Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: A thermoelectrically cooled GMR sensor having a first thermoelectric layer with an array of nanowires, wherein the nanowires include a diameter of about 1 nanometer to about 1000 nanometers. A plurality of alternating layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic material are positioned over and extend the nanowires to form a GMR assembly. A second thermoelectric layer is positioned over the GMR assembly and extends the nanowires, such that the nanowires have a length of between about 100 nanometers and about 500 microns. Conductors are placed in contact with the first and second thermoelectric layers for connecting the thermoelectric layers to a voltage source.

Abstract: Method for estimating cool down in a subsea oil and gas production system, which system includes at least one piping or equipment. The method includes the steps of, at shut down of the production in the system; obtaining data from CFD cool down analysis results for a range of temperatures of production media in the system; obtaining data from a temperature sensor in the system; and estimating the actual coldest temperature in the system from the CFD analysis results obtained based on data from the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A compressor inlet pressure estimation apparatus for a refrigeration cycle system is disclosed. An electronic control unit 14 answers YES by judging that the command to start a compressor 2 is issued when an air-conditioning switch is turned on in step S100. After that, the electronic control unit 14 answers NO in the case where a timer count time Tc is shorter than a predetermined time T1 in step S120. At the same time, Tefin_C is set to 15° C. in step S130. The lower one of Tefin_C and Tefin determined in this way is determined as Tefin_d (step S150). After that, Tefin_d is input to the first-order lag function to acquire Tefin_AD(N). Then, the control proceeds to step S170, where the estimated value Ps_es(N) of the refrigerant inlet pressure of the compressor 2 is determined using Tefin_AD(N) and Gr.

Abstract: A method and device for detecting the temperature of a motor winding, a method and device for thermal protection of a motor are provided, the method for detecting the temperature of a motor winding includes: obtaining the temperature of the motor winding at a first time before a time step (S10); calculating the temperature rise of the rotor equivalent body after the motor runs for the time step (S20); then calculating the temperature of the motor winding after the motor runs for the time step by superposing the temperature rise of the rotor equivalent body after the motor runs for the time step on the temperature of the motor winding obtained at the first time (S30). By the method for detecting the temperature of a motor winding, the real-time monitoring on the temperature of the winding is achieved, thus playing the ability of the motor and improving sensitivity.

Abstract: A platform that can measure the thermal profiles of devices with nanoscale resolution has been developed. The system measures the local temperature by using an array of nanoscale thermometers. This process can be observed in real time using a high resolution imagining technique such as electron microscopy. The platform can operate at extremely high temperatures.

Abstract: A mechanism for indicating ambient temperature of an enclosure from temperatures determined within the enclosure. The temperatures may be obtained from two or more sensors at each of two or more locations within the enclosure. The enclosure may include heat generating components such as electronics. The enclosure may also incorporate one or more dynamic components that emanate sudden amounts of heat. The present mechanism compensates for such heat sources with a compensating scheme.

Abstract: A mobile communication device includes a communication unit for communicating with other communication devices, a processor unit connected to the communication unit, and a sensor unit connected to the processor unit. The sensor unit includes at least one of a humidity sensor and a temperature sensor. The humidity sensor senses ambient moisture and generates an electronic signal corresponding to the ambient moisture, and the temperature sensor measures ambient temperature and generates an electric signal corresponding to the ambient temperature. The processor unit calculates at least one of the ambient humidity and ambient temperature according to the electric signals and transmits associated data of the sensor unit to the communication unit. The communication unit sends the data to other communication devices capable of communicating with the mobile communication device.

Abstract: Arrangements reducing power consumption of an air conditioner and a storage device. A control method with a management server apparatus for a plurality of storage devices and an air conditioner includes calculating plural combinations of allocating the work amount to the plurality of storage devices, calculating the heating value of each storage device included in the plurality of storage devices for each of the plural combinations, calculating the quantity of heat conducted to the air conditioner, based on the heating value and positional information of the plurality of storage devices and the air conditioner, calculating the power consumption to cool the quantity of heat conducted to the air conditioner, selecting a combination included in the plural combinations based on the power consumption of the air conditioner, and issuing a move of the data stored in a first storage device to a second storage device, based on the selected combination.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for calculating a relative temperature of a fiber-optic cable using bi-directional analysis traces with an optical time-domain reflectometer (“OTDR”). Analysis of bi-directional traces along a length of fiber-optic cable yields a scaled local backscatter coefficient of the fiber. Accordingly, an initial set of measurement data is collected at a first time interval and a base scaled local backscatter along a fiber is calculated. A subsequent set of measurement data is collected at a second time interval and a subsequent scaled local backscatter along the fiber is calculated. The exemplary systems and methods described herein determines a change in scaled local backscatter as a function of a difference between the base scaled local backscatter and at least the subsequent scaled local scaled local backscatter along the fiber, and then determines a relative temperature variation of the fiber as a function of the change in scaled local backscatter.

Abstract: A temperature detection method for a semiconductor device and a power conversion apparatus are disclosed. A temperature detection device is used to detect the temperature for thermal protection of a power semiconductor device. The temperature detection device is placed in the proximity of a component having the power semiconductor device packaged therein, and either an emitter terminal or a collector terminal of the power semiconductor device. Since the temperature detection device is mounted on a circuit board, it does not require insulation from a cooling fin on which the power semiconductor device is mounted and lead wires can be eliminated.

Abstract: A temperature measuring apparatus and a temperature measuring method, comprising a light intensity measuring unit, a calculation unit, and a temperature output unit; wherein an object to be heated having a uniquely defined correlation between temperature and refractive index is irradiated with a probe laser beam in the light intensity measuring unit, and a light intensity property is determined which represents a relationship between time and light intensity of a reflected light or a transmitted light occurring as a result of interference of the multiply-reflected probe laser beam within the object to be heated. In the calculation unit, a virtual object to be heated having equivalent dimensional, thermal, and optical characteristics to those of the object to be heated is subjected to a thermal incidence equivalent to the heating conditions of the object to be heated.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and vehicles are provided pertaining to the determination of a temperature of a vehicle motor having an ignition when the ignition is turned on following a period of time in which the ignition had been turned off. A memory stores a function having a boundary condition that comprises a prior temperature from when the ignition was turned off. A processor is coupled to the memory. The processor is configured to determine an amount of time for which the ignition has been turned on and determine the temperature of the motor using the function if the amount of time for which the ignition has been turned on is less than a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and systems for leveraging a user proximity measurement to determine thermal management policies in a portable computing device (“PCD”) are disclosed. By leveraging the proximity measurement to set temperature thresholds, the quality of service (“QoS”) provided by the PCD can be optimized when touch temperature of the PCD is not a significant factor for user experience. One such method involves monitoring a proximity signal to determine relative physical proximity of the PCD to a user. Based on the user proximity, a temperature threshold associated with a temperature sensor may be set and compared with an actual temperature measurement received from the temperature sensor. Based on the comparison, thermal management policies in the PCD can be evaluated. For instance, if the temperature threshold is higher than the actual measurement, PCD components may be allowed to increase power consumption, even though PCD temperature may rise, thereby optimizing QoS.

Abstract: A system and method is presented for a multi-sensor component for an HVAC system. The multi-sensor component includes a sensor assembly, having one or more detectors, including a plurality of temperature detectors operable to measure a temperature of an object or a medium, a presence detector operable to detect the presence of the object or medium, and a pressure detector operable to measure a pressure of the medium. The multi-sensor component also includes a sensor monitor operably coupled to the detectors of the sensor assembly and configured to use a detection algorithm operable to detect one or more of the temperature, pressure and presence of the object or medium, the sensor monitor configured to verify a health of the one or more detectors of the sensor assembly, and also includes a sensor housing or thermo-well or combination thereof having the sensor assembly and the sensor monitor affixed therein.

Abstract: An electronic thermometer includes a probe adapted to be heated by a subject for use in measuring a temperature of the subject. At least one temperature sensor detects a temperature of the probe. A probe sensor detects a condition at the probe. The probe sensor has an idle condition when the probe is not inserted into the subject. A processor is operatively connected to the probe sensor and programmed to monitor a change in the condition of the probe sensor from the idle condition to determine whether the probe has been received in a probe cover and inserted into the subject.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method for determining if a core of a multicore processor is in a low power state, and if so, estimating a temperature of the core and storing the estimated temperature in a thermal storage area for the first core. By use of this estimated temperature, an appropriate voltage at which to operate the core when it exits the low power state can be determined. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Concepts and technologies are disclosed herein for a sensor system for detecting, characterizing, monitoring, and analyzing data. According to some embodiments disclosed herein, a monitoring system is configured to obtain data from a sensor system. The sensor system includes two or more sensors and can indicate an operating state detected at a monitored structure by the sensors. The monitoring system also obtains operational data including a threshold value for the sensors and an expected value for the sensors. The monitoring system is configured to adjust the thresholds based, at least partially, upon the operational data to obtain an adjusted threshold value, and to compare the data value to the adjusted threshold. The monitoring system can determine if the monitored structure is operating in an alarm condition.

Abstract: An online diagnostic system for a geothermal generation facility is discloses that includes an automatic steam measurement device for measuring a characteristic of steam to be supplied to a steam turbine from a steam-water separator at the geothermal generation facility that outputs analysis data. A monitor-control device controls an operation of the geothermal generation facility while monitoring the geothermal generation facility. A diagnostic device performs at least one of an evaluation of a steam characteristic at the geothermal generation facility, an evaluation of the steam-water separator, and an evaluation of pulsation and confluence of a production well based on the analysis data from the automatic steam measurement device and performance data of the geothermal generation facility from the monitor-control device. An operating status of the geothermal generation facility is diagnosed.

Abstract: There is provided a two-wire transmitter capable of obtaining a signal reflecting a continuous change in a sensor signal, and in addition, facilitating a configuration or processing in a subsequent stage. The two-wire transmitter that outputs an analog voltage signal V3 based upon a sensor signal V1 to a transmission line N1 includes: an intermediate potential generation circuit (100) for generating an intermediate potential between the transmission line N1 and a transmission line N2; an operational amplifier (101) to which the sensor signal V1 and a feedback signal V2 are supplied; and a current source (102) for generating a current I3 flowing from the transmission line N1 to the transmission line N2, based upon a control signal output from the operational amplifier (101). In this situation, the control signal controls the operational amplifier (101) to equalize the sensor signal V1 and the feedback signal V2.

Abstract: A graphical user interface facilitates methods for analyzing a temperature distribution across a scene that is captured by a thermal imaging device. Preferably, the interface includes a both a two-dimensional image of the captured scene and a three-dimensional representation of the captured scene. The three-dimensional representation is formed by a plurality of pixels, each of which are coded by a qualitative value from within a range of qualitative values, and each value, within the range, corresponds to a temperature. Each of the plurality of pixels is arranged, in a first and a second dimension of the three dimensions, according to a position of a corresponding pixel of the two-dimensional image, and, in a third dimension, according to a magnitude of the temperature associated therewith.

Abstract: The application provides a method and system for real time monitoring and prediction of temperatures in a data center for effective thermal management. Further, the invention provides a method and system for analyzing and display of monitored and predicted temperatures for obtaining complete temperature profile of the data center.

Abstract: A temperature sensor in a semiconductor device includes a temperature detection circuit for outputting a voltage according to the chip temperature, a reference voltage generating circuit for generating a plurality of reference voltages, and a plurality of voltage comparators for comparing each reference voltage with an output voltage of the temperature detection circuit and thereby generating a chip temperature detection signal configured with multiple bits. Further, the temperature sensor includes a control circuit for controlling the reference voltages generated by the reference voltage generating circuit based on the chip temperature detection signal and thereby changing correspondence between the chip temperature detection signal and the chip temperature to shift a chip temperature detection range.

Abstract: Method and arrangement for determining the remaining lifetime of a component of a power electronics appliance, such as a frequency converter, in which the lifetime data that is dependent on the ambient conditions and operation as specified by the manufacturer of the component is used, in which method at least one magnitude connected to ambient conditions, such as temperature, is determined, at least one loading magnitude of the component, such as speed of rotation, is determined and the calculation of the remaining lifetime is performed on the basis of at least one magnitude connected to ambient conditions, such as temperature, and of at least one loading magnitude of the component, such as speed of rotation, as well as of the lifetime data that is dependent on these ambient conditions and loading as specified by the manufacturer of the component.

Abstract: A temperature estimation method including: receiving a scan signal generated by scanning the target region using the ultrasound signal, and estimating, based on the scan signal, an echo shift which is an amount of change in time required for the ultrasound signal to pass through the target region, the time changing depending on the temperature in the target region; estimating, based on the estimated echo shift, a strain which is an apparent change rate of a travel distance required for the ultrasound signal to pass through the target region, the travel distance changing depending on the temperature in the target region; estimating, based on the estimated strain, a strain rate which is a temporal change rate of the strain; and estimating the temperature in the target region corresponding to the strain and the strain rate, based on a predetermined relationship between a strain, a strain rate, and a temperature.

Abstract: Air actuated devices and processes for detecting breath events are provided. The air actuated devices can include an air actuated surface having a temperature-responsive material disposed thereon. The temperature-responsive material can include multiple temperature-responsive beads or can include a temperature-responsive array having multiple temperature-responsive rows and multiple temperature-responsive columns. Monitoring circuitry can be included to monitor a parameter of the temperature-responsive material to detect a change in temperature of the air actuated surface. A processor can also be included to detect a breath event on the air actuated surface based on the monitored parameter of the temperature-responsive material. The processor can generate a command signal in response to a detected breath event. The air actuated device can also include a touch sensor to detect touch events on the air actuated surface.

Abstract: A method for determining an estimated value of air temperature outside a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine, according to which an initial estimated value is attributed to an estimated temperature, the temperature of an intake air of the engine is then measured, and a speed of the vehicle is assessed, followed by a mathematical filtering of the measured temperature of the intake air of the engine. The filtering operation imposes a maximum gradient on the estimated temperature, that has at least two separate positive values over time, either one of the maximum positive gradient values being selected according to the momentary speed of the vehicle.

Abstract: Two vertically offset thermistors for sensing a fluid such as oil and refrigerant in a compressor shell are monitored by a method that takes into account rapidly changing conditions within the shell. The system can determine the fluid's sump temperature, high/low liquid levels, and can determine whether the thermistors are sensing the fluid as a liquid, gas, or a mixture of the two, such as a foam or mist of liquid and gas. For greater accuracy, thermistor readings can be dithered and filtered to provide temperature or voltage values having more significant digits than the readings originally processed through a limited-bit A/D converter. For faster response, limited microprocessor time is conserved by sampling thermistor readings at strategic periods that enable the microprocessor to identify certain conditions and temperatures via simple delta-temperature ratios and undemanding equations rather than resorting to exponential functions or lookup tables to determine time constants.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are disclosed to estimate temperature at one or more critical points in a data processing system comprising modeling a steady state temperature portion of a thermal model at the one or more critical points using regression analysis; modeling the transient temperature portion of the thermal model at the one or more critical points using a filtering algorithm; and generating a thermal model at the one or more critical points by combining the steady state temperature portion of the thermal model with the transient temperature portion of the thermal model. The thermal model may then be used to estimate an instantaneous temperature at the one or more critical points or to predict a future temperature at the one or more critical points.

Abstract: A railcar has an on-board system for detecting conditions of the railcar. The on-board system. Includes a plurality of condition sensors positioned on the railcar. A transceiver is in communication with each of the plurality of condition sensors so as to receive condition data from the plurality of condition sensors. The transceiver transmits the condition data to a receiving station remote from the railcar tor review and analysis.

Abstract: A method of estimating a temperature of a material being heated is described. The method may comprise supplying electrical power to a heating element in dependence on a measured temperature, calculating a rate at which the amount of electrical power supplied changes over time, comparing the calculated rate with a plurality of known values in order to determine the value of a parameter relating to thermal properties of the material being heated, and calculating an estimated temperature based on the determined value of said parameter. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise detecting a drop in temperature of the material being heated, by detecting a change in the calculated rate at which the amount of electrical power supplied changes over time.

Abstract: A system and method for integrated thermal monitoring in Power over Ethernet (PoE) applications. Headroom in a particular cable installation is identified using ambient temperature measurement alone or in combination with determined cable characteristics. In calculating an amount of headroom for a particular cable installation, the current capable of being carried over the cable would not be limited by worst-case cable assumptions.

Abstract: A system for monitoring the starter battery of a vehicle includes a central processing unit, a voltage sensor, a temperature sensor, a timer, a data store, and a display. A collection of computer software algorithms are executed by the central processing unit to ascertain the operational state of a vehicle's starter battery. The algorithms are operative to determine engine start time, initial start voltage drop, and the charge state of the battery.

Abstract: A method for prediction of a response of a parameter sensor is provided. It's usable for measuring a parameter of an external object. The sensor is associated with microprocessors representing correction circuits, including correction elements, and a microprocessor implementing a program called ‘calculator’ characterized at least with a time constant and certain variables. The method provides for determining a first and second derivatives of the parameter, output signals of each correction element, setting a cycle for time counting by the calculator, forming the correction circuits, determining output signals of the elements, continuously calculating and recording the time constant, determining a first derivative of the correction circuit signal and modulus of the derivative, further compared with preset coefficients, and forming an equivalent of the sensor's output signal for checking the calculator.

Abstract: An apparatus having at least one sensor for registering at least one chemical and/or physical, process variable, and at least one modularly constructed, measuring transducer circuit, which has at least one sensor unit, which ascertains a measured variable from the process variable registered by the sensor and supplies the sensor with energy as needed, and at least one application specific, signal processing unit for ascertaining a measured value of the measured variable, wherein a conditioned output signal is provided between the sensor unit and the application specific, signal processing unit, wherein the application specific, signal processing unit is exchangeably embodied, and wherein, as a function of a predeterminable accuracy of measurement with which the apparatus ascertains the measured values, a plurality of different types of application specific, signal processing units are provided.

Abstract: A method of thermal inspection of a component defining at least one internal passageway at a thermal equilibrium state with its surrounding environment, the method includes: capturing a sequence of thermal indications of a surface of the component, delivering an airflow pulse at the thermal equilibrium state of the at least one internal passageway into the at least one internal passageway, and receiving a temperature response signal as a function of time based on the received thermal indication. The method also includes determining a level of blockage of the at least one internal passageway based on the temperature response signal.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to, inter alia, systems and methods for calculating a temperature associated with an analyte measurement component of a biosensing instrument (such as a blood glucose monitor), with a test strip that is inserted in a biosensing instrument, or both. The present systems and methods may employ at least two temperature sensors, and the acquired temperature information may be used to modulate data regarding an analyte in a biological sample, thereby providing a more accurate measurement of the analyte.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for dynamically budgeting power usage to control temperatures in a data processing system. In one aspect, a data processing system includes: a first sensor to determine an ambient temperature of an environment in which the data processing system is; and a controller (e.g., a microcontroller or a microprocessor) coupled to the sensor to control operations of the data processing system according to the ambient temperature. In one example, the data processing system further includes a second sensor to determine an actual temperature of a component of the data processing system. In one example, a controller is coupled to the temperature sensors to determine an operating setting of the data processing system based on a prediction of a temperature of the data processing system which is a function of the plurality of actual temperatures and the operating setting of the data processing system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to acquire direct thermal measurements, for example, from a LiDAR collecting vehicle or air vessel, of an overhead electrical conductor substantially simultaneous with collection of 3-dimensional location data of the conductor, and utilize temperature information derived from the direct thermal measurements in line modeling, line rating, thermal line analysis, clearance analysis, and/or vegetation management.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a compare subject voltage output unit, a temperature range decision unit, and a temperature signal output unit. The compare subject voltage output unit is configured to output a reference voltage having a constant value irrespective of a change of an external temperature and a third temperature voltage that decreases in response to an increase of an external temperature. The temperature range decision unit is configured to compare the reference voltage and the third temperature voltage, and output an enable signal, to indicate whether the external temperature is different from a normal temperature. The temperature signal output unit is configured to output a specific one of a plurality of high temperature signals or a specific one of a plurality of low temperature signals, to indicate a range of the external temperature, in response to the enable signal.

Abstract: Determining a presence status associated with a user of a mobile communications device allows for presence information to be provided to network elements and device clients. Presence status information includes information that indicates whether a user is likely available via the mobile communications device. Acceleration data associated with the mobile device is collected and analyzed to determine whether a human profile is indicated. Presence status information is generated based at least on whether the human profile is indicated.

Abstract: A temperature detection device that detects a temperature of a rotor of a motor. The temperature detection device has a current detection unit configured to detect a current value of a current flowing through a winding with which any one of a stator and the rotor of the motor is provided, an iron loss estimation unit configured to estimate an iron loss of the rotor using the current value, and a rotor temperature estimation unit configured to estimate the temperature of the rotor using the iron loss.

Abstract: In the high pressure of polymerization of ethylene homopolymer or copolymers conditions in the reactor may become unstable leading to the decomposition (“decomp”) of the reaction mixture. Monitoring temperature excursions traveling through the reactor over close thermocouples (a roller) to detect changes in the mean temperature and the moving temperature front for a group of thermocouples detects conditions potentially leading to a decomp.

Abstract: To avoid an influence on measurement accuracy in a case where an observation window for a measurement sample is provided to a thermal analysis apparatus, the influence being imposed by thermal conduction through the observation window, the observation window is formed of layers of transparent members, and a gap layer is provided between the layers, to thereby reduce the thermal conduction. Gas or solid having a high heat insulation property is employed for the gap layer to further enhance a heat insulation property of the observation window. Accordingly, a change due to heating of the measurement sample is visually observed in the thermal analysis apparatus, to thereby obtain a thermal change or a physical change with higher accuracy.

Abstract: An apparatus and associated method are generally directed to a system of monitoring an appliance. Various embodiments can have a number of appliance subsystems with real and imaginary current associated therewith. The operating characteristics of each appliance subsystem may be learned by monitoring the real and imaginary current associated with each appliance subsystem over time, and operating profiles can be derived therefrom.

Abstract: A system and method for evaluating equipment in a data center, the equipment including a plurality of equipment racks, and at least one cooling provider. In one aspect, a method includes receiving data regarding each of the plurality of equipment racks and the at least one cooling provider, the data including a layout of the equipment racks and the at least one cooling provider, a power draw value for each of the equipment racks, and a maximum cooler capacity value for the at least one cooling provider; storing the received data; determining cooling performance of at least one of the plurality of equipment racks based on the layout; determining a cooling load for the at least one cooler and a difference between the cooling load and the maximum cooler capacity value; for each equipment rack, determining a maximum rack capacity based on the layout and the difference between the cooling load and the maximum cooler capacity value; and displaying an indication of the maximum rack capacity for each equipment rack.

Abstract: A method and system for identifying a trend in data of heat maps. An initial set of comparison heat maps included in the repository is determined and displayed based on how closely initial comparison area(s) of each comparison heat map match initial target area(s) of a first heat map. A review of the initial set of comparison heat maps determines additional comparison area(s) corresponding to additional target area(s) of the first heat map. In an iterative process, an additional set of comparison heat maps is determined and displayed based on how closely initial and additional comparison areas match respective initial and additional target areas of the first heat map. A trend relating initial and additional target areas is identified based on the displayed additional set of comparison heat maps and based on how closely comparison areas match their respective target areas.

Abstract: An apparatus for recording data indicative of acceleration of a part of a person's body or other object, including first memory means for receiving acceleration data from an acceleration sensor, second memory means operatively coupled to the first memory means for receiving data from the first memory means, and a data transfer controller for controlling the transfer of data from the first memory means to the second memory means based on the acceleration data.

Abstract: In an embodiment, the present invention discloses cleaned storage processes and systems for high level cleanliness articles, such as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) reticle carriers. A decontamination chamber can be used to clean the stored workpieces. A purge gas system can be used to prevent contamination of the articles stored within the workpieces. A robot can be used to detect the condition of the storage compartment before delivering the workpiece. A monitor device can be used to monitor the conditions of the stocker.

Abstract: In accordance with exemplary embodiments, rotor temperature estimation is provided for estimating rotor temperatures of an electric motor in an electric vehicle. A method comprises estimating a rotor temperature in a controller for an electric motor of a vehicle using a fast-mode rotor temperature estimator for a time interval, and then deactivating the fast-mode rotor temperate estimator after the time interval and activating a normal-mode rotor temperature estimator in the controller for the electric motor of the vehicle. A system comprises an electric motor, a resistance rotor temperature estimator including a limit value limiting a temperature estimate increase for temperature estimates, and a controller for the electric motor, which uses the temperature estimate and is configured to temporarily increase the limit value of the resistance rotor temperature estimator providing a fast-mode rotor temperature estimate.