Abstract: A system and method for acquiring phasors outside of the frequency tracking range for power protective relays. As the frequency of a power system varies from the rated frequency, phasors calculated from such samples include errors. A frequency tracking range is used to sample the signal waveform at a rate corresponding to the frequency when the frequency is within the frequency tracking range. When the frequency is outside of the frequency tracking range, the signal waveform is sampled at a rate corresponding with the maximum or minimum of the frequency tracking range depending on whether the frequency exceeds or falls below the frequency tracking range. The difference between the frequency and the minimum or maximum of the frequency tracking range is used to correct the measured phasors to result in accurate phasors.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for characterizing FET transistors in an electronic circuit (IC) device using Performance Screen Ring Oscillator (PSRO) techniques. During PSRO testing, logic and non-logic bias voltages are applied to gate terminals of the being tested FETs to determine process-related variations and the relative strength of N-type and P-type transistors.

Abstract: The present invention provides asynchronous digital capture by first, capturing the digital output of the device under test (DUT) clock on an automated test equipment (ATE) digital channel. Next, the NRZ output data of the DUT is captured while the clock signal is captured on adjacent ATE channels. Next, the digital clock data is analyzed such that a frequency spectrum is generated. From the spectrum, the frequency and phase of the clock is calculated. From the clock frequency, the number of device cycles captured is determined. From the phase of the clock, the captured data is aligned with the clock data to determine which device cycles have been oversampled.

Abstract: Processing of information signals separated according to modulation and carrier components in a more controlled way is made possible by a device for processing an information signal including a unit for converting the information signal to a time/spectral representation by block-wise transforming of the information signal and a unit for converting the information signal from the time/spectral representation to a spectral/modulation spectral representation, wherein the unit for converting is designed such that the spectral/modulation spectral representation depends on both a magnitude component and a phase component of the time/spectral representation of the information signal. A unit then performs a manipulation and/or modification of the information signal in the spectral/modulation spectral representation to obtain a modified spectral/modulation spectral representation.

Abstract: A method for processing signals, such as a tomography signal, in the time domain provides both high spatial resolution and high frequency resolution but at low cost. The method uses non-linear regression with a sinusoidal model to fit a sine wave to a portion of the signal that is less than a full cycle of a wave of the signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is disclosed in which resistance to the influence of external noise on internal power source network is improved. A semiconductor device operating at any predetermined frequency among a plurality thereof, and having power source networks for supplying power from a power source to internal functional units in the semiconductor device comprises switches, a storage unit, and a control unit. The switches are provided in the power source networks, and switch ON/OFF the supply of power from the power source to the functional units. In the storage unit are mapped and stored a plurality of predetermined operating frequencies and switching information designating an ON state or an OFF state for the switches. The control unit reads, from the storage, switching information corresponding to a current operating frequency, and controls the ON/OFF switching of the switches in accordance with the read switching information.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system for computing the frequency of a low frequency wave. The system includes: a wave producer (3) configured for sending out a first wave with a high frequency; a device (4) configured for sending out a second wave with a low frequency to be computed, the first wave and the second wave interfering with each other thereby producing a third wave; a sensor (2) configured for receiving the third wave; and a computer (1) installed with wave analyzing software and linked with the sensor, and configured for receiving and analyzing the third wave to compute the frequency of the second wave.

Abstract: The invention related to a method and circuit that is used to compensate for S-parameters of a passive circuit which do not satisfy passivity. The method includes the following steps: (1) getting S-parameters which do not satisfy passivity, these S-parameters being composed of an S-parameter matrix S; (2) computing matrix [S×S?], wherein matrix S? is a complex conjugate transposed matrix of the S-parameter matrix S; (3) computing the eigenvalues of the matrix [S×S?], and choosing an eigenvalue ? whose real part real(?) is the biggest; (4) computing a compensating value ?, the compensating value ? being equal to real(?)1/2×(1+?), wherein the ? is a very small positive number; and (5) dividing each of the S-parameters by the compensating value ? to get the compensated S-parameters.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a received signal frequency by sampling the received signal at a rate less than twice a predefined nyquist rate. The system includes a distorting component configured to distort the received signal in a frequency dependent manner, at least one analog to digital converter configured to sample the received signal and the distorted signal at a rate less than twice a predefined nyquist rate, and a processing component configured to determine a frequency of the received signal based on the sampled received signal and the sampled distorted signal. The method includes distorting the received signal, sampling the received signal and the distorted signal at a rate less than twice a predefined nyquist rate, and determining a frequency of the received signal. In an embodiment, distorting includes at least one of distorting an amplitude or a group delay of the received signal.

Abstract: A method to quantitatively measure an amount of bio-molecules in a sample includes providing a solution having magnetic nanoparticles; coating bioprobe molecules to surfaces of the magnetic nanoparticles in the solution; measuring a first alternating current (ac) magnetization of the solution at a mixture frequency (?f1+?f2), wherein ? or ? is independently an integer larger than zero; adding a sample containing the bio-molecules to be detected to the solution, so that the biomolecules in the sample conjugate with the bioprobe molecules coated on the nanoparticles; and measuring a second ac magnetization of the solution at the mixture frequency (?f1+?f2) after adding the sample and incubation, so as to obtain an ac magnetization reduction at the mixture frequency (?f1+?f2) between the first and the second magnetization to determine the amount of the bio-molecules.

Abstract: The present invention provides a baseline function, viz., a transmission-related parameter (transmission loss, transmission coefficient, etc.) as a function of resistance of a uniformly resistant finitely thin film—which is predicated on the theoretical behavior of electromagnetic radiation passing through a uniformly resistant infinitely thin film. This theoretical behavior is characterized by constancy of the transmission-related parameter for any frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, wherein each resistance value has associated therewith a constant transmission-related parameter. The baseline function is formed by calculating the constant transmission-related parameter value for each of plural resistance values in the theoretical model. The baseline function is correlated with an empirical function, viz.

Abstract: A model for modeling electromagnetic response in a conductor and in dielectric, a method of modeling the electromagnetic response in the conductor and dielectric and a program product therefor. Coupled supplies (delayed capacitive-current-controlled current sources or delayed inductance-voltage-controlled voltage sources) are low pass filtered in an electromagnetic model for the particular medium, e.g., a Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) model for a conductor or dielectric. Thus, high frequency model instabilities are substantially reduced or eliminated.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting spectral components in a predetermined frequency band within a signal includes first and second processing devices and first, second, and third connectors tuned to the frequency band. The first processing device includes first, second, and third elements. The second processing device includes fourth, fifth, and sixth elements. The first connector is coupled to the first and fourth elements, the second connector to the second and fifth elements, and the third connector to the third and sixth elements. An apparatus for analyzing spectral components in predetermined frequency bands within a signal includes an input for receiving the signal, a device for isolating a portion of the signal, and frequency detectors coupled in parallel to the device. Each frequency detector corresponds to a frequency band and generates an output signal component corresponding to a proportion of energy of the spectral components detected by the frequency detector.

Abstract: A method for estimating the total mass of a motor vehicle by a recursive least squares algorithm. The method involves a vehicle longitudinal acceleration computing according to a fundamental dynamic equation by analysing errors by an acceleration variation caused by errors including a variation error of the vehicle mass with respect to a predetermined mass, declivity error of a surface on which the vehicle is placed, and model errors. The declivity is delivered by a declivity sensor or by declivity estimation mechanism.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for efficiently analyzing an AC voltage signal with a transformation which transforms the signal from a representation in the time-domain to a representation in the frequency-domain. This transformation can be a fast Fourier transform, a discrete Fourier transform or a Laplace transform. By selecting a higher sampling frequency which is an integer multiple of the standard sampling frequency, the zero crossings of the AC voltage signal can be determined more accurately, which improves the quality of the frequency analysis.

Abstract: In a method for performing a frequency analysis of an AC voltage signal, in particular in a power mains, an upper limit of the period length of a fundamental oscillation in the AC voltage signal is determined. A sequence of sampling values of the AC voltage signal is obtained over a duration longer than the upper limit of the period length, thereby ensuring that more than a period of the fundamental oscillation is sampled. Selected from the sequence of sampling values is a subset of sampling values, with the subset sampling substantially one period of the fundamental oscillation. At least a portion of the sampling values not included in the subset is altered, and a frequency is calculated based on the obtained sequence of sampling values, the subset of sampling values and the altered portion of the sampling values.

Abstract: A scannable virtual rail ring oscillator circuit and system for measuring variations in device characteristics provides the ability to study random device characteristic variation as well as systematic differences between N-channel and P-channel devices using a ring oscillator frequency measurement. The ring oscillator is operated from at least one virtual power supply rail that is connected to the actual power supply rail by a plurality of transistors controlled by a programmable source. The transistors are physically distributed along the physical distribution of the ring oscillator elements and each can be enabled in turn and the variation in ring oscillator frequency measured. The ring oscillator frequency measurements yield information about the variation between the transistors and N-channel vs. P-channel variation can be studied by employing positive and negative virtual power supply rails with corresponding P-channel and N-channel control transistors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for digitizing a data signal, the method comprising the steps of receiving an input analog data signal, splitting the received input analog data signal into a plurality of split signals, and mixing at least one of the split signals with a predetermined periodic function with a predetermined frequency. The split signals are then digitized and combined mathematically to form a single output data stream that is a substantially correct representation of the original input signal.

Abstract: An apparatus and associated method is provided for suspending a test object in a gravitational field from a support member, exciting the test object by noncontactingly engaging it with a predetermined waveform force, and characterizing the test object qualitatively in relation to an observed modal frequency response of the test object to the excitation.

Abstract: To ascertain a mains frequency from a voltage signal which has a particularly high proportion of harmonics, the discrete Fourier transform is used in at least one embodiment to calculate two phases, and the phase interval between these phases is used to infer the mains frequency.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a sensing instrument capable to detect a substance existing in a very small quantity, such as environmental pollutants, instantly with a high degree of precision. As a specific means for solving the problem, a frequency signal from a crystal oscillator is sampled using a frequency signal from a reference clock generating part, the sampling value is outputted in a digital signal, quadrature detection is conducted with the digital signal for a frequency signal corresponding to the output signal, the rotational vector rotating at a frequency corresponding to the difference between the frequency of the frequency signal and the frequency of a sinusoidal wave used for the quadrature detection is taken out, and the variation of the frequency is detected by detecting the velocity of the rotational vector based on the respective sampling values.

Abstract: An effective methodology for reducing the influence of clutter arising from a complex signal environment defined by the use of a microwave sensor within or in connection with a gas turbine engine having one or more stages of rotating blades. Accurate detection of peak signals for blade measurements can be obtained by the microwave sensor.

Abstract: An acquisition apparatus for a test and measurement instrument including a splitter configured to split an input signal into a plurality of split signals, a plurality of oscillators, each oscillator configured to generate a periodic signal, a plurality of combiners, each combiner configured to combine an associated plurality of the periodic signals into an associated signal combination where at least one of the signal combinations is substantially non-periodic. The apparatus also includes a plurality of mixers, each mixer configured to mix an associated split signal and an associated signal combination into an associated mixed signal, a first digitizer configured to digitize an associated split signal, and a plurality of second digitizers, each second digitizer configured to digitize an associated mixed signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting spectral components in a predetermined frequency band within a signal includes first and second processing devices and first, second, and third connectors tuned to the frequency band. The first processing device includes first, second, and third elements. The second processing device includes fourth, fifth, and sixth elements. The first connector is coupled to the first and fourth elements, the second connector to the second and fifth elements, and the third connector to the third and sixth elements. An apparatus for analyzing spectral components in predetermined frequency bands within a signal includes an input for receiving the signal, a device for isolating a portion of the signal, and frequency detectors coupled in parallel to the device. Each frequency detector corresponds to a frequency band and generates an output signal component corresponding to a proportion of energy of the spectral components detected by the frequency detector.

Abstract: Events discovered by an automatic measurement subsystem in the trace of a DSO are visited using a set of event navigation controls. In a TIME Mode the controls operate to display the first of those events, display the next event after the one currently displayed, display the previous event before the one currently displayed, and, display the last event. In a SEVERITY Mode the controls operate to display the best of those events, display the next best event relative to the one currently displayed, display the next worst event before the one currently displayed, and, display the worst event. The sets of navigation controls may be a mode control menu accompanied by four stylized arrow shaped buttons within a GUI that are clicked on by an operator using a mouse. One set of arrow shaped button can serve both modes, or different sets of buttons can serve each respective mode.

Abstract: A common problem in audio processing is that a useful signal is disturbed by one or more sinusoidal noises that should be suppressed. One embodiment of the invention provides a method of canceling a sinusoidal disturbance of unknown frequency in a disturbed useful signal. The method comprises the steps of estimating parameters of the sinusoidal disturbance including amplitude, phase and frequency; generating a reference signal on the basis of the estimated parameters; and subtracting the reference signal from the disturbed useful signal. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the estimation is performed by an Extended Kalman filter.

Abstract: A jitter calculator engine that includes a core effects module, an input/output (I/O) module, and a phase lock loop (PLL) module is provided. The core effects module estimates core jitter caused by noise effects impacting a core clock network. The I/O module estimates I/O input pin switching effects on a clock network input signal. In one embodiment, the I/O module identifies a relative frequency of switching by I/O pins in the circuit design. The PLL module estimates an effect of a PLL on a signal delivered to the PLL from an I/O pin. The PLL module accounts for I/O input pin switching effects and core jitter. The jitter calculator engine may be in communication with a database and the different designs evaluated may be stored in the database so that the database becomes a repository for the different designs and may provide useful information for future designs.

Abstract: A technique for performing frequency margin testing of communications system circuit boards incorporates a frequency agile clock source on a communications system circuit board. The clock source may be programmed to operate the circuit board at a nominal operating frequency and at frequencies suitable to characterize actual and/or apparent frequency tolerances of the circuit board. The technique maintains transmission line integrity of the on-board clock.

Abstract: A digital power metering system reduces spectral leakage when determining the frequencies present in a power signal by a technique that includes sampling the signal and performing a transformation from the time domain to the frequency domain. The system initially measures the fundamental frequency of the power signal, and samples the power signal at a known sampling rate to produce digital sample values representing the power signal. The system then determines whether the known sampling rate is within a preselected range of a rate that is coherent with the measured fundamental frequency. If the answer is negative, then the system resamples the signal at a rate that is coherent with the measured fundamental frequency to produce resample values representing the signal, so that the frequencies present in the power signal can be determined from the resample values.

Abstract: Parametrically disciplined operation of a symmetric nearly degenerate mode vibratory gyroscope is disclosed. A parametrically-disciplined inertial wave gyroscope having a natural oscillation frequency in the neighborhood of a sub-harmonic of an external stable clock reference is produced by driving an electrostatic bias electrode at approximately twice this sub-harmonic frequency to achieve disciplined frequency and phase operation of the resonator. A nearly symmetric parametrically-disciplined inertial wave gyroscope that can oscillate in any transverse direction and has more than one bias electrostatic electrode that can be independently driven at twice its oscillation frequency at an amplitude and phase that disciplines its damping to zero in any vibration direction. In addition, operation of a parametrically-disciplined inertial wave gyroscope is taught in which the precession rate of the driven vibration pattern is digitally disciplined to a prescribed non-zero reference value.

Abstract: Systems and methods for self-synchronized data sampling are provided. In one embodiment, a system for capturing synchronous data samples is provided. The system includes an analog to digital converter adapted to capture signals from one or more sensors and convert the signals into a stream of digital data samples at a sampling frequency determined by a sampling control signal; and a synchronizer coupled to the analog to digital converter and adapted to receive a rotational frequency signal from a rotating machine, wherein the synchronizer is further adapted to generate the sampling control signal, and wherein the sampling control signal is based on the rotational frequency signal.

Abstract: An improved signal processing method and apparatus are presented for use in real-time sub-nanometer scale position measurements with the aid of probing sensors and/or beams scanning periodically undulating surfaces such as a grating and diffraction patterns generated thereby, and the like, enabling greater sub-nanometer precision, higher stage scanner movement speeds, and simultaneous high accuracy and top speed measuring capabilities.

Abstract: The fundamental frequency of a harmonic signal is estimated by forming a fundamental frequency hypothesis (f0?). A comb filter is provided based on the fundamental frequency hypothesis. The harmonic signal is filtered using the comb filter. The fundamental frequency hypothesis is tested for each tooth in the comb filter. A signal indicating an estimated fundamental frequency of the provided harmonic signal may be outputted based on the testing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the humidity and/or density of a dielectric material in a resonator that is filled with said material and that contains a transmitter and a receiver. According to said method: the transmitter emits a signal; a resonance curve of the filled resonator is scanned in stages, whereby respective signal intensity values (Ui) are measured at different frequencies (fi); the resonant frequency (frm) and the bandwidth (BWm) are determined for the filled resonator from measured points (fi/Ui); and the humidity (?) and/or density (?) of the material are calculated by solving a second system of equations (G2), containing the resonant frequencies (fr0, frm) and bandwidths (BW0, BWm) of the empty and filled resonators and known calibration coefficients (ar1, ar2, br1, br2, cr1, cr2, abw1, abe2, bbw1, bbw2, cbw1, cbw2) of said resonator. The aim of the invention is to provide a method for determining the humidity independently of the density in a rapid, precise manner.

Abstract: A wideband signal analyzer has a plurality of frequency conversion paths for simultaneously processing different contiguous frequency bands of an input signal. Each frequency conversion path provides time domain data for input to a digital signal processor. The digital signal processor interpolates each group of time domain data to produce interpolated time domain data having a number of data points that satisfies a Nyquist condition for a combined bandwidth of the frequency conversion paths. A calibration signal set to a border frequency between a pair of frequency conversion channels is used to calibrate the gains and phase differences between the frequency conversion paths so that the digital signal processor identifies corresponding time domain data between the interpolated time domain data groups. A suite of frequency domain data is calculated by the digital signal processor from the interpolated time domain data groups and stored for subsequent display.

Abstract: The change in temperature of an implanted electronic device can be determined by providing power to one or more circuit elements included in the implanted electronic device, wherein the circuit elements comprise a non-crystal oscillator. A shift in the output frequency associated with the non-crystal oscillator can be detected, and the temperature change of the implanted electronic device can be determined based on the detected output frequency shift. One or more signals based on the output frequency associated with the non-crystal oscillator can be transmitted by the implanted electronic device. The transmitted signals can be received by an external device, which can detect the current output frequency associated with the non-crystal oscillator from the transmitted signals and compare the current output frequency with a previous output frequency to determine the output frequency shift associated with the non-crystal oscillator. The output frequency can, for example, be converted to a voltage measure.

Abstract: A method of measuring the frequency of a received signal comprising the steps of: generating a first phase signal by digitising the phase of the received signal; delaying the first phase signal by a predetermined amount to generate a second phase signal; calculating a phase difference between the first and the second phase signals; and calculating the frequency of the input signal from the phase difference.

Abstract: To increase spatial resolution by observing a sample based on saturated fluorescence components. A fluorescence microscope according to the present invention includes: a laser light source 10 emitting laser light as excitation light; an objective lens 13 focusing the laser light and applying the focused laser light to a sample 14; a detector 22 detecting fluorescence generated in the sample 14 with the laser light; and a stage 15 scanning the sample 14 while moving the sample 14 relative to the laser light, wherein the laser light is applied to the sample with varying intensities such that saturation of fluorescence occurs at the maximum intensity of the laser light, and fluorescence is detected with the detector in accordance with intensity of the laser light, and the sample is observed based on the saturation components of fluorescence.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a high frequency resistance measurement instrument with a reasonable dynamic range, which militates against saturation in the presence of one or more large undesirable signals, the high frequency measurement instrument capable of employing multiple alternating currents of differing frequencies to maintain measurement capability despite signal chain saturation in the presence of a large undesirable signal.

Abstract: A method of compressing values of a waveform of a monitored electrical power signal. The method includes acquiring data representative of periods of the waveform, decomposing the waveform of the power signal into a plurality of components over a plurality of periods of the waveform, compressing the values of at least some of the components over a plurality of periods, and storing these values and extents.

Abstract: A method for measuring a frequency translation device under test by using a vector network analyzer and a reference frequency translation device that includes measuring the network characteristics of the reference frequency translation device by using the vector network analyzer, measuring the network characteristics of a circuit including the reference frequency translation device and the frequency translation device under test by using the vector network where the reference frequency translation device has an operation complementary to the frequency translation device under test, and removing the network characteristics of the reference frequency translation device from the measured network characteristics of the circuit.

Abstract: In a method and a system for generating images a laser being tuneable at a rapid frequency and a corresponding synchronized detector are provided. In a preferred embodiment the tuneable laser and the detector are synchronized in time so that the wavelength from the tuneable laser is known when the detector is given its detected signal value. In accordance with another preferred embodiment the tuneable laser is a monolithic laser, and in yet another preferred embodiment the laser and the detector are located on a common chip module. The system can be used to generate OCT images.

Abstract: A scannable virtual rail method and ring oscillator circuit for measuring variations in device characteristics provides the ability to study random device characteristic variation as well as systematic differences between N-channel and P-channel devices using a ring oscillator frequency measurement. The ring oscillator is operated from at least one virtual power supply rail that is connected to the actual power supply rail by a plurality of transistors controlled by a programmable source. The transistors are physically distributed along the physical distribution of the ring oscillator elements and each can be enabled in turn and the variation in ring oscillator frequency measured. The ring oscillator frequency measurements yield information about the variation between the transistors and N-channel vs. P-channel variation can be studied by employing positive and negative virtual power supply rails with corresponding P-channel and N-channel control transistors.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for producing a composite clock signal with optimized stability characteristics from individual clocks which have different stabilities or variances. The composite clock signal includes weighted individual clock signals. In a first (PPN) case, an optimum composite clock is a scale-factor-weighted linear combination of clock signals. In another (non-PPN) case, the optimum stable composite clock is the output of a linear filter of the input clocks signals. Both the phases and frequencies of the individual clocks over time are estimated.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for analyzing surface characteristics of a test object using broadband scanning interferometry. Test objects amenable to these apparatus and methods include but are not limited to semiconductor wafers, semiconductor devices, metallic surfaces, and the like. An interferometry system is used to obtain an interferometry signal and related to data embodied in the signal representative of the test object surface. This signal and/or data is used to construct an n-dimensional function that includes an independent frequency variable and an independent time variable, and/or an n-dimensional function that includes an independent scale variable and an independent time variable, and/or a multi-domain function. These functions are compared with various models to obtain a best match that is then used to characterize the test object surface.

Abstract: A methor for storage cell read timing evaluation provides read strength information by using a pulsed ring oscillator. A pulse generator is coupled to a bitline to which the storage cell to be measured is connected. The storage cell thereby forms part of the ring oscillator and the read strength of the storage cell is reflected in the frequency of oscillation. A pulse regeneration circuit is included in the ring so that the storage cell read loading does not cause the oscillation to decay. Alternatively, a counter may be used to count the number of oscillations until the oscillations decay, which also yields a measure of the read strength of the storage cell. The pulse generator may have variable output current, and the current varied to determine a change in current with the storage cell enabled and disabled that produces the same oscillation frequency. The read current is the difference between currents.

Abstract: A method and a system for the detection and/or removal of sinusoidal interference signals in/from a noise signal transforms a measured signal (x(t), x(?·?t)) composed of a limited number of sinusoidal interference signals (Ak·ej(?kt+?k), Ak·ej(?·?k?t+?k)) and a white noise signal (w(t), w(?·?t) into a subspace containing its white noise components and a subspace containing its interference signal components. Following this, the individual sinusoidal interference signals (Ak·ej(?kt+?k), Ak·ej(?·?k?t+?k)) are determined using an estimation method within the subspace containing the noise components. The entire frequency range is split into several frequency bands (v), in which the measured signal (x(t), x(?·?t)) consists of a limited number (p(v)) of sinusoidal interference signals (Ak·ej(?kt+?k), Ak·ej(?·?k?t+?k)) and a white noise signal (w(t), w(?·?t)).

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for transmitting dynamic data over a network to a computer resource, the system including at least one receiver configured to receive dynamic data and convert dynamic data into a digitized sinusoidal signal, and a computing resource configured for communication with the network and configured to receive the digitized sinusoidal signal from the at least one receiver, the computing resource configured to employ a Fast Fourier Transform to convert the digitized sinusoidal signal into output data that includes phase data, amplitude data, and frequency data of the digitized sinusoidal signal, the output data being transmittable over the network in at least one packet.

Abstract: Real time battery impedance spectrum is acquired using one time record, Compensated Synchronous Detection (CSD). This parallel method enables battery diagnostics. The excitation current to a test battery is a sum of equal amplitude sin waves of a few frequencies spread over range of interest. The time profile of this signal has duration that is a few periods of the lowest frequency. The voltage response of the battery, average deleted, is the impedance of the battery in the time domain. Since the excitation frequencies are known, synchronous detection processes the time record and each component, both magnitude and phase, is obtained. For compensation, the components, except the one of interest, are reassembled in the time domain. The resulting signal is subtracted from the original signal and the component of interest is synchronously detected. This process is repeated for each component.

Abstract: According to evaluation of tone quality of exhaust sound adapted to human audition, a characteristic of the tone quality of exhaust sound is objectively analyzed. There are provided a measuring process (M1) for sampling exhaust sound to be analyzed, by means of a microphone disposed in an exhaust system EX and converting the exhaust sound into an electric signal, an analyzing process (M2) for amplifying a high frequency component of the electric signal and performing a frequency analysis of the electric signal at an arbitrary time interval, a detecting process (M3) for detecting a first formant of the first peak from the low frequency side and a second formant of the second peak from the low frequency side, and a displaying process (M4) for displaying a relationship (brightness and sharpness) between the first formant and second formant in a predetermined time range.