Abstract: A system and method for analyzing a data store of de-identified patient data to generate one or more dynamic user interfaces usable to predict an expected response of a particular patient population or cohort when provided with a certain treatment. The automated analysis of patterns occurring in patient clinical, molecular, phenotypic, and response data, as facilitated by the various user interfaces, provides an efficient, intuitive way for clinicians to evaluate large data sets to aid in the potential discovery of insights of therapeutic significance.

Abstract: An alertness maintenance apparatus includes a stimulation controller that is configured to cause a stimulation device to generate multiple types of temperature stimuli maintaining an alert state of a subject person, the temperature stimuli including a temperature stimulus to a hand of the subject person and also including a temperature stimulus to a face of the subject person or a temperature stimulus to a torso of the subject person via a seat on which the subject person sits.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for calculating or estimating at least one medical value based on several input values using artificial intelligence.

Abstract: A method for designing a primer supplied to a PCR reaction includes a primer designing step of defining a 5?-end-side base sequence of the primer so as to include a base sequence or its complementary base sequence, the base sequence enabling identification of, among thermal cycles in the PCR reaction, a synthesis cycle of a DNA molecule in an amplification product obtained by the PCR reaction performed with the primer, the identification being based on base-sequence data obtained by sequencing the amplification product.

Abstract: Multiple techniques for detecting defects in customized dental appliances are disclosed. In one technique, processing logic obtains one or more images of a customized dental appliance, obtains a digital model associated with the customized dental appliance, and performs segmentation on the one or more images to identify an area of the one or more images that comprises a representation of the customized dental appliance. Processing logic then registers the one or more images to the digital model, compares the area of the one or more images of the customized dental appliance with the digital model of the customized dental appliance, determines a difference between the area of the one or more images that comprises the representation of the customized dental appliance and the digital model of the customized dental appliance at a region, and determines whether the difference satisfies a defect criterion.

Abstract: A method for generating and updating a three-dimensional representation of a surgical site based on imaging data from an imaging system is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of generating a first image of the surgical site based on structured electromagnetic radiation emitted from the imaging system, receiving a second image of the surgical site, aligning the first image and the second image, generating a three-dimensional representation of the surgical site based on the first image and the second image as aligned, displaying the three-dimensional representation on a display screen, receiving a user selection to manipulate the three-dimensional representation, and updating the three-dimensional representation as displayed on the display screen from a first state to a second state according to the received user selection.

Abstract: Roughly described, a computer-implemented evolutionary system evolves candidate solutions to provided problems. It includes a memory storing a candidate gene database containing active and epigenetic individuals; a gene pool processor which tests only active individuals on training data and updates their fitness estimates; a competition module which selects active individuals for discarding in dependence upon both their updated fitness estimate and their testing experience level; and a gene harvesting module providing for deployment selected ones of the individuals from the gene pool. The gene database has an experience layered elitist pool, and individuals compete only with other individuals in their same layer. Certain individuals are made epigenetic in the procreation module, after which they are not subjected to testing and competition. Epigenetic individuals are retained in the candidate gene pool regardless of their fitness.

Abstract: A diagnostic system and method and an interconnected laboratory system comprising clinical diagnostic systems are presented. The diagnostic system comprises a sample preparation module, a liquid chromatography (LC) separation module coupled to the sample preparation module via a sample preparation/LC interface, a mass spectrometer (MS) module coupled to the LC separation module via an LC/MS interface, and a result calculation module for identifying and/or quantifying analytes or substances of interest contained in the samples and passed through the LC separation and MS modules.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and system identifying a probability of a medical condition in a patient. The method includes a processor obtaining data set(s) related to a patient population diagnosed with a medical condition and based on a frequency of features in the data set(s), identifying common features and weighting the common features based on frequency of occurrence in the data set(s) to generate mutual information. The processor generates pattern(s) including a portion of the common features to generate a machine learning algorithm(s). The processor compiles a training set of data to use to tune the machine learning algorithm(s). The processor dynamically adjusts common features in the pattern(s) such that the machine learning algorithm(s) can distinguish patient data indicating the medical condition from patient data not indicating the medical condition. The processor applies the machine learning algorithm(s) to data related to the undiagnosed patient, to determine the probability.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided, which includes an obtainment portion configured to obtain a plurality of images corresponding to respective values of a parameter that affects occurrence of a target event; a generation portion configured to generate, for each of a plurality of thresholds relating to the parameter, a learning data set in which at least a part of the plurality of images is each given an attribute value, the attribute value varying based on whether the threshold is exceeded; a learning processing portion configured to perform, for each generated learning data set, learning processing on an estimation model that estimates an attribute of an image in response to input of the image; and an evaluation value output portion configured to output, for each estimation model, an evaluation value according to an estimation error of the estimation model.

Abstract: A method for identifying neoantigens that are likely to be presented on a surface of tumor cells of a subject. Peptide sequences of tumor neoantigens are obtained by sequencing the tumor cells of the subject. The peptide sequence of each of the neoantigens is associated with one or more k-mer blocks of a plurality of k-mer blocks of the nucleotide sequencing data of the subject; The peptide sequences and the associated k-mer blocks are input into a machine-learned presentation model to generate presentation likelihoods for the tumor neoantigens, each presentation likelihood representing the likelihood that a neoantigen is presented by an MHC allele on the surfaces of the tumor cells of the subject. A subset of the neoantigens is selected based on the presentation likelihoods.

Abstract: Systems are provided for generating data representing electromagnetic states of a heart for medical, scientific, research, and/or engineering purposes. The systems generate the data based on source configurations such as dimensions of, and scar or fibrosis or pro-arrhythmic substrate location within, a heart and a computational model of the electromagnetic output of the heart. The systems may dynamically generate the source configurations to provide representative source configurations that may be found in a population. For each source configuration of the electromagnetic source, the systems run a simulation of the functioning of the heart to generate modeled electromagnetic output (e.g., an electromagnetic mesh for each simulation step with a voltage at each point of the electromagnetic mesh) for that source configuration.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to providing secure gatekeeping of a communication transmitted from an implantable biomedical device to a remote internet-based website. A gatekeeping device wirelessly receives the communication transmitted from the implantable biomedical device. The communication wirelessly received is encoded by the implantable biomedical device using a first encoding algorithm. The gatekeeping device then decodes the communication wirelessly received. The gatekeeping device then encodes the communication decoded using a second encoding algorithm. The gatekeeping device relays the communication encoded using the second encoding algorithm to the remote internet-based website via the internet. In some embodiments, the gatekeeping device transmits a proximity signal to be used to determine proximity of the gatekeeping device to the implantable biomedical device.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a computing system accesses a plurality of images captured by one or more cameras from a plurality of camera poses. The computing system generates, using the plurality of images, a plurality of semantic segmentations comprising semantic information of one or more objects captured in the plurality of images. The computing system accesses a three-dimensional (3D) model of the one or more objects. The computing system determines, using the plurality of camera poses, a corresponding plurality of virtual camera poses relative to the 3D model of the one or more objects. The computing system generates a semantic 3D model by projecting the semantic information of the plurality of semantic segmentations towards the 3D model using the plurality of virtual camera poses.

Abstract: An implant positioning device and a method of using the device are described. The positioning device includes an end effector configured to contact an implant component during a surgical procedure, the end effector connected to an actuator for imparting an impact force to the implant component during the surgical procedure, a motor mechanically connected to the actuator and configured to move the actuator to produce one or more impacts on the end effector, thereby imparting the impact force to the implant component, and a control circuit coupled to the motor. The control circuit is configured to generate at least one motor control signal, transfer the at least one motor control signal to the motor, and, as a result of the at least one motor control signal, cause the motor to move the actuator to produce one or more impacts on the end effector.

Abstract: Systems and methods may be used to perform robot-aided surgery. A system may include a display device and a computing device including a memory device with instructions. The instructions can cause the system to access surgical data, calculate medial and lateral gap data, calculate a recommended component set, and generate a graphical user interface. Accessing surgical data can include accessing soft tissue data indicative of at least tension in soft tissues surrounding a surgical location. The graphical user interface can include an interactive trapezoidal graphic overlaid onto a graphical representation of a distal femur and a proximal tibia. The interactive trapezoidal graphic can include a graphical representation of a medial total gap, a lateral total gap, and a recommended spacer size. The interactive trapezoidal graphic can update in response to adjustments in implant parameters to assist in surgical planning.

Abstract: A method of radiotherapy treatment planning comprises optimizing a treatment plan based on at least one proposed dose map according to a set of clinical goals The resulting dose distribution is compared to the at least one clinical goal, and if the optimized dose distribution does not fulfil the at least one clinical goal, continuing with step d the dose map is adjusted before a new treatment plan is optimized. When the optimized dose distribution fulfils the clinical goals, the treatment plan is accepted.

Abstract: Described here are devices and methods for treating hypertension by forming a fistula between two blood vessels to reduce blood pressure of a patient. The fistula may be formed using a catheter having an electrode that is placed in a first blood vessel. In some instances, a desired amount of blood pressure is determined. In other instances, the hypertension is drug resistant hypertension.

Abstract: Virtual objects can be affixed to geo-registered tools (e.g., platform, knife, etc.) that interact with items (e.g., anatomic structures) within 3D volumes. For example, a 27-foot virtual wand can be affixed to a 1-foot long geo-registered wand and the resulting multi-part wand can be moved another two feet within a 3D volume in response to movement of the geo-registered wand to reach an object 30 feet away in the 3D volume. Various other interaction techniques are disclosed. The techniques may be used in a variety of applications possibly including, but not limited to, medicine, gaming, education, carpentry, manufacturing, or other industries.

Abstract: Described are systems and methods for administration of nitric oxide (NO) with use of left ventricular assists devices (LVADs), as well as systems and methods for monitoring the NO delivery devices and/or the LVAD.

Abstract: A biomass solid fuel with reduced self-heating. An apparatus for manufacturing a biomass solid fuel including a carbonization furnace for carbonizing a biomass molded block to obtain a biomass solid fuel; a yield calculator for calculating a yield of the biomass solid fuel and/or a temperature detector for measuring a temperature of the carbonization furnace; and a controller for controlling a heat source of the carbonization furnace; in which the controller controls the heat source based on a correlation between (i) a self-heating property of the biomass solid fuel and (ii) the yield and/or the temperature of the carbonization furnace.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for question generation to obtain more related medical information based on observed symptoms from a patient. In embodiments, possible diseases associated with the observed symptoms are generated by querying a knowledge graph. In embodiments, candidate symptoms associated with the possible diseases are also identified and are combined with the observed symptoms to obtain combined symptom sets. In embodiments, discriminative scores for the candidate symptom sets are determined and candidate symptoms with top discriminative scores are selected. In embodiments, these selected candidate symptoms may be checked for conflicts with observed symptoms and removed from further consideration if a conflict exists. In embodiments, one or more questions may be generated based on the remaining selected candidate systems to aid in collecting information about the patient. In embodiments, the process may be repeated with the updated observed symptoms.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes determining, by a processor, from a time-series evolution tree comprising one or more clones at each of the plurality of time points, that the one or more clones are sensitive clones or resistant clones, wherein the time-series evolution tree is based on sequence data for a tumor from a subject at a plurality of time points, wherein each time point in the time-series evolution tree represents an event in the subject's cancer treatment, and wherein a clone is a collection of gene alterations; based at least in part on determining that the one or more clones that are the sensitive or resistant clones, determining, by the processor, a geneset composition of the one or more clones that are the sensitive or resistant clones; and based at least in part on determining the geneset composition, determining by the processor, a further treatment for the subject.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure include systems for use in preparing a labelled biomolecule reagent. Systems according to certain embodiments include an input manager for receiving a request for a labelled biomolecule reagent, a memory for storing a dataset having a plurality of labelled biomolecule reagent storage identifiers, a processing module communicatively coupled to the memory and configured to identify one or more labelled biomolecule reagent storage identifiers from the dataset that corresponds to the labelled biomolecule reagent request and an output manager for providing the one or more identified labelled biomolecule reagent storage identifiers. A reagent preparatory apparatus for preparing the labelled biomolecule reagent from an activated biomolecule and activated label is also described. Methods for communicating and receiving a labelled biomolecule reagent request and preparing the subject labelled biomolecule reagents are also provided.

Abstract: According to an example, with respect to blast reconciliation for mines, pre blast measurement data and post blast measurement data associated with a blasting operation for a mining site may be ascertained from a pre and post blast measurer. A blast reconciliation model may be generated using existing pre blast measurement data and existing post blast measurement data, and used to analyze the ascertained pre blast measurement data and the ascertained post blast measurement data. Based on the analysis of the ascertained pre blast measurement data and the ascertained post blast measurement data, a blast material yield for the mining site may be determined as a result of the blasting operation. An alert indicative of the blast material yield may be generated.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for estimating bio-information in a non-invasive manner. According to an exemplary embodiment, the bio-information estimation apparatus includes: a spectrum measurer configured to measure a spectrum of light reflected from an object; a temperature measurer configured to measure the temperature of the object while the spectrum measurer measures the spectrum of light reflected from the object; and a processor configured to calculate a spectrum correction factor, including one or more of a correction factor of a gain, a constant, and a slope, based on the measured temperature of the object, and to adjust the measured spectrum by using the calculated correction factor.

Abstract: A system for prioritizing user symptom complaint inputs. The system includes a KNN module operating on at least a computing device configured to receive a plurality of symptom complaint datums, receive suspected disease state training data, calculate an optimal vector output utilizing a k-nearest neighbor algorithm and generate an optimal vector output containing a suspected disease state. The system includes a triage module operating on at least a computing device configured to receive the optimal vector output, generate a triage urgency category label, select triage training data as a function of the triage urgency label, generate using a supervised machine-learning model a disease criticality model, evaluate the disease criticality score, and display the ranked disease criticality score for each of the plurality of suspected disease states.

Abstract: The invention provides a comprehensive system, method and computer program product for data structure clustering based on variation in data attribute performance. In general, the invention is configured to link a sub-set of data structures out of a global set of data structures based on identifying stimulus type attributes that are structured to produce a functional performance parameter of the associated data structure, particularly in the field of hospital data analysis. Typically, the invention is configured to receive a request for construction of a peer data cluster for a first functional performance parameter of the first entity data structure. The invention may then determine at least one second entity data structure of a plurality of entity data structures that is a peer entity data structure, and linking the first entity data structure and the second entity data structure to form the peer data cluster.

Abstract: The present invention searches for, in order of priority, a combination of material property parameters having a significant relationship, from among arbitrary combinations of multiple material property parameters.

Abstract: System and method amplifying the accuracy of forecasts generated by software systems that harness the collective intelligence of human populations by curating optimized sub-populations through an intelligent selection process. Participants predict event outcomes and/or provide evaluations of their confidence in their predictions. The system determines an outlier score for each participant based on the participant's responses and the relation of the participant's responses to the predictions of the population as a whole. Participants can then be selected from the population based on the participant outlier scores.

Abstract: A method for setting desired trajectories of movement of an exoskeleton for enabling movement in a user with a musculoskeletal disorder, a device for assisting walking in the user, and a method for controlling said device. Walking in the user can be enabled in predetermined modes of movement. The device has a part worn by the user including a motorized lower limb exoskeleton equipped with a control device, embodied in an on-board controller of the exoskeleton, and a non-worn part which includes an external computer for a specialized assistant and a system for determining the parameters of desired trajectories of movement of the exoskeleton in a Cartesian coordinate system. Control signals for exoskeleton actuators are generated taking into consideration the mass and inertial properties of body segments of the user and of elements of the exoskeleton, as well as requirements regarding the quality of control.

Abstract: Embodiments include a system for determining cardiovascular information for a patient. The system may include at least one computer system configured to receive patient-specific data regarding a geometry of the patient's heart, and create a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of the patient's heart based on the patient-specific data. The at least one computer system may be further configured to create a physics-based model relating to a blood flow characteristic of the patient's heart and determine a fractional flow reserve within the patient's heart based on the three-dimensional model and the physics-based model.

Abstract: This disclosure presents methods for antibody structure prediction and design. We utilize the growing number of antibody structures and sequences are used with powerful protein modeling methods to design and predict antibody structural models up to sub-angstrom accuracy. The invention also relates to systems and methods for generating an antibody library. Specifically, the invention relates to computer-implemented systems and methods for generating an antibody library for a predetermined epitope. The invention further relates to determining structural models of the interface between an antibody and its antigen. The invention also relates to determining structural models of an unbound complementarity determining region of an antibody.

Abstract: A system and method for performing automated respirator mask fit testing are described. An example embodiment is configured to obtain, with one or more processors, at least one three-dimensional facial image of an individual; convert the facial image to numerical data for analysis, the numerical data representative of facial features, facial dimensions, and/or facial locations on the face of the individual; determine, based on the numerical data, a head form category for the individual; determine, based on the head form category and the numerical data, a face volume for the individual; and generate a mask fit pass (or fail) indication responsive to the face volume satisfying (or not satisfying) face volume fit criteria for the head form category. The principles described herein may also be applied for other personal protective equipment such as industrial head protection, eye and face protection, hand protection, and clothing.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for controlling chemical production and/or petroleum processing reaction systems to allow for improved control of control variables relative to desired set points. The improved control can be achieved by use of a modified proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller or a similar type of controller that includes dynamic tuning logic. The modified PID controller can be operated using different coefficients based on the relative values of a control variable and a reasonable progress curve determined based on the values of the control variable.

Abstract: An online system presenting content items to a user generates a model that predicts a latent metric describing user actions that occur at least a reasonable amount of time after presentation of content items. To determine the latent metric, the online system retrieves one or more models predicting likelihoods of the user performing various interactions when presented with the content items and determines weights associated with different retrieved models. Combining the weighted retrieved models generates a model for determining the latent metric. As the retrieved models are based on data accessible to the online system in less than the reasonable amount of time after presenting content items, weighing the retrieved models allows the online system to predict the latent metric describing user actions occurring after content items are presented. When selecting content items for the user, the online system accounts for the latent metric determined by the generated model.

Abstract: There is provided a method and system for visually representing the kinematics of a patient's joint in real-time. The method comprises the steps of receiving characteristics of a measured movement of the joint, computing at least one kinematic object vector using specific morphology of the Joint structures and the characteristics of the measured movement of the joint, displaying a 3D representation of the joint structures based on the specific morphology of the joint structures and on the characteristics of measured movement of the joint, linking the at least one kinematic object vector with the joint structures and dynamically displaying the at least one kinematic object vector superimposed on the 3D representation of the joint structures.

Abstract: A method of administering insulin includes receiving scheduled blood glucose time intervals and obtaining blood glucose data of a patient that includes blood glucose measurements, blood glucose times, and insulin dosages previously administered by the patient. The method also includes applying a set of filters to identify which of the blood glucose measurements associated with at least one of the scheduled time intervals are usable and which of the blood glucose measurements associated with the at least one scheduled time interval are unusable. The method also includes aggregating the blood glucose measurements associated with the at least one scheduled time interval identified as usable to determine a representative aggregate blood glucose measurement and determining a next recommended insulin dosage for the patient based on the representative aggregate blood glucose measurement and the insulin dosages previously administered by the patient.

Abstract: Provided is a simulation spectrum apparatus including: a background image acquisition unit that acquires a background image of a target region and an infrared signal corresponding to each pixel of the background image; a spectrum acquisition unit that acquires a background radiation intensity spectrum from the infrared signal acquired for the each pixel; a simulation spectrum generation unit that generates a model of a linear combination of a radiation intensity spectrum of a contamination cloud and a background radiation intensity spectrum on the basis of a difference in radiation intensity; a controller that generates a simulation spectrum of the contamination cloud by applying the information on the at least one toxic substance and the atmosphere transmittance to the model of the linear combination; and an imaging unit that generates a spectrum image, combines the generated spectrum image and the background image, and thus generates a simulation contamination cloud image.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems, devices and methods for performing simulations using a multi-component Finite Element Model (FEM) of ocular structures involved in ocular accommodation.

Abstract: A method and system for determining interaction sites between biosequences is described herein. A dataset of contact data for a plurality of biomolecule pairs is obtained to account their frequency of occurrence. Statistical weights are determined for each frequency of occurrence. Each vector of a statistical residual vector space (SRV) is decomposed through principal component decomposition. The vectors of the SRV are re-projected back to a new SRV with a new set of coordinates. A feature vector is generated and inputted into a predictor for outputting a likelihood of an interaction site.

Abstract: A method for predicting field specific crop yield recommendations is disclosed. A computer system receives data records, including remotely sensed spectral property of plant records and soil moisture records. The system aggregates the records to create geo-specific time series over a specified time. The system selects representative features from the geo-specific time series and creates, for each specific geographic area, a covariate matrix in computer memory comprising the representative features. The system assigns a probability value to a component group in a set of parameter component groups, where each component group includes one or more regression coefficients and an error term calculated from probability distributions.

Abstract: A method and a system for determining a cut line of an aligner are provided. The method comprises: obtaining 3D model data of a plurality of teeth and a gingiva of a subject; obtaining, using the 3D model data, for each one of the plurality of teeth, a respective one of a plurality of individual intersection loops; segmenting, based on a predetermined rule, each one of the plurality of individual intersection loops into at least a buccal portion and a lingual portion; sequentially joining respective buccal portions and respective lingual portions associated with each one of the plurality of individual intersection loops, thereby generating a single arch form loop; smoothing the single arch form loop, thereby generating a smoothed single arch form loop; and applying the smoothed single arch form loop to an unfinished aligner to indicate the cut line on the unfinished aligner for producing the aligner.

Abstract: A system, method and apparatus for executing a sequence analysis pipeline on genetic sequence data includes an integrated circuit formed of a set of hardwired digital logic circuits that are interconnected by physical electrical interconnects. One of the physical electrical interconnects forms an input to the integrated circuit connected with an electronic data source for receiving reads of genomic data. The hardwired digital logic circuits are arranged as a set of processing engines, each processing engine being formed of a subset of the hardwired digital logic circuits to perform one or more steps in the sequence analysis pipeline on the reads of genomic data. Each subset of the hardwired digital logic circuits is formed in a wired configuration to perform the one or more steps in the sequence analysis pipeline.

Abstract: A method of using an ankle exoskeleton device is provided herein. The method includes collecting one or more biomechanical data points from an individual. The method also includes developing individualized musculoskeletal simulations based on the one or more biomechanical data points. In addition, the method includes creating predictive simulations by modeling effects of an ankle exoskeleton device on the individualized musculoskeletal simulations. The method also includes utilizing established device-user relationships with real-time measurements to adjust device control. Lastly, the method includes optimizing design and control parameters of the exoskeleton device based on the predictive simulations and user responses.

Abstract: A method for planning an arthroplasty procedure on a patient bone. The method may include accessing generic bone data stored in a memory of a computer, using the computer to generate modified bone data by modifying the generic bone data according to medical imaging data of the patient bone, using the computer to derive a location of non-bone tissue data relative to the modified bone data, and superimposing implant data and the modified bone data in defining a resection of an arthroplasty target region of the patient bone.

Abstract: A method of generating a correction plan for correcting a deformed bone includes inputting to a computer system a first image of the deformed bone in a first plane and inputting to the computer system a second image of the deformed bone in a second plane. Image processing techniques are employed to identify a plurality of anatomical landmarks of the deformed bone in the first image. The first image of the deformed bone is displayed on a display device. A graphical of the deformed bone is autonomously generated and graphically overlaid on the first image of the deformed bone on the display device, the graphical template including a plurality of lines, each line connected at each end to a landmark point corresponding to one of the anatomical landmarks. A model of the deformed bone may be autonomously generated based on the graphical template.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus are provided for designing and evaluating intraocular lenses for a large field of view that generate a first eye model from data that includes constant and customized values, including customized values of a first intraocular lens. A simulated outcome is provided by the first intraocular lens in at least one modeled eye. A second eye model is generated wherein a second intraocular lens is substituted for the first intraocular lens. An outcome provided by the second intraocular lens is simulated in at least one modeled eye. Outcomes of the first and second intraocular lenses are compared.

Abstract: A process of simply, cheaply, and reproducibly creating complex tissue models using screen printing and the tissue model prepared using the screen printing process. These models are amenable to high throughput screening. They will allow the study of components of disease progression and can be used for screening therapies.

Abstract: A system and method for considering the effects of aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels for individuals is described. In at least one embodiment of the system of the present disclosure, the system comprises a computing device for generating a prediction of future blood glucose levels for the individual at least partly based on an exercise model, wherein the exercise model is based on parameters that are independent of intensity of the aerobic exercise, and a means for taking an action at least based on the prediction from the exercise model.