulse, regardless of the electrodes used to provide stimulation. In a third mode, all recovery switches are closed continuously, which can provide protection when the IPG is in certain environments (e.g., MRI), and which can also be used during stimulation therapy itself.

Abstract: Various examples of methods and systems related to nanofibrous microstructures including carbon nanofibrous microelectrode arrays are provided. In one example, a method includes electrospinning photosensitive nanofibers on a patterned substrate; immersing the photosensitive nanofibers in a refractive index matching medium; and exposing the immersed photosensitive nanofibers to ultraviolet (UV) light through the patterned substrate or through a front side photomask. In another example, a microelectrode array includes a carbon thin film (CTF) trace pattern including a plurality of CTF electrode pads; and a plurality of carbon nanofiber (CNF) pillars disposed on the plurality of CTF electrode pads.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for positioning a tip of a pacemaker lead that has passed through coronary sinus into an interventricular septum. More particularly, it relates to a method for positioning a tip of a pacemaker lead that has passed through a coronary sinus into an interventricular septum in order to more effectively transmit an electrical stimulus in a treatment using a pacemaker for patients with arrhythmia. A method of positioning a tip of a pacemaker lead, which has passed through a coronary sinus, into an interventricular septum, in order to effectively transmit electrical stimulus, includes: inserting into an intervention wire through a superior vena cava and a coronary sinus to pass through the interventricular septum and then guiding the intervention wire to an inferior vena cava; and positioning the tip of the lead into the interventricular septum by inserting the pacemaker lead along the intervention wire.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to pacing of cardiac tissue, and more particularly to adjusting delivery of His bundle or bundle branch pacing in a cardiac pacing system to achieve synchronized ventricular activation. Bundle pacing may be delivered in response to determining whether the QRS parameter or activation interval is greater than a threshold. A set of AV delays may be generated, and an optimal AV delay may be selected from the stored set of AV delays. His-bundle or bundle-branch pacing may be selectively delivered based on RV or LV activation time. Pacing may also be adjusted based on dyssynchrony detected or the type of bundle branch block pattern detected.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an implantable lead includes forming an elongated lead body core that defines a longitudinal axis. The elongated lead body core has a plurality of axially extending channels that are circumferentially spaced apart from one another around the elongated lead body core. The method also includes positioning an electrode ring around the elongated lead body core and electrical conductors. The method includes positioning a respective electrical conductor in each of the axially extending channels and positioning a dielectric insulator ring around the elongated lead body core and electrical conductors.

Abstract: A method for producing cardiomyocyte cells including implanting a substrate within a heart such that a first portion of the substrate is in physical contact with an endocardium and a second portion of the substrate is not in contact with the endocardium, maintaining the first portion of the substrate in contact with the endocardium for a time at least sufficient to form trabecular fibers extending between the endocardium and the second portion of the substrate, cutting away the trabecular fibers from the endocardium, cutting away the trabecular fibers from the substrate, and removing the trabecular fibers from the heart, wherein the trabecular fibers include cardiomyocyte cells.

Abstract: Resistively loaded dielectric biconical antenna apparatuses, including systems and devices, that may be used to transmit very short electrical pulses (e.g., nanosecond, sub-nanosecond, picosecond, etc.) into tissue non-invasively at energy levels sufficient to invoke biological changes in the tissue. These resistively loaded dielectric biconical antenna apparatuses may include a resistor ring reducing internal reflection and reducing energy loss, as well as delivering longer pulses (e.g. microsecond to millisecond) to tissue.

Abstract: A balun is provided that is suitable for use with miniature coaxial cables and that obviates the need to cut the cable in order to install the balun. A portion of each coaxial cable that extends from the RF receive coils to the RF receiver is wound multiple times around a device to form an inductor. The inductor may be used with or without a separate resonant circuit. If used with a separate resonant circuit, the inductor and the resonant circuit couple with one another to generate a coupled impedance that provides common-mode noise suppression at the frequency of interest. If used without a separate resonant circuit, the inductor formed in the cable provides an inductance and the capacitance between the windings coupled with the inductance provides a series impedance that suppresses common-mode noise at the frequency of interest.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mesh electrode for cardiac resynchronization therapy, and a manufacturing method therefor. More specifically, the present invention relates to: a mesh electrode for cardiac resynchronization therapy, formed from a wire composed of a first biocompatible rubber layer in which silver nanowires are dispersed, and a second biocompatible rubber layer famed so as to be adjacent to the first biocompatible rubber layer; and a manufacturing method therefor.

Abstract: Delivery devices, systems, and methods for delivering implantable leadless pacing devices are disclosed. An example delivery device may an outer tubular member and an inner tubular member slidably disposed within the lumen of the outer tubular member. A distal holding section may extend distally of a distal end of the inner tubular member and define a cavity therein for receiving an implantable leadless pacing device. The device may further include a hub portion including at least a first hub portion affixed adjacent to the proximal end of the outer tubular member and a second hub portion affixed adjacent to the proximal end of the inner tubular member. A first locking mechanism configured to releasably couple the outer tubular member and the inner tubular member may be disposed within the hub portion.

Abstract: An implantable electrical stimulation device includes an electrically conductive electrode structure configured for coupling with a pulse generator device and transmitting an electrical signal configured to generate a desirable electric field around a target tissue. The electrode structure includes a porous substrate constructed of a bio-compatible and bio-survivable material having a structure that mimics extracellular matrix embedding. The porous substrate supports an electrically conductive electrode element. The implantable device may further include a pulse generator also embedded, enmeshed, and supported within the porous substrate.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for the preparation of conductive polymer coatings, and methods for application of the coatings to three-dimensional substrates.

Abstract: A defibrillation system with a unique paddle assembly. The paddle assembly has a paddle head with a conductive surface. The paddle head is introduced into the chest through a small surgical incision. The paddle head is connected to a handle by an elongated shaft. The elongated shaft has an electrically conductive core that is covered in a dielectric insulator. The elongated shaft is malleable. A pivot connection joins one end of the elongated shaft to the paddle head. The pivot connection enables the paddle head to move through a range of different orientations with respect to the elongated shaft. Electricity passes through the conductive core of the elongated shaft and into the paddle head.

Abstract: Ablation is carried out by bringing a probe into contact with a target tissue. The probe has a plurality of temperature sensors and an ablation electrode on its distal portion. The temperature sensors are distributed circumferentially about the longitudinal axis such that the probe has an omnidirectional temperature sensitivity. After verifying that contact exists between the probe and the target tissue, and while applying energy through the ablation electrode data from the temperature sensors is repetitively recorded. Thereafter, responsively to detection of a drop in temperature with respect to the baseline temperature level, it is concluded that a loss of contact between the probe and the target tissue has occurred. The operator is thereupon alerted.

Abstract: A device for extending a lead according to some embodiments includes a body, a tubular member coupled to the body, the tubular member comprising an outer surface, wherein the outer surface is sized to insert into an inner lumen of a lead, the tubular member is movable between a first configuration in which the tubular member slides into the lead, and a second configuration in which at least a portion of the tubular member expands to engage an inner surface of the lead; and, an actuation mechanism operatively coupled to the tubular member, the actuation mechanism configured to move the tubular member between the first configuration and second configuration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device for stimulating optic nerve fibers. The device includes a plurality of columnar electrodes and a power source. The columnar electrodes are disposed respectively in parallel to a length direction of an optic nerve of a human eye and are also disposed around the optic nerve along a circumferential direction thereof. Each of the columnar electrodes has a length. The power source is configured to supply power to the columnar electrodes. A human retina consists of the optic nerve fibers, which are connected to the optic nerve and a macular area of the human eye in a form of layers. The columnar electrodes are configured to stimulate the optic nerve fibers around the optic nerve with electrical stimulation.

Abstract: A prosthetic device for implanting in a patient's heart includes (i) a therapeutic device capable of restoring function to a native heart valve; and (ii) at least one sensor including a body, an inductor coil disposed within the body, and a capacitor in communication with the inductor coil, the at least one sensor being coupled to the therapeutic device, and being configured to monitor proper function of the therapeutic device within the patient's heart.

Abstract: A gastrointestinal stimulation apparatus and methods with an electronic controller and a flexible and stretchable electrode array with a central branch and orthogonal bilateral branches that wrap around a section of the gastrointestinal tract and can accommodate repetitive contraction and relaxation movements of the tract. Array branches have a flexible spring structure, stimulation electrodes, recording electrodes, sensors controlled by a controller and adhesion nodes that fix the branches to the tissue. The electrode array can sense the normal peristalsis from upstream tissue and produce a stimulus signal to stimulate the incapable intestine section to generate stimulation-induced contractions. Electrodes on the incapable intestine section can be used for stimulation or recording, the recorded signal from the incapable intestine section can be sent back to the electronics to form a closed loop control system.

Abstract: Shielded sheaths are placed over implantable medical leads and/or implantable medical lead extensions to provide shielding from electromagnetic energy and to prevent heating at the electrodes. The shielded sheaths include insulative bodies with shield layers such as conductive braided wire or conductive foil tubular structures. The shielded sheath may be implanted at the time of implanting the lead and/or lead extension. The shielded sheath may also be implanted at a later time after the lead and/or lead extension has previously been implanted. The shielded sheath may be anchored onto the lead or lead extension.

Abstract: An implantable medical device configured to be compatible with the environment inside an MRI machine. The implantable medical device includes a housing constructed of an electrically conductive material and pulse generation circuitry within the housing for generating electrical voltage pulses. The implantable medical device further includes a first conductor that is configured to transmit the electrical voltage pulses from the pulse generation circuitry to a patient's cardiac tissue and a second conductor that is configured to provide an electrically conductive path from the patient's cardiac tissue back to the pulse generation circuitry. The implantable medical device further includes a selectively interruptible electrically conductive path connecting the pulse generation circuitry with the housing.

Abstract: Navigation and tissue capture systems and methods for navigation to and/or capture of selected tissue using the innate electrical activity of the selected tissue and/or other tissue are described. In the context of left atrial appendage closure, the systems and methods can be used to navigate to the left atrial appendage and capture/control the appendage while a closure instrument (suture, clip, ring) is placed over the appendage and tightened down or a closure method (ablation, cryogenic procedures, stapling, etc.) is performed to close the left atrial appendage. The use of innate electrical activity for navigating devices may be used in connection with other tissues and/or areas of the body.

Abstract: Systems for monitoring left atrial pressure using implantable cardiac monitoring devices and, more specifically, to a left atrial pressure sensor implanted through a septal wall are presented herein.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward apparatuses, systems, and methods that may comprise a medical device having a header, a core assembly, and a scaffold assembly. The scaffold assembly may be configured to interface with the core assembly and position and support one or more circuit component relative to one or more other circuit components.

Abstract: A method of preparing an electrode for use with an implantable medical device, the electrode including a titanium surface, the method including: maintaining a nitrogen gas environment proximate to the titanium surface, delivering energy to a portion of the titanium surface, modifying the portion of the titanium surface with the energy delivered to the titanium surface, and forming titanium nitride by reacting titanium at the portion of the titanium surface with nitrogen from the nitrogen gas environment. Modifying includes increasing a surface area of the portion of the titanium surface, and removing titanium from the portion of the titanium surface. The titanium nitride is formed at the portion of the titanium surface where titanium has been removed.

Abstract: Medical leads include distal tip anchors that are retained by fixation mechanisms of implantation tools. The fixation mechanism may include a fixed body that has features retaining the distal tip anchor. The fixation mechanism may include a movable body that can apply tension to the distal tip anchor to force the distal tip anchor to be released from the features of the fixed body. The movable body may include an axial portion that is received by an axial hole of the fixed body to allow for axial movement of the movable body to release the distal tip anchor. The fixation mechanism may instead include an elongated flexible body that passes through the distal tip anchor and is attached to the fixed body. Tension applied to the elongated body creates a releasing motion of the distal tip anchor to free the distal tip anchor from the features of the fixed body.

Abstract: An implantable medical lead has a torsional stiffness and is rotationally coupled to a stylet. Applying rotation directly to the lead in turn causes rotation of the stylet. Where the stylet has a bent tip for purposes of steering the lead, the rotation applied to the lead rotates the bent tip so that the lead can be steered by rotating the lead rather than rotating a hub of the stylet. The rotational coupling may be achieved through one or more features provided for the lead and/or the stylet, such as a feature within a lumen of the lead that mates to a feature along the stylet or a feature of the stylet hub that engages the proximal end of the lead. The torsional stiffness of the lead may be provided by adding a feature within the lead body, such as a braided metal wire or an overlapping foil.

Abstract: The present disclosure may include a system for delivering energy to an airway wall of a lung comprising an energy delivering apparatus and a PID controller having one or more variable gain factors. The energy delivering apparatus may include a flexible elongated member and a distal expandable basket having at least one electrode for transferring energy to the airway wall and at least one temperature sensor for measuring temperature.

Abstract: An additively manufactured medical implant, comprising a metallic body having at least one porous surface configured to promote bony on-growth or in-growth of tissue, the porous surface being replicated from a high resolution scan of bone, and a biological surface coating configured to create a barrier to particulate debris, the biological surface coating being produced from a titanium porous plasma spray surface coating or a biomimetic coating.

Abstract: A heart valve prosthesis of any type, with internal microelectronic circuit for monitoring the movement of the valve leaflets or of the movable opening and closing elements of said heart valve prosthesis, and external electronic system for telemetric monitoring of such a sensorized heart valve prosthesis, characterized in that said heart valve prosthesis comprises two or more electrodes set in the annular base body of the prosthesis itself, and comprises an internal microelectronic circuit, which is connected to electric power supply means, is equipped with means for generating, between said electrodes, an electrical field, the field lines of which are oriented so as to interfere with the opening and closing movement of the movable elements of said heart valve prosthesis or of the natural leaflets of the heart valve on which said prosthesis will be mounted, and is equipped with or connected to means for detecting the variations of said electrical field produced by the cyclic movement of opening or closing of

Abstract: A system and method enables delivery of an implantable medical lead to an implant location. A delivery tool of the system defines the delivery angle of the lead at the implant location. The delivery tool includes an elongate body having at least one lumen extending from a distal portion to a proximal portion. A suction cup is coupled to the distal portion of the elongate body. The suction cup may be configured to be collapsible in a first configuration, prior to deployment, and expandable in a second configuration. The system may include a suction source for drawing tissue at the implant location into the suction cup of the delivery tool that is disposed at the distal portion. The delivery angle of the lead tip is based on the interior cavity of the suction cup rather than the angle of insertion with the suctioned tissue.

Abstract: A medical cable connector of a medical cable receives a medical lead while an electrical receptacle within the medical cable connector is placed into a distal position relative to an outer body of the medical cable connector. The electrical receptacle is retracted to a proximal position once insertion of the medical lead into the medical cable connector is completed. The electrical receptacle may be mounted to an inner body which moves relative to the outer body. A biasing member may be present to bias the inner body to a particular position. A slider may be present to provide a clinician with a surface to touch when applying force to position the electrical receptacle in the distal position for insertion of the medical lead. Various other features may be present to facilitate insertion of the medical lead and/or to maintain the position of the electrical receptacle relative to the outer body.

Abstract: An assembly including an autonomous capsule having an anchoring member adapted to penetrate tissue of the heart and an accessory for implantation of the capsule. The accessory includes a steerable catheter with an inner lumen, having at its distal end a tubular protection tip defining a volume for housing the capsule. The accessory also includes a disconnectable attachment mechanism for supporting and guiding the capsule to an implantation site and a sub-catheter housed within the lumen of the steerable catheter, moveable in translation and in rotation relative to the steerable catheter. The sub-catheter and the capsule are movable between a refracted position and a position wherein the capsule is deployed out of the protection tip. The sub-catheter and the capsule are provided with a first fastening mechanism for fastening the two in translation and in mutual rotation, which is disconnectable under a rotation applied to the sub-catheter.

Abstract: Selective sensing implantable medical leads include pulsing and sensing portions and pulsing and not sensing portion. Leads and electrodes may be used in defibrillation and as integrated bipolar defibrillation electrodes. An entire electrode can pass charge while a valve metal or valve metal oxide portion of the electrode prevents the entire electrode from sensing, effectively rejecting unwanted signals. Differential conduction pathways, due to the valve metal and/or oxides thereof, cause the portions of the electrodes to conduct differently when used anodically and cathodically. Complex intracardiac electrical gradient can be formed along with a number of virtual electrodes within the tissue. Reentrant loops can thereby be pinned following defibrillation shock.

Abstract: An implantable medical device configured to be compatible with the environment inside an MRI machine. The implantable medical device includes a housing constructed of an electrically conductive material and pulse generation circuitry within the housing for generating electrical voltage pulses. The implantable medical device further includes a first conductor that is configured to transmit the electrical voltage pulses from the pulse generation circuitry to a patient's cardiac tissue and a second conductor that is configured to provide an electrically conductive path from the patient's cardiac tissue back to the pulse generation circuitry. The implantable medical device further includes a selectively interruptible electrically conductive path connecting the pulse generation circuitry with the housing.

Abstract: Various embodiments concern a lead system for anchoring a lead, the lead system comprising a lead and an anchor. The anchor can comprise a ring and a flange extending from the ring. The anchor can be mounted on the lead such that the lead extends through the ring and the flange extends over an electrode of the lead. The lead system can further comprise a tether having a proximal portion and a distal portion. The proximal portion of the tether can attached to the lead while the distal portion of the tether can be attached to a needle. During an implantation procedure, the tether can be cut to remove the needle. The tether can then be attached to the flange. The lead, the anchor, and the tether can form a loop around a section of tissue to anchor the lead to the tissue.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are disclosed for the ablation of tissue. A steerable ablation catheter can include one or more ablation elements at its distal end and one or more ablation elements fixedly attached to its shaft. The distal end of the ablation catheter can be deflected to assume a number of different deflection geometries in at least one direction along the shaft. One feature of the ablation catheter is that its shaft can comprise materials of differing durometers or stiffnesses attached together at a joint. Methods associated with use of the ablation catheter are also covered.

Abstract: An implantable medical device lead includes an inner conductor assembly coupled to a first electrode at a distal end of the inner conductor assembly and an outer conductive coil extending coaxially with the inner conductor assembly and coupled to a second electrode. The inner conductor assembly includes one or more filars arranged in a plurality of serially connected current suppression modules. Each current suppression module includes a first coil of the one or more filars wound in a first winding direction, a second coil of the one or more filars coaxial with the first winding and wound in a second winding direction opposite the first winding direction, and a third coil of the one or more filars coaxial with the first and second windings and wound in the first winding direction. The outer conductive coil includes one or more filars wound in the first winding direction.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to extra, intra, and transvascular medical lead placement techniques for arranging medical leads and electrical stimulation and/or sensing electrodes proximate nerve tissue within a patient.