Abstract: Methods for adaptive data acquisition are disclosed herein. In one aspect, methods for adaptive data acquisition include performing a first sensing method on a signal having a plurality of components to determine the likelihood that a component is not a relevant signal component, retaining a portion of the signal components sensed using the first sensing method that are above a first threshold, performing a second sensing method on the signal components retained above a first threshold to determine the likelihood that a component is not a relevant signal component, wherein the second sensing method is more reliable than the first sensing method at determining the likelihood that a component is not a relevant signal component, and retaining a portion of the signal components sensed using the second sensing method that are above a second threshold.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methods for monitoring an operation parameter of a process tool, independently of a process system recipe, are provided. In one embodiment, the behavior of a process device as it transitions between different states is monitored for a single cycle of operation or over time to detect trends that indicate a potential failure of the process device. When a trend that indicates a potential failure is detected, an alarm is generated. In one implementation, the time for reaching a particular stage of operation may be repeatedly monitored over a plurality of device cycles. For example, the time to open a valve or door may be monitored. In another example, the time for reaching a stable phase of gas flow after a ramping stage has commenced is monitored. When the time for reaching a particular stage begins to decline by a predetermined amount, an alarm may be generated.

Abstract: A system to predict a fatigue life of an aluminum alloy is disclosed herein. The system comprises a computer-readable medium cooperative with micromechanics-based fatigue life models for cyclic multiaxial loading. The fatigue life models predict the fatigue life by processing information received by the system relating to the aluminum alloy and the stress state present in the aluminum alloy. The received information comprises at least one of: a critical shear plane, a damage factor, a hardening factor defined by at least one of a plurality of uniaxial cyclic hardening factor parameters related to probabilistics of defects and microstructure characteristics in the aluminum alloy, an additional hardening factor related to non-proportionality, and thermophysical and mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for evaluating SDDC of a test pattern set are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes: (1) selecting a transition fault of an IC detected by a test pattern set, the transition fault occurring at a fault site of the IC, (2) identifying path delays of a longest testable path and a longest tested path of the IC, wherein both the longest testable path and the longest tested path include the fault site, (3) determining a SDD detection probability for both the longest testable path and the longest tested path based on a probability that a SDD will be detected if present at the fault site and (4) calculating SDDC for the transition fault by dividing the SDD detection probability of the longest tested path by the SDD detection probability of the longest testable path.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring and managing utility devices is provided where performance data for each utility device is compared against performance criteria. A deficiency value is assigned to each utility device based on the comparison, and a composite deficiency surface is generated based on the deficiency values. The areas of the composite deficiency surface are classified into deficiency classes. A particular area on the composite deficiency surface associated with a particular deficiency class is identified, and a priority index for the identified area is determined based on the particular deficiency value. One or more of the identified areas of the composite deficiency surface are classified into one or more construction projects based on the priority index for the corresponding area, and at least one of the one or more construction projects is recommended to a user.

Abstract: Techniques for a maximum entropy approach to assigning probabilities, including those used in multiple realization history matching systems and methods, are disclosed. For example, in one embodiment, a method includes obtaining one or more available sample values Yi associated with a reservoir; computing a maximum entropy assignment ? of one or more discrete probabilities Pi(Yi) associated with each of the one or more available sample values Yi, where each discrete probability Pi(Yi) represents a probability that one or more variables Y will take a set of particular values Yi; and performing at least one determination regarding the reservoir using the maximum entropy assignment ?, including approximating a continuous probability distribution P(Y) using a sum of probability distributions Pi(Yi)+/??.

Abstract: A system and method analyze reliability of an electronic device using a computing device. The method generates a component coding rule for components of the electronic device, establishes a BOM table for the electronic device according to the component coding rule, and generates component codes for the components according to the component data. The method further classifies the components into different component types according to the component codes, and calculates a failure rate for each of the components according to a parameter equation, obtains mean time between failures (MTBF) of the electronic device by calculating a sum of the failure rates of all the components. In addition, the method generates a reliability analysis report of the electronic device according to the MTBF of the electronic device. and outputs the reliability analysis report to an output device.

Abstract: A machine tool system is diagnosed by identifying a fault class to which an input measurement vector belongs. The fault class corresponds to a group of weight vectors in a code book of a self organized map that describes the machine tool system based on training data. Probabilities that the input measurement vector belongs to a given class are estimated based on the posterior probability of the weight vectors of the code book corresponding to the given class given the input measurement vector. Training data to create the code book may be collected under a first operating condition while the input measurement vector is collected under a second operating condition.

Abstract: A method for monitoring quality of a weld, includes implementing a probabilistic statistical model, for determining a rating of the quality of the weld.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring a condition of a machine are provided. The machine monitoring system includes a housing mounted to a surface of a machine, a plurality of sensors configured to generate respective output signals for a parameter indicative of a condition of the machine, and a voting module positioned within the housing and configured to generate a corrected output based on the respective output signals. The machine monitoring system also includes a memory device including a store location configured to store manual input functions relating to a construction of the machine, a life calculator communicatively coupled to the voting module and the memory device wherein the life calculator is configured to determine a life remaining in the machine using the corrected output and the manual input functions, and a display positioned within the housing and configured to display the life remaining in the machine.

Abstract: A method for generating scatter-plots similar to classic ROC curves to gain an understanding of the tradeoffs between probability of detection and probability of false alarm for detections systems. The method uses a stochastic optimization and an objective function to maximize probabilities of detection for probabilities of false alarm that are arbitrarily close to some target probability of false alarm.

Abstract: A calculating apparatus for calculating a probability density function representing a probability density of a pre-set random variable, from a cumulative probability distribution function representing a cumulative probability distribution of the random variable, includes: a probability density function calculating section that calculates the probability density of each value of the random variable of the probability density function, based only on a value of the cumulative probability distribution function corresponding to the value of the random variable, from among values of the cumulative probability distribution function corresponding to values of the random variable.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method implemented by a processor that receives plural sets of values corresponding to plural matched pairs of anomalies from a first inspection and second inspection following the first inspection, a first portion of each pair corresponding to the first inspection and a second portion of each pair corresponding to the second inspection, the plural sets of values corresponding to wall loss information for plural locations of a fluid carrying vessel; computes first and second statistical descriptions of a respective accuracy of the first and second inspections; and computes a revised estimate of the plural sets of values based on the first and second statistical descriptions.

Abstract: An object recognition system in which fall of the recognition rate is suppressed when an object is recognized based on an image even if there is a partial concealment and the object can be recognized even if the region of concealment is large with large calculation amount. With regard to each of a plurality of partial regions of an object image, partial recognition score of recognition object category is determined by judging whether it is a recognition object category or not. Under a condition that it is a recognition object category, total score is calculated using the total product of nonoccurrence probability of the partial recognition score, and a judgment is made that the object is not a recognition object category by that total score.

Abstract: A computer-based method and system for AI planning based quasi-Monte Carlo simulation for probabilistic planning are provided. The method includes generating a set of possible actions for an initial state, generating a set of sample future outcomes, generating solutions for each of the sample future outcomes, using an AI planner, generating a set of future outcome solutions that are low probability and high-impact, combining the solutions generated from each of the sample future outcomes with the future outcome solutions generated by the AI Planner into an aggregated set of future outcome solutions, analyzing the aggregated set of future outcome solutions, selecting a best action based at least partially on the analysis of the aggregated set of future outcome solutions, and outputting the selected best action to computer memory.

Abstract: Methods and devices to detect analyte in body fluid are provided. Embodiments include receiving one or more analyte sensor data, receiving a reference measurement value associated with an analyte level, determining a sensitivity parameter based on the received one or more analyte sensor data and the reference measurement value, performing a probability analysis based on prior analyte sensor data to determine presence of signal attenuation, and generating an output value based on the probability analysis.

Abstract: A simulation system for predicting a likelihood of whether a target object positioned in an environment will be detected by a detection system when illuminated by a laser source. The simulation system may be used for a laser rangefinder application and a laser designator application. The simulation system may provide a detection probability of the target object at a specified range to the detection system or a plurality of detection probabilities as a function of the range to the detection system. The simulation system may provide an indication of an overlap of the beam provided by the laser source on the target object. The simulation system may determine the effect of vibration on the detection of the target object at a specified range.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and an arrangement for detecting moving point-targets within a large set of noisy measurements. The method is based on Bayesian model selection where the measurements containing targets are modeled with their physical trajectories and the non-target measurements are modeled with the statistical distribution of measurements containing no targets. An a posteriori probability density function is utilized together with a optimization algorithm specifically designed for this problem. Advantages of the invention involve a numerically efficient formulation of the a posteriori probability density, combined with the optimization algorithm. The main applications of the invention are in detecting moving targets within e.g., radar, sonar, lidar and telescopic measurements. The method is also applicable for multi-instrument data fusion.

Abstract: A method and system for estimating the status of a production well using a probability calculator and for developing such a probability calculator. The method includes developing a probability calculator, which may be a Bayesian network, utilizing the Bayesian network in a production well event detection system, which may include real-time well measurements, historical measurements, engineering judgment, and facilities data. The system also includes a display to show possible events in descending priority and/or may trigger an alarm in certain cases.

Abstract: An ion guide or mass analyser is disclosed comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures through which ions are transmitted in use. A pseudo-potential barrier is created at the exit of the ion guide or mass analyser. The amplitude or depth of the pseudo-potential barrier is inversely proportional to the mass to charge ratio of an ion. One or more transient DC voltages are applied to the electrodes of the ion guide or mass analyser in order to urge ions along the length of the ion guides or mass analyser. The amplitude of the transient DC voltage applied to the electrode may be increased with time so that ions are caused to be emitted from the ion guide or mass analyser in reverse order of their mass to charge ratio.

Abstract: A method for detecting a fall by a user is provided that comprises a method of detecting a fall by a user, the method comprising processing measurements obtained from one or more sensors to extract a respective value for a plurality of features associated with a fall; determining a respective log likelihood ratio for each of said values; and determining whether the user has fallen based on the determined log likelihood ratios.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring and managing utility devices is provided where performance data for each utility device is compared against performance criteria. A deficiency value is assigned to each utility device based on the comparison, and a composite deficiency surface is generated based on the deficiency values. The areas of the composite deficiency surface are classified into deficiency classes. A particular area on the composite deficiency surface associated with a particular deficiency class is identified, and a priority index for the identified area is determined based on the particular deficiency value. One or more of the identified areas of the composite deficiency surface are classified into one or more construction projects based on the priority index for the corresponding area, and at least one of the one or more construction projects is recommended to a user.

Abstract: A simulation system for predicting a likelihood of whether a target object positioned in an environment will be detected by a detection system when illuminated by a laser source. The simulation system may be used for a laser rangefinder application and a laser designator application. The simulation system may provide a detection probability of the target object at a specified range to the detection system or a plurality of detection probabilities as a function of the range to the detection system. The simulation system may provide an indication of an overlap of the beam provided by the laser source on the target object. The simulation system may determine the effect of vibration on the detection of the target object at a specified range.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and method for providing service interval notifications to a vehicle operator, and to incorporate relevant vehicle operating conditions which most directly impact the longevity of engine lubrication and other wear prone components of vehicles. Wear prone conditions which are determined include city driving, frequency of “cold” starts, frequency of “winter” “cold” starts, and high load high grade travel. The device and method utilize as a primary input a location aware sensor device and as a secondary input a source for the ambient temperature either retrieved from an Internet source or a local ambient temperature sensor. No direct vehicle sensor is utilized for the service interval adjustment performed by the device and method.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for automatically generating a deterministic target differential equation system for evaluating an output differential equation system with stochastic input parameters with a device for providing a weighted sum of orthogonal basic functions inserted into the output differential equation system, which forms a stochastic random variable. A multiplication device for multiplying the output differential equation system by the orthogonal basic functions and an integration device for integrating the output differential equation system which is multiplied by the orthogonal basic functions to generate the deterministic target differential equation system are provided. A control device calculates stochastic output parameters based on the deterministic target differential equation system generated and accordingly controls a mechanical or electronic adjustment element. The apparatus may be suitable for use in a robust regulating and control circuit for regulating an installation, e.g.

Abstract: Methods and systems of determining a failure copula for a consumable are disclosed. Multiple consumable levels for a consumable and multiple timestamps are received from a device. Each timestamp is associated with one of the consumable levels. The consumable levels are ordered into a time-ordered sequence based on the associated timestamps. For at least one consumable level in the time-ordered sequence, a computing device determines a value associated with the consumable level based on at least one earlier and at least one later consumable level in the time-ordered sequence. The computing device identifies historical consumable replacement(s) based on the values associated with the consumable levels in the time-ordered sequence and determines one or more consumable lifetimes and one or more consumable yields based on the historical consumable replacement(s). The computing device determines a failure copula based on the one or more consumable lifetimes and consumable yields.

Abstract: In a particular embodiment, a method is disclosed that estimates a total static noise margin of a bit cell of a memory. The method includes determining a correlation coefficient of a left static noise margin of the bit cell as compared to a right static noise margin of the bit cell and estimating a total static noise margin of the bit cell by evaluating an analytical function based on the correlation coefficient.

Abstract: A simulation system for predicting a likelihood of whether a target object positioned in an environment will be detected by a detection system when illuminated by a laser source. The simulation system may be used for a laser rangefinder application and a laser designator application. The simulation system may provide a detection probability of the target object at a specified range to the detection system or a plurality of detection probabilities as a function of the range to the detection system. The simulation system may provide an indication of an overlap of the beam provided by the laser source on the target object. The simulation system may determine the effect of vibration on the detection of the target object at a specified range.

Abstract: A computer program product includes a tangible storage medium readable by a processing circuit and on which instructions are stored for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method. The method includes, upon receiving utility consumption data of a group of elements, defining clusters of elements by like geography and like utility consumption, evaluating a significance of each cluster by comparing an average utility consumption within the cluster with utility consumption of elements neighboring the cluster and determining from a result of the evaluating which clusters exhibit significant differences in utility consumption from the neighboring elements and defining those clusters as regional outliers.

Abstract: A method of method of manufacturing an integrated circuit. The method comprises performing an electromigration reliability rule-check for at least one of via node of an integrated circuit, including: calculating a net effective current density of the via node. Calculating the net effective current density including determining a sum of effective current densities for individual leads that are coupled to the via node. Leads configured to transfer electrons away from said via node are assigned a positive polarity of the effective current density. Leads configured to transfer electrons towards the via node are assigned a negative polarity of the effective current density.

Abstract: An embodiment is a method for de-embedding. The method comprises forming a primary structure in a semiconductor chip and forming an auxiliary structure in the semiconductor chip. The auxiliary structure replicates a first portion of the primary structure. The method further comprises determining a transmission matrix for each of the primary structure and the auxiliary structure based on measurements and extracting a transmission matrix of a first component of the primary structure by determining a product of the transmission matrix of the primary structure and an inverse of the transmission matrix of the auxiliary structure.

Abstract: A calibration method for a device for identifying materials using X-rays, including: a) determining at least one calibration material and, for each calibration material, at least one calibration thickness of this material, b) measuring, for each of the calibration materials and for each of the selected calibration thicknesses, attenuation or transmission coefficients for X radiation, c) calculating statistical parameters from the coefficients, d) determining or calculating, for each calibration material and for each calibration thickness, a presence probability distribution law, as a function of the statistical parameters.

Abstract: A method for monitoring operation behavior of a component of an industrial plant is provided. Parameter identifiers of operation parameters of the industrial plant are read from an element of a control system of the plant. Some of these parameter identifiers are selected and the selected parameter identifiers are forwarded to an element of the control system. Further, a time of a specified operation of the component is defined and behavior of the selected parameters of the component in the defined time is used as guide model for monitoring selected parameters of the component during component operation.

Abstract: An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is combined with a fixed epoch smoother (FES) to produce a new variable lag smoother (VLS). The fixed epoch lags EKF measurement time-tags with variable time lag. The combination of EKF and FES is referred to herein as a variable lag smoother (VLS).

Abstract: Plasma equipments are provided. The plasma equipment comprises a chamber in which a plasma reaction occurs, a detector outputting a spectrum signal in response to light generated from the plasma reaction, and a plasma monitoring module determining whether the spectrum signal includes an arcing signal or a hunting signal. Related methods are also provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for controlling invocation of a sensor. A method may include accessing a context probability model generated based at least in part on historical context data. The method may further include using the context probability model to determine a probability that a context indicated by an output of a sensor will differ from a context indicated by a previous output of the sensor. The determination may be made based at least in part on observed context information. The method may additionally include controlling invocation of the sensor based at least in part on the determined probability. Corresponding apparatuses are also provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for analyzing a business's profitability. A system for analyzing customer profitability includes an interface for receiving customer, revenue and cost data from external business operating systems. Customer, revenue, and cost data are stored on a database. A data transformation module operates on the customer data, allocating revenue and costs to individual customers. A customer profitability engine calculates the profitability of customers based on the allocated revenue and cost data. A report module generates reports illustrating the profitability results and other key performance indicators. Optionally, an average customer lifetime value may be calculated based on the customer profitability results. A method for analyzing customer profitability includes identifying sources of revenue, identifying sources of costs, and establishing rules for allocating revenue and costs to individual customers.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for estimating a frequency offset by one training symbol including two symbols having the same structure and value in an OFDM system. The apparatus includes a first likelihood function calculator for modeling non-Gaussian impulsive noise included in the training symbol to a Cauchy probability density function in which a characteristic exponent of a BIS?S probability density function is 1, and calculating a likelihood function of a Cauchy distribution using the Cauchy probability density function, and a first frequency offset estimator for estimating an effective frequency offset value in which the likelihood function of the Cauchy distribution of the first likelihood function calculator becomes highest as a frequency offset estimation value. Thereby, it is possible to improve the performance of frequency offset estimation in non-Gaussian impulsive noise environments.

Abstract: Iterative rejection sampling is performed on a domain in accordance with a target distribution. The domain is partitioned to define a partition comprising partition elements, and each iteration of the rejection sampling includes selecting a partition element from the partition in accordance with partition element selection probabilities. A sample of the domain is acquired in the selected partition element according to a normalized proposal distribution that is associated with and normalized over the selected partition element. The acquired sample is accepted or rejected based on the target distribution and a bound associated with the selected partition element. During the iterative rejection sampling, the partition is adapted by replacing a partition element of the partition with two or more split partition elements, associating bounds with the split partition elements, and computing partition element selection probabilities for the split partition elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to inferring the state of a system of interest having a plurality of indicator values and possibly being heterogeneous in nature. A number of indicator values from a control state and from a comparison state are gathered. From these indicator values, classification power between the control and comparison states (measure of goodness) is computed. Difference values are computed for the indicator values from the system of interest based on the difference to the indicator values from control and comparison states. From a number of these indicators, composite indicators are formed, and composite measures of goodness and composite difference values are computed. A plurality of composite indicators may be formed at different levels. These indicators may be represented as a tree and grouped according to content, and at the same time they may be arranged according to the measure of goodness or some other value.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating and evaluating characteristics of large-area series-connected solar battery cells from a measured current-voltage characteristic of a small-area single cell, includes an analysis model construction unit, an analysis operation unit and an evaluation unit. The construction unit reads shape parameters and material physical properties of the cells and automatically constructs a finite element method model. The operation unit obtains a current at a voltage based on the measured characteristic, sets the current as a current load, calculates potential distributions of transparent electrode and rear electrode of the cells, corrects the current load based on a difference between the distributions and the measured characteristic, recalculates the distributions based on the corrected current load, and repeats the recalculation until the distributions converge.

Abstract: Several embodiments of systems and methods for adaptive smart environment automation are described herein. In one embodiment, a computer implemented method includes determining a plurality of sequence patterns of data points in a set of input data corresponding to a plurality of sensors in a space. The input data include a plurality of data points corresponding to each of the sensors, and the sequence patterns are at least partially discontinuous. The method also includes generating a plurality of statistical models based on the plurality of sequence patterns, and the individual statistical models corresponding to an activity of a user. The method further includes recognizing the activity of the user based on the statistical models and additional input data from the sensors.

Abstract: Robust methods are developed to provide bounds and probability distributions for the locations of objects as well as for associated variables that affect the accuracy of the location such as the positions of stations, the measurements, and errors in the speed of signal propagation. Realistic prior probability distributions of pertinent variables are permitted for the locations of stations, the speed of signal propagation, and errors in measurements. Bounds and probability distributions can be obtained without making any assumption of linearity. The sequential methods used for location are applicable in other applications in which a function of the probability distribution is desired for variables that are related to measurements.

Abstract: Operating refrigeration systems is described herein. One method includes receiving operating information associated with a refrigeration system, and determining a probability of liquid slugging occurring in the refrigeration system before liquid slugging occurs in the refrigeration system based, at least in part, on the operating information.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and systems are described that provide methods for quantifying an entity's reaction to one or more communication signals by quantifying a probabilistic relationship between the communication signal and a known relationship of an attribute to the communication signal. With this quantification, the entity's reaction can be modeled as probability distributions that can be compared to the communication signal and known relationship. With this information, an entity's reactions can be compared to an ideal algorithm that optimally integrates the known relationships and communication signals to arrive at an optimal reaction. By making this comparison between the entity's reaction and an optimal reaction, a quantitative calibration measure can be determined. The meaning of the communication signals, or relationships to an attribute, may or may not be known and in embodiments the quantification of reactions can provide an ability to estimate an unknown attribute from the communication signals.

Abstract: A method and a system for evaluating the class of a test datum in a data space of dimension D where D?3, each datum belonging to at least one class grouping together several data, comprising: projecting a suite of reference data of the data space into a space of dimension Q where Q<D, the class of each reference datum being known, calculating a measurement of similarity of the test datum to each of the reference data, partitioning the projection space into a plurality of disjoint regions each containing the projection of one and only one reference datum, and finally evaluating the class of the test datum, this class being evaluated as being the same class as one of the reference data contained in one of the regions containing the reference data closest to the test datum in the sense of the similarity measurement.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for relative pitch tracking of multiple arbitrary sounds. A probabilistic method for pitch tracking may be implemented as or in a pitch tracking module. A constant-Q transform of an input signal may be decomposed to estimate one or more kernel distributions and one or more impulse distributions. Each kernel distribution represents a spectrum of a particular source, and each impulse distribution represents a relative pitch track for a particular source. The decomposition of the constant-Q transform may be performed according to shift-invariant probabilistic latent component analysis, and may include applying an expectation maximization algorithm to estimate the kernel distributions and the impulse distributions. When decomposing, a prior, e.g. a sliding-Gaussian Dirichlet prior or an entropic prior, and/or a temporal continuity constraint may be imposed on each impulse distribution.

Abstract: A method for managing the temperature implemented in a speed controller that includes several modules, each including a case containing a power semiconductor that provides a pulsed voltage to an electrical load, each module being characterized by a junction temperature, a heat sink, and a temperature sensor mounted on the heat sink. The method for a module includes estimating a case temperature based on a predetermined thermal model of the sink, a temperature measured by the sensor and average power losses that the module undergoes, the predetermined thermal model of the sink integrating the thermal transfer impedances representing the thermal influence of one module on another and vice versa; determining a junction-case temperature based on the case temperature of the module and a limiting value of the junction temperature; and limiting the junction-case temperature obtained to a predetermined limiting value of the junction-case temperature.

Abstract: Test characteristics are determined at vertices of a rectangle defined on a sequential probability ratio test plot of a number of failures of a new physical system versus a number of failures of a baseline physical system. Based on the test characteristics, errors of first and second order are approximated as planes. Based on the approximating, intercepts of accept and reject boundaries are estimated. Based on slopes of the planes and actual values of the errors of the first and second orders, a starting point is determined on a graph of values of an intercept of the reject boundary and values of an intercept of the accept boundary. A minimum of an operating characteristic function is determined by alternative advances, commencing at the starting point, parallel to an axis representing the accept boundary intercept and an axis representing the reject boundary intercept.

Abstract: Provided is an information processing apparatus including an estimation unit that expresses a light intensity distribution, which is obtained by irradiating light to a measurement object of a measurement target having a plurality of substances with mutually different responsive characteristics to the light on a surface and/or an inside of the measurement object, as a linear combination of light intensity distributions, which are obtained by irradiating the light to reference measurement objects, each of which has a single substance, models the light intensity distribution obtained from each of the reference measurement objects so as to follow a predetermined probability distribution, and estimates a combination coefficient of the linear combination from the light intensity distribution obtained from the measurement object of the measurement target.