Abstract: Disclosed is a method for providing at least one rich interactive communication service on an electronic device including receiving, by the electronic device, a notification of at least one communication service from at least one server, identifying, by the electronic device, at least one unique identifier of the received at least one communication service based on the notification, determining, by the electronic device, that the identified unique identifier is authenticated, sending, by the electronic device, a request to at least one communication server based on the identified identifier, in response to determining that the identified unique identifier is authenticated, receiving, by the electronic device, at least one rich media for the received at least one communication service from the at least one communication server, responding to the request, and displaying, by the electronic device, the received at least one communication service with the least one rich media.

Abstract: A display device includes a display unit and a display controller. The display unit displays a screen including a displayed item. When the displayed item is moved toward a designated position on the screen, when designation of the moving is terminated in a state where the displayed item and the designated position are separated by a distance longer than a predetermined distance, the display controller continuously displays the screen until the displayed item and the designated position at a time of terminating the designation come within the predetermined distance, or displays a setting screen about setting based on an operation by an operator.

Abstract: A stream of tuples to be processed by processing elements that operate on one or more compute nodes of a stream application is monitored. Each processing element has one or more stream operators. A program request to execute a set of program code instructions is received. A stream application target of the set of program code instructions is identified based on the program request. A portion of the stream application is encapsulated with a generic program execution structure during operation of the stream application. The structure is configured to receive and execute program code instructions outside of a preconfigured operation of the stream application. The set of program code instructions is executed by the structure during operation of the stream application, at a time period of execution of the portion, in response to the program request, and based on the stream application target.

Abstract: An example method includes identifying a video content being presented to a first user on a first device, identifying a first augmentation media stream that corresponds to the video content, detecting a first time point in the video content that is currently being presented, identifying a first time point in the first augmentation media stream that corresponds to the first time point in the video content, and delivering the first augmentation media stream to a second device, wherein the delivering comprises providing instructions for time-synchronizing the first augmentation media stream with the video content so that the first time point of the video content and the first time point of the first augmentation media stream are presented to the first user at a same time, on the first device and the second device, respectively.

Abstract: A user interface for a television display includes a remote control with a touch pad. The remote control communicates wirelessly with a receiver. Periodic samples of touch positions are time stamped only when they are received at the receiver, and the time stamps are quantized to the interval of the periodic samples. The response of the user interface to gestures may be determined by a set of cascaded style sheets. Directional gestures may be used to skip forward or backward by a relative time during playback. During EPG scrolling, a position indicator may remain fixed in a horizontal direction until a time boundary of the EPG is reached, at which point the position indicator may move to the end of the time boundary. When scrolling programme items, an item may remain highlighted until it scrolls off the display, at which point the highlighting disappears until scrolling is complete. During scrolling, multiple directional gestures may be used to increase speed of scrolling.

Abstract: Video content is uploaded via the Internet to a video-on-demand (VOD) server identified by a title and a hierarchical address of categories and subcategories for categorizing the title. The VOD server converts and stores the video content at a storage address in a video content database linked to the title. The title is listed in a location of an electronic program guide (EPG) using the same categories and subcategories as in its hierarchical address. Any TV subscriber can access the EPG and navigate through its categories and subcategories to find a title for viewing on the TV. This can enable many new blogging or podcasting-like programs by popular “Hosts” to be self-published on the Internet and readily navigated for display on TV. The EPG can also store TV program addresses as bookmarks and allow them to be shared with other subscribers or with friends and contacts online by sending to their email addresses.

Abstract: A media sharing and communication system, including a recording mechanism that records a desired portion of media upon activation by a first individual user, a first user transmitter/receiver that transmits the portion of media and a message generated by the first individual user regarding the portion of media to a second individual user and is capable of transmitting a message to a second individual user, a confirmation mechanism that confirms that the second individual user is authorized to view the portion of media, a notification mechanism that notifies the first individual user if the second individual user is not authorized to receive the portion of media, a second user transmitter/receiver that receives the portion of media and voice message upon authorization of the second individual user, a search mechanism, and a video recording mechanism, an online betting module, and an online food ordering module.

Abstract: Systems and methods for, while a user is consuming a first media asset, generating for the user a recommendation of a second media asset based on a viewing history of the user. In some aspects, the systems and methods determine that a user is consuming only video of a first media asset, determine a first category for the first media asset, and retrieve a viewing history corresponding to the user. The viewing history comprises media assets consumed simultaneously with a media asset corresponding to the first category. The systems and methods select a second category corresponding to a highest number of media assets in the viewing history, select a second media asset based on the second category. Alternatively, the user can select the second media asset manually. The systems and methods generate for output the audio of the second media asset for simultaneous consumption with the video of the first media asset.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for receiving a request from a user to access a video that is scheduled for transmission, simultaneously to a plurality of users, beginning from a scheduled start time. The request is received after the scheduled start time the transmission is performed by a linear service to which the user subscribes. In response to receiving the request, the systems and methods may generate for display the video to the user, and may receive, during display of the video, a command from the user to start playback of the video over from the beginning. In response to receiving the command, the systems and methods may identify a non-linear service to which the user subscribes that offers a non-linear copy of the video, and may play back the non-linear copy of the video from the beginning.

Abstract: A media sharing and communication system, including a recording mechanism that records a desired portion of media upon activation by a first individual user, a first user transmitter/receiver that transmits the portion of media and a message generated by the first individual user regarding the portion of media to a second individual user and is capable of transmitting a message to a second individual user, a confirmation mechanism that confirms that the second individual user is authorized to view the portion of media, a notification mechanism that notifies the first individual user if the second individual user is not authorized to receive the portion of media, a second user transmitter/receiver that receives the portion of media and voice message upon authorization of the second individual user, a search mechanism, and a video recording mechanism, an online betting module, and an online food ordering module.

Abstract: A media sharing and communication system, including a recording mechanism that records a desired portion of media upon activation by a first individual user, a first user transmitter/receiver that transmits the portion of media and a message generated by the first individual user regarding the portion of media to a second individual user and is capable of transmitting a message to a second individual user, a confirmation mechanism that confirms that the second individual user is authorized to view the portion of media, a notification mechanism that notifies the first individual user if the second individual user is not authorized to receive the portion of media, a second user transmitter/receiver that receives the portion of media and voice message upon authorization of the second individual user, a search mechanism, and a video recording mechanism, an online betting module, and an online food ordering module.

Abstract: A method and system for streamlining a voting process performed by a web application is provided. As the web application may require that a voting action is effectuated after the user is registered to vote and also has supplied valid credentials, the web application is configured to receive credentials of the user stored by a second web application, e.g., a web-based social networking application. Subsequent to receiving the credentials of the user stored by the second web application, the web application processes the request to effectuate voting process by registering the user to vote and storing the vote information for the user.

Abstract: The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, a method that includes identifying metadata related to television programming. The method further includes sending search requests that include the identified metadata to a search system for selecting at least one portable program module. The method further includes in response to a first one of the search requests, receiving first search results from the search system that identify the selected portable program module and outputting a representation of the selected portable program module to a display device for presentation concurrently with the television programming. The method further includes in response to a second one of the search requests, receiving second search results from the search system that no longer identify the selected portable program module and ceasing the output of the representation of the selected portable program module.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, an image display device includes: a display; a memory storing one or more instructions; and a processor executing the one or more instructions stored in the memory, wherein the processor executes the one or more instructions: to determine whether it is a recommended time for outputting advertisement content, from a user's log data, based on a first trained model using one or more neural networks; to determine a recommended attribute of an advertisement display region from the user's log data, based on a second trained model using the one or more neural networks, when it is determined that it is the recommended time for outputting the advertisement content; and to adjust an attribute of the advertisement display region based on the determined recommended attribute and control the display to output the advertisement content in the attribute-adjusted advertisement display region.

Abstract: An Internet of Things (IoT) or vehicle dash cam may store both a high-resolution and low-resolution video stream on a device. The video streams are selectively accessible by remote devices. Because of the relatively smaller storage requirements of low-resolution video files, retaining of additional video data on the vehicle device (beyond what would be possible with only high-resolution video) is possible. The user may be provided an option to adjust the amount of low-resolution and high-resolution video to store on the device. A combined media file may be generated by a device to include time-synced high-resolution video, low-resolution video, and/or metadata for a particular time period.

Abstract: A display device is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of providing a notification to a client device is disclosed. The method includes, for example, obtaining data associated with the client device with respect to content provided by a plurality of content sources; creating a viewing preference profile for the client device based on the obtained data, the user preference profile indicating content preferred by the client device; detecting a triggering event concerning a digital content; and in response to the triggering event, determining whether to trigger a notification to the client device based on the viewing preference profile.

Abstract: A method for leveraging email to complete an online transaction from a third party vendor, the method comprising: storing customer information, the customer information including a customer name, customer email address, customer shipping address, and customer billing information. The method further comprises receiving an authorization request from an application programming interface associated with a third party vendor requesting access to a portion of the customer information and receiving confirmation from a customer to allow the third party vendor to access the portion of the customer information. The method further comprising transmitting an access code to the third party vendor and receiving a request message from the third party vendor, wherein the request message comprises the access code, and wherein the request message requests an authorization token. The method may further comprise confirming the received access code and transmitting an authorization token to the third party vendor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for navigating through activity information using a media guidance application are provided. An Internet appliance is integrated with a plurality of content sources accessible to user equipment. A simultaneous display of a first plurality of media asset listings, corresponding to a first plurality of media assets transmitted by each of the plurality of content sources during a first time interval that includes the present time, and information received from the Internet appliance is generated. In response to a user request to navigate to a second time interval that precedes the present time, a simultaneous display of a second plurality of media asset listings, corresponding to a second plurality of media assets that were transmitted by each of the plurality of content sources during the second time interval, and a timeline that includes indicators representing activity detected by the Internet appliance during the second time interval is generated.

Abstract: A graphical user interface (GUI) for an audio video display device (AVDD) such as a TV includes content panels which can be selected for searching for additional information related to the content underlying the content panels. A history of previous searches is maintained in memory “stacked” notionally to the left or right of the current display so that a viewer can easily review previous search results using a simple scroll command.

Abstract: A system for integrated consumer interaction via media broadcast, comprising an immediate communication system that communicated with a media provider and a communications system, wherein the consumer submits a request to a content provider for interaction that is then handled by the immediate communication to establish an interaction with a communication system, and a method for providing integrated consumer interaction.

Abstract: A processing device for generating a viewing data report is disclosed. The processing device may include a memory device and a processor. The memory device may store instructions. The processor may be operatively coupled to the memory device. The processor may execute the instructions to: determine first viewing data associated with a first ACR event; determine second viewing data associated with a second ACR event; determine that a data field of a plurality of data fields in the first viewing data is incomplete; derive new data for the data field using other data fields of the first viewing data; aggregate the first viewing data and the second viewing data into a single data model to obtain aggregated viewing data of viewing behavior of a first viewer and a second viewer; and create a viewing data report as a compilation of the aggregated viewing data.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method, an apparatus for previewing video, an electronic device, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: determining a first video corresponding to the first video cover fully displayed in a current screen when stop of a slide on the screen is detected; playing the first video on the current screen for user previewing; jumping to a subpage corresponding to the first video and playing the first video on the subpage when a click operation to the first video is detected. According to this disclosure, users can know the specific content of the video during the previewing process, so as to determine whether they are interested in the video. If they are not interested, the uses may skip it directly and continue watching the next video; else, the users may click the video to further watch the full video content, so that the users can intuitively filter the watching contents, thereby improving the user experience.

Abstract: Systems and methods for, while a user is consuming a first media asset, generating for the user a recommendation of a second media asset based on a viewing history of the user. In some aspects, the systems and methods determine that a user is consuming only video of a first media asset, determine a first category for the first media asset, and retrieve a viewing history corresponding to the user. The viewing history comprises media assets consumed simultaneously with a media asset corresponding to the first category. The systems and methods select a second category corresponding to a highest number of media assets in the viewing history, select a second media asset based on the second category. Alternatively, the user can select the second media asset manually. The systems and methods generate for output the audio of the second media asset for simultaneous consumption with the video of the first media asset.

Abstract: The present application provides a display method for live broadcast screen of live broadcast room, storage device and computer device. The method includes the steps of: displaying multiple live broadcast cards on a current interface; identifying a user's touch action, and determining an address and playback mode of an audio and video stream of a touched live broadcast card according to the touch action; when it is determined that the playback mode is a small window mode, acquiring an audio and video stream of a live broadcast screen of a live broadcast room corresponding to the live broadcast card according to the address of the audio and video stream and parsing the audio and video stream; and drawing a small window interface on the current interface, and using the small window interface to play the parsed audio and video stream of the live broadcast screen.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method, an apparatus for processing video, an electronic device, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: transmitting a request for acquiring a video to a server when current display information in a user interaction interface is preview information of the video, wherein, the request for acquiring the video comprises identification information of the video; receiving video information corresponding to the video pushed by the server based on the request for acquiring the video; and displaying the video information through a video preview window, wherein the video preview window is suspended above the user interaction interface.

Abstract: A first computing device may receive an indication of user input that is at least a part of a conversation between a user and a first assistant executing at the first computing device. The first assistant and/or an assistant executing at a digital assistant system may determine whether to handoff the conversation from the first assistant executing at the first computing device to a second assistant executing at a second computing device. In response to determining to handoff the conversation to the second assistant executing at the second computing device, the first assistant and/or the assistant executing at the digital assistant system may send to the second computing device a request to handoff the conversation which includes at least an indication of the conversation.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for determining reduction of interest in a content series and to increasing the interest upon such determination. This may be accomplished by a device monitoring consumption of a content series to determine a pattern of consumption. The device may identify a change in the pattern of consumption indicative of a reduction of interest and determine a reason for the reduction in interest. Based on the reason for the reduction of interest, the device may provide an operation, such as a spoiler, to increase interest in the content series.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for transmitting and/or receiving feedback. One apparatus (300) includes a transmitter (310) that transmits (802) multiple data blocks. The apparatus (300) includes a receiver (312) that receives (804) a feedback message in a time slot. The feedback message corresponds to the multiple data blocks. The feedback message includes one or more sequences that indicate feedback information, wherein the feedback information corresponds to the multiple data blocks.

Abstract: A system that distributes channels, to be viewed on consumer devices, receives a media feed and a first programming schedule of a first channel from a source device, and selects pre-encoded media assets for insertion in the media feed based on defined selection parameters. New channels are dynamically created based on the inserted selected pre-encoded media assets in the new channels and based on the defined selection parameters. The defined selection parameters correspond to user-preferences received from the plurality of consumer devices on which the first channel is viewed, and/or a received input that corresponds to user-selections on the consumer devices. The defined selection parameters may include audience-based parameters from an external data source. The first programming schedule is modified based on the differential insertion of the selected one or more pre-encoded media assets in different channels to generate a plurality of programming schedules for the plurality of new channels.

Abstract: The present application discloses a logo extraction device, and a brightness adjusting method and device for a logo. The logo extraction device includes an acquiring module, a gray-scale converting module, a weight processing module, and an extraction module. In the present application, by increasing a number of key frames in a process of logo extraction and using video frame weighting, the logo is extracted and thereby accuracy of logo extraction is improved.

Abstract: An application processing method is performed at a computing device, the method including: displaying a first page of a first child application managed by a parent application, the first page of the first child application including a child application jump portal; detecting a child application jump operation corresponding to the first page in response to a user selection of the child application jump portal; presenting, in the first page candidate child application identifiers according to the child application jump operation; determining a child application identifier that is selected from the presented child application identifiers through a user selection operation; and generating, by using a second child application corresponding to the user-selected child application identifier, a second page that is displayed by covering the first page already displayed and that belongs to the second child application.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product for segmenting videos. The system includes at least one processing component, at least one memory component, a video, an extraction component, and a graphing component. The extraction component is configured to extract image and text data from the video, identify entities in the image data, assign at least one entity relation to the entities in the image data, identifying entities in the text data, and assign at least one entity relation to the entities in the text data. The graphing component is configured to generate an image knowledge graph for the entity relations assigned to the entities in the image data, generate a text knowledge graph for the entity relations assigned to the at least two entities in the text data, and generate a weighted knowledge graph based on the image and text knowledge graphs.

Abstract: A system that distributes channels, to be viewed on consumer devices, receives a media feed and a first programming schedule of a first channel from a source device, and selects pre-encoded media assets for insertion in the media feed based on defined selection parameters. New channels are dynamically created based on the inserted selected pre-encoded media assets in the new channels and based on the defined selection parameters. The defined selection parameters correspond to user-preferences received from the plurality of consumer devices on which the first channel is viewed, and/or a received input that corresponds to user-selections on the consumer devices. The defined selection parameters may include audience-based parameters from an external data source. The first programming schedule is modified based on the differential insertion of the selected one or more pre-encoded media assets in different channels to generate a plurality of programming schedules for the plurality of new channels.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an electronic device presents representations of items of content available for playback on the electronic device. The representations are optionally presented in a horizontally-scrollable row. In response to a user input to horizontally scroll the row of representations, in some embodiments, the electronic device presents an animation of moving a cropping frame/border between respective representations to scroll the presented representations. In some embodiments, an electronic device presents representations of auxiliary content related to an item of content in a product page user interface of the item of content. In some embodiments, an electronic device presents representations of items of content in accordance with content consumption history of the user account. In some embodiments, an electronic device presents representations of bonus content items associated with a series of episodic content.

Abstract: Systems and methods for enabling the download of a set of media files with a specific order and specific contents and, more particularly, to enabling a download manager to automatically receive the information it requires to retrieve those elements required to replicate a streaming edit through local playback after the downloads complete.

Abstract: A system that distributes channels, to be viewed on consumer devices, receives a media feed and a first programming schedule of a first channel from a source device, and selects pre-encoded media assets for insertion in the media feed based on defined selection parameters. New channels are dynamically created based on the inserted selected pre-encoded media assets in the new channels and based on the defined selection parameters. The defined selection parameters correspond to user-preferences received from the plurality of consumer devices on which the first channel is viewed, and/or a received input that corresponds to user-selections on the consumer devices. The defined selection parameters may include audience-based parameters from an external data source. The first programming schedule is modified based on the differential insertion of the selected one or more pre-encoded media assets in different channels to generate a plurality of programming schedules for the plurality of new channels.

Abstract: A tool (systems, apparatus, methodology, application, user interface, etc.) for accessing content, such as webpages hosted over a network such as the internet, and more particularly, a tool for accessing the content of a webpage and further displaying a grid view superimposed over the content of the webpage.

Abstract: System, device, and method for determining predicted annoyance level of multimedia content. A Predicted Annoyance Level (PAL) management unit processes content of frames of an endless-loop cinemagraph content-item, and determines a PAL score that indicates a predicted level of annoyance that the content-item is predicted to cause viewers due to motion of content in its content-item. The determining of the PAL score is based on comparison of content of pairs of frames of the endless-loop cinemagraph content-item; content of each frame of is compared to content of its immediately preceding frame, except for the first frame of the endless-loop cinemagraph content item which is compared to the last frame thereof. The PAL score is adjusted based on time-length and frame rate of the content item. Analysis of the PAL score triggers one or more notifications, alerts, or mitigation operations.

Abstract: A digital television includes a memory storing one or more applications; an interface to receive control signals; a display; and a controller to display an application execution screen of an application among the one or more applications, in response to receiving, via the interface, a first control signal, display a first menu including one or more icons related to the first control signal, in response to receiving, via the interface, a second control signal selecting an adding menu icon in the first menu, and receiving a third control signal selecting an icon included in the one or more icons in the first menu, display the selected icon and a left direction key and a right direction key around the selected icon with a second menu, and in response to receiving, via the interface, a fourth control signal, add the selected icon to the second menu.

Abstract: Methods and systems for facilitating discovery of fresh content in a grid guide are described herein. The system generates for display a grid guide with a first set of content identifiers populating the grid guide. The system receives an input to shift the grid guide and, in response, identifies a second set of content identifiers that would populate the grid guide following the shift. The system determines duplicative content identifiers between the first and second sets of content identifiers. The system then removes the duplicative content identifiers or highlights the non-duplicative content identifiers in order to emphasize fresh content in the grid guide. The system may additionally add identifiers to the content identifiers to indicate recorded or previously watched content and may collapse the grid guide if there are blank rows or columns. These methods and systems provide the user with easier access to fresh content in the grid guide.

Abstract: Methods and systems for video segmentation and scene recognition are described. A video having a plurality of frames and a subtitle file associated with the video are received. Segmentation is performed on the video to generate a first set video frames comprising one or more video frames based on a frame-by-frame comparison of features in the frames of the video. Each video frame in the first includes a frame indicator which indicates at least a first start frame of the video frame. The subtitle file associated with the video is parsed to generate one or more subtitle segments based on a start and an end time of each dialogue in the subtitle file. A second set of video frames comprising one or more second video frames are generated based on the video frames of the first set of video frames and the e or more subtitle segments.

Abstract: A lyrics analyzer generates tags and explicitness indicators for a set of tracks. These tags may indicate the genre, mood, occasion, or other features of each track. The lyrics analyzer does so by generating an n-dimensional vector relating to a set of topics extracted from the lyrics and then using those vectors to train a classifier to determine whether each tag applies to each track. The lyrics analyzer may also generate playlists for a user based on a single seed song by comparing the lyrics vector or the lyrics and acoustics vectors of the seed song to other songs to select songs that closely match the seed song. Such a playlist generator may also take into account the tags generated for each track.

Abstract: A digital television includes a memory storing one or more applications; an interface to receive control signals; a display; and a controller to display an application execution screen of an application among the one or more applications, in response to receiving, via the interface, a first control signal, display a first menu including one or more icons related to the first control signal, in response to receiving, via the interface, a second control signal selecting an adding menu icon in the first menu, and receiving a third control signal selecting an icon included in the one or more icons in the first menu, display the selected icon and a left direction key and a right direction key around the selected icon with a second menu, and in response to receiving, via the interface, a fourth control signal, add the selected icon to the second menu.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved method, system, and computer program product for performing trend analysis of themes from social media data. Semantic analysis is performed on content that appear on social media sites. The results of the semantic analysis can be used to identify themes within the social media data over a period of time. Trend analysis is performed over the identified themes. An enterprise or business can more effectively market to the consumers based upon this knowledge of the consumers' interests.

Abstract: A television program switching method includes that a program selection instruction entered by a user is received when an electronic program guide (EPG) screen is displayed on a mobile terminal, where the program selection instruction includes a program identifier, and where the EPG screen includes at least two program identifiers and first program information corresponding to each program identifier. The EPG is searched for program frequency information corresponding to the program identifier according to the program identifier, and the program frequency information is sent to a to-be-controlled television.

Abstract: The invention is: A method for decoding a service guide associated with a video bitstream comprising: (a) receiving a content fragment within the service guide, (b) receiving a name element within the content fragment, (c) receiving a description element within the content fragment and (d) decoding the service guide.

Abstract: The content items presented to a user account as part of a media station can be recorded in a content history index, which can be requested and presented to the user account. The content history can enable a user to revisit the content items included in the content history and/or provide feedback regarding the content items. The version of the content item returned to the user can be based on the client device used to request the content item. For example, a user that was presented a content item on their mobile device, can later request to revisit the content item on their PC and receive a version of the content item best suited for presentation by the PC, rather than the version presented on the mobile device.

Abstract: A processing device for generating a viewing data report is disclosed. The processing device may include a memory device and a processor. The memory device may store instructions. The processor may be operatively coupled to the memory device. The processor may execute the instructions to: determine first viewing data associated with a first ACR event; determine second viewing data associated with a second ACR event; determine that a data field of a plurality of data fields in the first viewing data is incomplete; derive new data for the data field using other data fields of the first viewing data; aggregate the first viewing data and the second viewing data into a single data model to obtain aggregated viewing data of viewing behavior of a first viewer and a second viewer; and create a viewing data report as a compilation of the aggregated viewing data.

Abstract: In one aspect, an example method includes (i) providing, by a playback device, replacement media content for display; (ii) determining, by the playback device, that a remote control transmitted to the playback device an instruction configured to cause a modification to operation of the playback device while the playback device displays the replacement media content; (iii) determining, by the playback device based on the instruction, an overlay that the playback device is configured to provide for display in conjunction with the modification; (iv) determining, by the playback device, a region within a display of the playback device corresponding to the overlay; and (v) modifying, by the playback device, a transparency of the region such that the overlay is visible through the replacement media content when the playback device provides the overlay for display.