Abstract: A method for generating/updating a database of current-voltage characteristic curves is disclosed. This method includes simulating for at least one combination of a topology of a photovoltaic cell group, an internal cell temperature(s) and a cell irradiation(s), a model of the photovoltaic cell group to provide a representative current-voltage characteristic curve, and clustering the current-voltage characteristic curves to identify at least one plurality of similar current-voltage characteristic curves.

Abstract: An electrical system includes a battery pack, sensors, and a controller. The sensors configured output measured state signals indicative of an actual state of the battery back, including a respective actual voltage, current, and temperature of each of the multiple battery cells. The controller executes a method to generate, responsive to the measured state signals, an estimated state of the multiple battery cells using a respective open-circuit voltage and low-frequency transient voltage of each of the multiple battery cells. The controller estimates the low-frequency transient voltages using a porous electrode transient (PET) model as part of a model set, the PET model having open-circuit voltage elements representing uneven charge distribution within a cell electrode. State of charge (SOC) of the battery pack is estimated using the estimated voltages. An operating state of the electrical system is controlled in real-time responsive to the estimated SOC.

Abstract: In some implementations, a mobile device can be configured to monitor environmental, system and user events. The occurrence of one or more events can trigger adjustments to system settings. In some implementations, the mobile device can be configured to keep frequently invoked applications up to date based on a forecast of predicted invocations by the user. In some implementations, the mobile device can receive push notifications associated with applications that indicate that new content is available for the applications to download. The mobile device can launch the applications associated with the push notifications in the background and download the new content. In some implementations, before running an application or accessing a network interface, the mobile device can be configured to check energy and data budgets and environmental conditions of the mobile device to preserve a high quality user experience.

Abstract: An electrical system includes a battery, sensors, and a controller. The sensors output measured signals indicative of an actual state of the battery, including respective actual voltage, current, and temperature signals for each battery cell. The controller, in conducting a method, generates an estimated state of the battery, including a predicted voltage of the battery, doing so responsive to the signals using an open-circuit voltage and an output of an empirical model. An operating state of the electrical system is controlled using the estimated state. The empirical model includes low-pass/band-pass filters and a high-pass filter each with a different time-constant, the time-constants being spread over a time-constant range. Each low-pass/band-pass filter branches through a basis function(s) whose output(s) are multiplied by a respective resistance value to generate higher-frequency voltage transients. The controller sums the open-circuit voltage and voltage transients to derive the predicted voltage.

Abstract: An electronically controlled transformer, which is used for AC power supply, cutting off the sinusoidal waveform of voltage to change the RMS voltage. The electronically controlled transformer comprises a casing, socket holes and socket tabs for output and a circuit board. The circuit board is provided with an input terminal, a silicon controlled rectifier or field-effect transistor, an output terminal and a control module. The live wire and neutral wire of input terminal are connected by a rectifier or bridge rectifier. The positive output of rectifier or bridge rectifier is connected to a voltage regulation module. The voltage regulation module is connected to a control module. The control module comprises a control IC and a trigger and driving part. The trigger and driving part has an optical coupler. The switching pin of control IC is connected to the transmitting terminal of optical coupler.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method for providing a corrected measuring signal indicating a high voltage on a high-voltage node (HV), including: injecting a periodic injection signal into a voltage divider coupled between the high-voltage node (HV) and a reference potential; obtaining a sensing signal at a sensing node (S) of the voltage divider, wherein the sensing signal depends on the periodic injection signal; from the sensing signal, separating a first sensing signal portion resulting from the high voltage and a second sensing signal portion resulting from the periodic injection signal; and depending on the second sensing signal portion, correcting the first sensing signal portion corresponding to the high-voltage signal in order to obtain the corrected measuring signal.

Abstract: A current sensor includes first and second bus bars aligned and arranged in such a manner to be spaced from each other in a plate width direction, a third bus bar arranged in such a manner that a plate thickness direction thereof coincides with a plate thickness direction of the first and second bus bars and a length direction thereof is orthogonal to a length direction of the first and second bus bars, first and second magnetic detection elements arranged opposite the first and second bus bars respectively in the plate thickness direction, and a third magnetic detection element arranged opposite the third bus bar in the plate thickness direction. The first and second magnetic detection elements are gradient detection type magnetic detection elements and are arranged in such a manner that a detection axis direction thereof is perpendicular to the length direction of the first and second bus bars and is tilted with respect to the plate thickness direction of the first and second bus bars.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and articles of manufacture for reducing interferences and disturbances in a multi-fabric electronic design. These techniques identify connectivity for an electronic design that includes design data in multiple design fabrics. One or more interference modules are executed to detect a loop in the electronic design with at least the connectivity. These techniques further execute the one or more interference reduction modules to determine at least one critical circuit component upon which the loop exerts a negative impact. One or more remedial actions are then triggered to reduce or eliminate the negative impact on the critical circuit component design.

Abstract: Method to determine a closing instant of an electromagnetic fuel injector; in a beginning instant of the injection, a positive voltage is applied to a coil of an electromagnetic actuator so as to cause an electric current to circulate through the coil, said electric current determining the opening of an injection valve; in an end instant of the injection, a negative voltage is applied to the coil of the electromagnetic actuator so as to cancel the electric current circulating through the coil; a first voltage time development is detected at least one end of the coil of the electromagnetic actuator after the cancellation of the electric current circulating through the coil; the voltage actuation time development is compared with a voltage comparison time development; and the closing instant of the electromagnetic injector is determined based on the comparison between the voltage actuation time development and the voltage comparison time development.

Abstract: In a power conversion system, if data communication between first to third control circuits is normal, then a ring-shaped first communication path is formed by the first to third control circuits and first communication lines of first to third communication cables, and a ring-shaped second communication path is formed by the first to third control circuits and second communication lines of the first to third communication cables. For example, if the data communication between the first and second control circuits is abnormal, a ring-shaped third communication path is formed by the first and second communication lines of the second and third communication cables and the first to third control circuits.

Abstract: A communications module for a household device includes a sensor device that is configured to be attached in the region of a device housing of the household device, a wireless data interface and a processor. The sensor device is configured to scan an emission signal, penetrating outwards through the device housing, of a component of the household device carrying out the operating process of the household device. The processor is configured to determine an operating state of the household device based on measurement values of the sensor device and to provide same by means of the data interface. In addition, the communications module can be used optionally in different types of household devices.

Abstract: A device includes a controller coupled to a touch sensor. The touch sensor includes a first array of capacitive nodes substantially aligned with a second array of capacitive nodes in a mechanical stack. The controller is configured, when in a self-capacitive mode of operation, to send a first drive signal to a plurality of the electrodes of the first array, send a shield signal to at least a portion of the electrodes of the second array at the same time as the first drive signal is sent to the plurality of electrodes of the first array, and sense touch inputs based on signals received from the plurality of electrodes of the first array while the first drive signal is being sent to the plurality of electrodes of the first array and the shield signal is being sent to the at least a portion of the electrodes of the second array.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for detecting a specific voltage phase, from a multiphase voltage source, and a specific outlet of an intelligent power strip, that is associated with a residual current flow. The method accomplishes this by using a system that employs a statistical time series analysis using a Pearson's correlation coefficient calculation to measure the linear dependence between the discretely sampled residual current waveform and each phase and outlet's discretely sampled current waveforms, in turn. A residual current as low as 1 mA can be accurately measured and its associated voltage phase source, as well as which outlet of an intelligent power strip it flows out of, can be reliably determined.

Abstract: Methods for arc detection in a system including one or more photovoltaic generators, one or more photovoltaic power devices and a system power device and/or a load connectible to the photovoltaic generators and/or the photovoltaic power devices. The methods may measure voltage, current, and/or power delivered to the load or system power device, and the methods may measure voltage noise or current noise within the photovoltaic system. The methods may periodically, and/or in response to detecting noise, reduce an electrical parameter such as current or voltage in order to extinguish an arc. The methods may compare one or more measurements to one or more thresholds to detect arcing, and upon a comparison indicating that arcing is or was present, an alarm condition may be set.

Abstract: A processor includes a plurality of voltage droop detectors positioned at multiple points of a processor. The detectors monitor voltage levels and alert the processor if a droop event has been detected in real time. Multiple droops can be detected simultaneously, with each detected droop event generating an alert that is sent to a processor module, such as a clock control module, to act based on the detected droop. Each detector employs a ring oscillator that generates a periodic signal and a corresponding count based on that signal, where the frequency of the signal varies based on a voltage at the corresponding point being monitored.

Abstract: Induction powered electrical current monitoring, and related devices, apparatuses, systems, and methods are disclosed. An electricity current monitoring device can include an inductive energy transfer medium, an energy storage device, a power management circuit, and a processing circuit. The inductive energy transfer medium can induce an electromotive force to produce electrical energy that can be stored in the energy storage device. A power management circuit can control storage of the electrical energy in the energy storage device and can control release of the electrical energy from the energy storage device. The processing circuit can measure the electrical current in the monitored energy source based on the fluctuating magnetic field generated by the inductive energy transfer medium. The processing circuit is electrically coupled to the power management circuit to be powered using the electrical energy released from the energy storage device.

Abstract: A method determines the frequency of an alternating input signal includes storing the input signal, sampling the input signal at a first sampling frequency, a first calculation and a first angular comparison of two phasors representing the input signal at two respective instants, as a function of the input signal sampled at the first sampling frequency, estimating the frequency of the input signal, and searching for a modification of frequency of the input signal. When a modification is detected the method includes, determining a second sampling frequency, sampling the stored input signal with the second sampling frequency, a second calculation and a second angular comparison of two phasors representing the input signal, at two respective instants, as a function of the input signal sampled at the second sampling frequency and of the stored input signal sampled at the second sampling frequency, and estimating the frequency of the input signal.

Abstract: A Hall sensor device includes a Hall effect region of a first conductivity type, electrical contact regions configured to provide electrical signals to/from the Hall effect region, and circuitry. Each electrical contact region is formed in a respective well of a second conductivity type that adjoins the Hall effect region. Circuitry includes control terminals, wherein each control terminal is configured to control a conductance in an associated well of the second conductivity type. The circuitry is configured to selectively apply control signals to a first subset of the control terminals to form channels conducting majority carriers of the first conductivity type in the associated wells during a first operating phase, and to selectively apply control signals to a second subset of the control terminals to form channels conducting majority carriers of the first conductivity type in the associated wells during a second operating phase.

Abstract: A determining method includes: acquiring a measured value for an amount of electric power consumed by the load, the measured value being measured by a watt-hour meter; and determining whether a setting set in a watt-hour meter, the setting according to a current transformation ratio of a current transformer, is appropriate, according to a difference between a predicted value for an amount of electric power to be consumed by a load and the measured value for an amount of electric power consumed by the load.

Abstract: A method for clock synchronization in a communication system having first circuitry coupled to a first communication channel and second circuitry, includes generating a first timing synchronization parameter, and synchronizing the second circuitry to a second communication channel using the first timing synchronization parameter.

Abstract: A method for monitoring power used by a power monitoring system is provided. The method includes receiving preset information that defines periods in which one or more preset electric devices are scheduled to operate, and obtaining a power use rate indicating how much power is used in each period. Further, the method includes generating an alternative instruction to decrease estimated power consumption in a target period in which the power use rate increases. The estimated power consumption is estimated power consumption in the building in the target period in which the power use rate increases, using power consumption information, to which power consumption of the electric devices to be preset is registered in advance, and the preset information. The alternative instruction is displayed on a display of a terminal apparatus.

Abstract: A voltage stability monitoring device, which monitors voltage stability of a power system, produces a plurality of assumed change scenarios indicating a scenario of a change that is assumed based on at least one of a system configuration of the power system and a change of a tide state, calculates the voltage stability using the assumed change scenario, calculates a voltage stability margin indicating margin degree of the voltage stability, based on the voltage stability selects an assumed change scenario with high severity of the voltage stability for each assumed change scenario, based on the voltage stability margin calculates which buses in the power system are vulnerable buses that decrease voltage stability, based on the assumed change scenario which is selected, and changes a monitoring target of the voltage stability, based on information of the vulnerable bus.

Abstract: A device includes a controller coupled to a touch sensor. The touch sensor includes a first array of capacitive nodes substantially aligned with a second array of capacitive nodes in a mechanical stack. The controller is configured, when in a self-capacitive mode of operation, to send a first drive signal to a plurality of the electrodes of the first array, send a shield signal to at least a portion of the electrodes of the second array at the same time as the first drive signal is sent to the plurality of electrodes of the first array, and sense touch inputs based on signals received from the plurality of electrodes of the first array while the first drive signal is being sent to the plurality of electrodes of the first array and the shield signal is being sent to the at least a portion of the electrodes of the second array.

Abstract: In a differential protection method for monitoring a line of a power grid, current indicator measured values are measured at the ends of the line and are transmitted to an evaluation device. A differential current value is formed with current indicator measured values temporally allocated to one another. The time delay between local timers of the measuring devices is used for the temporal allocation of the current indicator measured values measured at different ends. A fault signal indicating a fault affecting the line is generated if the differential current value exceeds a predefined threshold value. A check is carried out using electrical measured quantities temporally allocated to one another and a line-specific parameter to determine whether the time delay information indicates the actual time delay between the respective local timers. A time error signal is generated if erroneous time delay information is detected.

Abstract: An intelligent electronic device (IED) may provide point on wave switching. The IED may receive a control operation request, and determine when to issue a control command to cause a switch to change positions. The actuation of the switch may occur at a target point on an alternating current. An IED may have a processor that is too slow to implement a switch when a desired point on an alternating current first occurs. Accordingly, some embodiments may compensate for the processing speed of an IED by determining a number of processor cycles needed (in advance) to issue a control command so that the resulting action results in the desired point on wave open or close.

Abstract: A method for monitoring an LVDT sensor including two secondary circuits, the method including: calculating the difference between voltages at terminals of one of the secondary circuits at a given instant and at a previous instant; calculating the difference between voltages at terminals of the other one of the secondary circuits at the given instant and at the previous instant; calculating the sum of the two differences calculated; modifying an indicator according to a distance to zero of the previously calculated sum; and comparing the indicator with at least one predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A system includes hardware logic circuit configured to execute power control software. The hardware logic circuit executes the power control software to receive a request from a processing unit for delivery of a power level corresponding to a first power state and determine that the processing unit should operate at a second power state, where the second power state is different than the requested first power state. The hardware logic circuit also executes the power control software to cause a power supply to deliver a power level corresponding to the second power state to the processing unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods to perform electrical analysis of a circuit design to verify electrical behavior and performance of the circuit design in a two-step process. Initially, a simulator transient analysis is performed on circuit blocks of a circuit design to obtain a current through each device path in each circuit block, and using the current obtained the IR drop and EM problems are examined to get EM-IR drop analysis. Next, a simulator transient analysis is performed on a top level circuit of a circuit design and current values generated in a first step to obtain EM-IR drop analysis for a full circuit design such that a circuit designer may debug, analyze and visualize various IR and EM value plots for circuit blocks and top level circuit of the circuit design together or separately.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device can include data lines; scan lines; subpixels; a data driver; and a scan driver, in which each of the subpixels includes: an organic light emitting diode; a driving transistor connected to the organic light emitting diode; a first transistor controlled by a first scan signal applied to a first gate node and connected between the driving transistor and a data line; a second transistor controlled by a second scan signal applied to a second gate node and connected between the driving transistor and a reference voltage line; a third transistor controlled by a data voltage applied to a third gate node and connected between the second gate node of the second transistor and the second scan line; and a storage capacitor connected between the first node and the second node of the driving transistor.

Abstract: A State of Charge (SOC) estimation device is provided for a secondary battery in which a correlation curve indicating a relationship between an SOC and Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) differs between a charging process and discharging process. The SOC estimation device estimates the SOC based on a relational formula in which as measured OCV increases, weights are assigned to the correlation curve for the discharging process, and as the measured OCV decreases, weights are assigned to the correlation curve for the charging process. Thus, the SOC estimation device provides accurate SOC estimates regardless of whether the secondary battery is being used or not.

Abstract: Techniques for monitoring the health of a device comprising a motor or generator are described. An apparatus to monitor the health of the device includes a plurality of sensors to detect root-mean-square (RMS) current values for a plurality of stator windings of the device. The apparatus also includes a processor to receive the RMS current values from the plurality of sensors and compute a fault indicator based on the RMS current values. The fault indicator represents a level of current imbalance between the plurality of stator windings due to winding faults.

Abstract: A microwave measuring device having a transmitting module and a receiving module and an apparatus having these modules are described. The two modules are accommodated either in a common housing or in separate housings. The transmitting module can be coupled to a transmitting antenna and the receiving module can be coupled to a receiving antenna. In order to compensate for measurement errors, in particular temperature-related measurement errors, at least one RF bypass cable runs outside the housing/the housings and can be used to couple the transmitting module and the receiving module while bridging the measuring section defined by the two antennas.

Abstract: In a switching power supply apparatus, a magnitude of an output current of a first converter, which has been detected in a state in which a second converter is stopped, is transmitted to a measurement tool and a magnitude of an output current of the second converter, which has been detected in a state in which the first converter is stopped, is transmitted to the measurement tool. Correction values determined by the measurement tool based on transmission contents are received and stored in a memory. A magnitude of the output current which is used for PWM control of the first converter and a magnitude of the output current which is used for PWM control of the second converter are respectively corrected with the correction values.

Abstract: An operating system of a computing device determines an importance of the threads running on the computing device, such as assigning the importance of the threads as critical or non-critical. The operating system determines when there are no threads having at least a threshold importance (e.g., no critical threads), and forces one or more components of the computing device into a forced idle state in response to determining that there are no threads having at least the threshold importance. The forced idle state of a device component is a low power state, such as a state in which program instructions are not executed, so the computing device is forced into a forced idle state that reduces power usage in the computing device despite there being threads (e.g., non-critical threads) to be executed.

Abstract: A system and a method for estimating component parameters relating to electric components of an electric circuit comprising the steps of receiving one or more sample variables associated with the electric circuit, applying the one or more sample variables to one or more component relationships associated with an arrangement of the electric components of the electric circuit, and processing the one or more component relationships with an approximation process to determine one or more estimated component parameters.

Abstract: A transformer connection phase determination device includes a processor that executes a procedure. The procedure includes: computing respective correlation values representing a correlation between current corresponding to power consumed by at least one consumer connected to a transformer connected to one phase corresponding to a combination of two of a plurality of power distribution lines, and line current flowing in each of the plurality of power distribution lines; and determining the phase the transformer is connected to based on the respective correlation values.

Abstract: A programmable AC load in communication with an equipment under test (EUT) is disclosed. The EUT generates an equipment under test voltage. The programmable alternating current (AC) load includes an active load profiler (ALP), a grid-connecter inverter, and an operational mode selector. The operational mode selector is in communication with an AC side of the grid-connected inverter. The operational mode selector places the programmable AC load in either a regenerative mode where the equipment under test voltage is sent to a main grid or a dissipative mode where the equipment under test voltage is dissipated by heat.

Abstract: An analog block implemented with a band-gap reference scheme for use in a device includes a mode control unit and a band-gap reference circuit. The mode control unit is configured to generate a mode selection signal associated with the operational mode of the device. The band-gap reference circuit includes a bias generator, an error amplifier, and a band-gap loop circuit. The bias generator is configured to provide a band-gap reference voltage in a first bias state when the device operates in a normal mode or in a second bias state when the device operates in a standby mode. The error amplifier is configured to generate an error voltage according to the bias voltage. The band-gap loop circuit is configured to provide a band-gap reference voltage according to the error voltage. First current flowing through the bias generator in the first bias state is larger than second current flowing through the bias generator in the second bias state.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a nickel-cadmium battery incorporating twenty nickel-cadmium battery cells connected in series in a passenger aircraft includes a plurality of cell sensors for measuring the cell voltage and the cell temperature of individual battery cells and a data processing unit, and is set up to measure the battery current. The data processing unit is set up to determine a state of health value which is indicative of the state of health of the battery from the measurement data of the cell sensors and the measured battery current.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media implementing techniques for providing split control of an execution environment. According to aspects of the disclosure, a first entity may be configured to exert control over presentation related aspects (e.g., the look and feel) of services provided by a second entity, while the second entity may exert control over backend processing and execution of the services. To facilitate the different portions of the split control, one or more servers may be configured to provide a first execution layer, a second execution layer, and a second execution layer control panel. The first execution layer may perform operations for executing the provisioning of the service.

Abstract: A means and method for measuring precise voltage phasors on medium-voltage alternating current (AC) distribution grids, using existing distribution transformers as voltage sensors. The errors introduced by the distribution transformers are minimized by taking into account the transformer's vector impedance, combined with measuring the transformer secondary current phasor. The invention includes a means and a method of measuring the distribution transformer's vector impedance.

Abstract: To provide a measurement method of characteristics of an electrical element which causes variation in the luminance of pixels. In a device which includes components (pixels) arranged in a matrix and a wiring and where each component is can supply current to the wiring through an electrical element included in each component, the directions of current in N components capable of supplying current to the wiring are individually set and the current flowing through the wiring is measured N times. Here, the directions of the current flowing through the electrical elements can be changed. In the respective N measurements, combinations of the directions of current in the N components differ from one another. The amount of current flowing through each electrical element is calculated based on current obtained by the N measurements and the combinations of the directions of the current in the N measurements.

Abstract: A voltage converter includes a variable switching frequency power stage, a passive circuit and a control circuit. The power stage includes a high-side switch and a first low-side switch coupled to the high-side switch at a switching node of the power stage. The passive circuit couples the switching node to an output node of the voltage converter. The control circuit is operable to control cycle-by-cycle switching of the power stage and sample current at a point between the switching node and the output node, the sampled current having a half cycle sinusodial-like shape each switching cycle. For the present switching cycle, the control circuit is operable to calculate an average of the sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle and estimate the average sampled current for the present switching cycle based on the average sampled current calculated for the immediately preceding switching cycle.

Abstract: A device includes a controller coupled to a touch sensor. The touch sensor includes a first array of capacitive nodes substantially aligned with a second array of capacitive nodes in a mechanical stack. The controller is configured, when in a self-capacitive mode of operation, to send a first drive signal to a plurality of the electrodes of the first array, send a shield signal to at least a portion of the electrodes of the second array at the same time as the first drive signal is sent to the plurality of electrodes of the first array, and sense touch inputs based on signals received from the plurality of electrodes of the first array while the first drive signal is being sent to the plurality of electrodes of the first array and the shield signal is being sent to the at least a portion of the electrodes of the second array.

Abstract: A first calculating unit calculates a load current of each distribution facility based on a sending voltage in a power source facility and load information on power consumption facilities in an electrical circuit including the power source facility, the distribution facilities, and the power consumption facilities connected to one another to form the electrical circuit. A second calculating unit calculates the amount of power loss in each distribution facility based on the calculated load current of each distribution facility.

Abstract: A method for driving an electroluminescent display device includes grouping pixels in a display panel into a plurality of pixel groups, each pixel group including a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns. Accumulated block stress values are provided based on input image data. Each accumulated block stress value represents a degree of degeneration of the pixels in each pixel block. Corrected stress values are provided by correcting each accumulated block stress value based on the accumulated block stress values of the adjacent pixel blocks. Input image data is corrected based on the corrected stress values.

Abstract: Disclosed is an injector controlling method using an opening duration. The injector controlling method using an opening duration converts a target fuel quantity into an opening duration and sets relationship between the opening duration and an injector actuation signal in order to control the fuel quantity of injectors more accurately.

Abstract: A method mitigates or prevents voltage flicker in an electrical power system that includes at least one power generating, energy storing, or power dissipating facility connected to a power grid and a controller connected to the facility. The method includes receiving in the controller a power value at a present time t and a power value at time t+T or at time t?T to determine a power change of the facility, calculating a voltage flicker impact on the power grid of the power change, determining if the flicker impact of the power change is above a limit, and sending a control signal from the controller to the facility when the flicker impact of the power change is above the limit to adjust the facility.

Abstract: A data processing method and an apparatus for an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device are provided.

Abstract: To provide a measurement method of characteristics of an electrical element which causes variation in the luminance of pixels. In a device which includes components (pixels) arranged in a matrix and a wiring and where each component is capable of supplying current to the wiring through an electrical element included in each component, supply and non-supply of current of N components are individually set and current flowing through the wiring is measured N times. In the respective N measurements, combinations of the supply and non-supply of current in N components capable of supplying current to the wiring differ from one another. The amount of current flowing through each electrical element is obtained based on current obtained by the N measurements and the combinations of supply and non-supply of current in the N measurements.