Abstract: An amplitude expected value data generator generates amplitude expected value data that represents, in increments of sampling points, which of multiple amplitude segments the amplitude of a modulated signal waveform that corresponds to the expected value of data to be output from a device under test belongs to. A demodulator performs sampling of the signal waveform to be tested received from the device under test, and generates judgment data that represents, in increments of sampling points, which of the multiple amplitude segments the amplitude of the signal waveform belongs to. A judgment unit makes a comparison between the amplitude expected value data and the judgment data in increments of sampling points.

Abstract: An oscillograph can identify signals of a serial data bus. The signal identifying method triggers communication channels of the oscillograph, measures a rise time and a fall time for each captured signal, and sets a sender terminal (ST) and a receiver terminal (RT) for each of the captured signals according to the measured results. The signal identifying method determines the ST and RT for each of the captured signals after the oscillograph is triggered. If the determined ST of each of the acquired signals is identical to the set ST and the determined RT of the each of the acquired signals is identical with the set RT, the signal identifying process is completed and a report is generated to record the signal identifying result.

Abstract: Embodiments for monitoring one or more utilities consumed within a monitored area including detecting an amount of a first utility consumed by a load associated with a device and an amount of a second utility consumed by a load associated with the device. The identity of the device is determined based on the amount of the first and second utility consumed. A utility monitoring method is disclosed that includes measuring an amount of a utility consumed by a first device at a first time and an amount of a utility consumed by a second device at a second time. The identity of the first device is determined based on the measured consumption of the first and second devices at the first and second time. In certain implementations, the electricity meter uses an effective variance analysis of the conductance waveform on an electrical circuit to identify specific appliances.

Abstract: A system comprising user interface software configured to provide a plurality of spectral data display and manipulation options on a display displaying spectral data, a user interface processor configured to display a pictorial representation of the spectral data display and manipulation options, and a user interface instruction engine configured to provide a plurality of data display and manipulation instructions to the user interface processor to provide display and manipulation of the displayed spectral data. The plurality of data display and manipulation instructions are received from a control device connected to a computing system and the manipulation of the displayed spectral data is based on a user response to the displayed spectral data manipulation options or a pre-determined selection of the displayed spectral data display manipulation options.

Abstract: At least one embodiment is directed to a sensor for measuring a parameter. A signal path of the system comprises an amplifier (612), a sensor element, and an amplifier (620). The sensor element comprises a transducer (4) at a first location of a waveguide (5), and a reflective surface (30) at a second location of the waveguide (5). A parameter such as force or pressure applied to the sensor element can change the length of waveguide (5). A pulsed energy wave is emitted by the transducer (4) into the waveguide (5) at the first location. The transducer (4) is responsive to pulsed energy waves reflected from reflective surface (30) to the second location. The transit time of each pulsed energy wave is measured. The transit time corresponds to the pressure or force applied to the sensor element.

Abstract: A sinusoidal modulated signal and noise are applied to a system consisting of two oscillators of the so-called General Type, which can be, but are not limited to, the Van der Pol type, Rotator type, Tracking Force type, Linear type, or any other type of oscillator. The two oscillators in the system can also be of different types. The General Type oscillators are tuned for specific frequencies of the incoming sinusoidal modulated signal. The process of adjusting of oscillators to an incoming signal is known as Dynamic Synchronization. During the transitional period, because the noise is random, the noise pushes the frequencies of the General Type oscillators in opposite directions over time and thus self-eliminates its impact on such oscillators. The resulting signal is much less noisy, i.e., clarified, so that the sinusoidal modulated signal can be further evaluated by, for example, extracting and further analyzing its spectral peaks.

Abstract: According to the present invention, the CT is carried out based on parameters other than the absorption rate. An electromagnetic wave measurement device includes an electromagnetic wave output device 2 which outputs an electromagnetic wave at a frequency equal to or more than 0.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring electrical signals measures an electromagnetic wave having an interference component at a center frequency and at multiple times to obtain data points. The positions of the data points on a complex plane are calculated. Chords of a circle on the complex plane, wherein the chords passing between pairs of the data points, and the circle fit to the data points are calculated. The chords are used to determine an approximate center of the circle wherein the position of the approximate center of the circle on the complex plane represents the electromagnetic wave with the interference component removed. An indication of the measured electromagnetic wave having the interference component removed is output from the apparatus.

Abstract: A trigger generator and trigger method are provided for determining whether or not a signal under test matches a modulation signature. The modulation signature may be provided as a magnitude signature, a phase signature or both. When the magnitude values, phase values, or both of a signal under test are the same as their respective modulation signature, an error computation will be close to zero. If this value is within a threshold value, a trigger signal or other indication of a match is produced.

Abstract: A control system to measure a sinusoidal AC voltage in a heating, ventilation includes a controller and a circuit connected to the controller. The circuit generates a pulse voltage based upon the AC voltage. The pulse voltage has a pulse duration. The controller measures a measured pulse duration based on the pulse duration and determines the AC voltage based upon the measured pulse duration.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a spectral map for performing nonlinear calibration of a signal path is developed by 1) identifying a set of frequency locations for a set of particular output signal spurs that result from applying one-tone and two-tone input signals covering a bandwidth of interest to the signal path; 2) developing, based on the set of frequency locations, a spectral map for predistorting, in the frequency domain, signals that are applied to, or received from, the signal path in the time domain; and 3) saving the spectral map for performing nonlinear calibration of the signal path.

Abstract: A method for characterizing the effect of each step attenuator state, on phase and amplitude, which may include in an exemplary embodiment: activating each step attenuator state as the sole contributor to attenuation, and measuring at least one of a step attenuator amplitude contribution (SAAC) and/or a step attenuator phase contribution (SAPC).

Abstract: Subsystems and methods for use in patch clamp systems are provided. For example, in certain embodiments, compensation circuitry is used to compensate for non-idealities present in the patch clamp system. The accuracy of this compensation may be verified by employing, for example, circuitry that models the patch clamp system.

Abstract: A method of attenuating spikes in a complex signal comprises examining the complex signal to detect spikes therein and for each detected spike, generating an estimate inverse signal and applying the estimate inverse signal to the complex signal to attenuate the spike associated with the estimate inverse signal.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a sensor, a power supply and a measurer. The sensor is placed over the electronic component. The power supply can supply electric power to the printed circuit; thereby the printed circuit is powered on. The measurer can measure a sensing signal through the sensor when the printed circuit is powered on.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining AC voltage waveform anomalies. The apparatus comprises a threshold generator for generating at least one time-variant threshold based on information regarding an AC voltage waveform. The apparatus further comprises a threshold detector for comparing a sample of the AC voltage waveform to the at least one time-variant threshold to identify an AC voltage waveform anomaly.

Abstract: A method for performance measurement and optimization of sound systems using electroacoustic measurements and a sliding band integration curve. Nearfield and spatially and temporally averaged broadband farfield responses are measured, averaged over a distinct set of frequencies, level matched, and weighted using a frequency-dependent ratio. The two curves are then combined to produce a third curve. The results indicate system performance in a listening space that matches human sensory response and provides means to optimize the sound system for the listening space.

Abstract: A pulse width measurement circuit 100 generates a time difference signal S2 that corresponds to the pulse width TH of the input pulse signal PULSE. A delay circuit 12 delays the input pulse signal PULSE by a predetermined amount ?d, and outputs a start signal SSTART. An inverter 10 inverts the input pulse signal PULSE, and outputs a stop signal SSTOP. A time measurement circuit 14 measures the time difference ? between a positive edge in the start signal SSTART and a positive edge in the stop signal SSTOP, and outputs a time difference signal S2 that corresponds to the time difference.

Abstract: The instantaneous value of an intermediate waveform I is the instantaneous value of a unipolar waveform U multiplied through amplification by an upscaling factor UF of 1.5. A plateau value P is subtracted from the intermediate value I, and the result of this subtraction is multiplied by a multiplication factor MF of 0.6. The result of the multiplication is added to the plateau value P, which sum becomes an auxiliary waveform A. During the ‘fall-below’ periods F, the value of a combined waveform C is arranged to follow whichever is the highest of the auxiliary value A and the plateau value P. Outside the fall-below periods, the value of the combined waveform C follows whichever is the highest of the unipolar value U and the plateau value P. This combined waveform C has, for a given plateau level P, a narrower fall-below window. Phase-chopping thus has an effect on the power of the output signal over a greater range of the cycle than can be provided by the corresponding prior art arrangement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for detecting a fault condition on a power system. By rectifying power system phase voltages to produce a rectified waveform, and filtering the rectified waveform or a representation of the rectified waveform through a finite gain synchronous band pass filter to generate a synchronous band pass filter output waveform that indicates the magnitude of a predefined harmonic frequency component, a fault condition on a power system can be identified.

Abstract: There is provided a waveform observing apparatus with a reduced depth in such a manner that the waveform observing apparatus is one including a terminal board, connecting wiring extending from external equipment, a memory for receiving measured data through the terminal board, to store the measured data, and a display for displaying the measured data in waveform, the apparatus including: a first intra-body substrate, installed in an erect state inside a body frame of the waveform observing apparatus; a plurality of first connectors, provided on the first intra-body substrate; and a measurement module, which is connector-connected to the first connector of the first intra-body substrate, to be installed between the first intra-body substrate and the terminal board, and also includes a measurement circuit, wherein a plurality of measurement modules are detachable in an aligned state with respect to the erect first intra-body substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the duty cycle of a clock signal, the apparatus having a first multi-tap delay module, a second multi-tap delay module, and a multi-element detecting module, the input terminal of the first multi-tap delay module and the input terminal of the second multi-tap delay module coupled to an input node IN, the first multi-tap delay module receiving the clock signal and then providing it a first constant incremental delay at each tap, the second multi-tap delay module receiving the same clock signal CLK and then providing it a second constant incremental delay at each tap, and the multi-element detecting module determining the ratio of the number of outputs of the multi-element detecting module in which the sampled clock level is high with respect to the total number of steps covering one complete clock cycle.

Abstract: An analysis circuit for analysing the RF response of an RF circuit, comprises a voltage controlled oscillator (12), wherein a signal derived from voltage controlled oscillator output is applied as input to the RF circuit (10). A first mixer (18) mixes the RF circuit output with a first mixer signal derived from the voltage controlled oscillator and a second mixer (20) mixes the RF circuit unit output with a second mixer signal derived from the voltage controlled oscillator, the first and second mixer signals being 90 degrees out of phase. The mixer output signals are processed to provide the analysis. This analysis circuit uses mixers to enable baseband digital signal processing of signals to enable a frequency response characteristic of the RF circuit to be obtained. The analysis circuit essentially operates in the manner of an IF demodulator circuit.

Abstract: Provided is a digital modulator, including a carrier wave output section that outputs a carrier wave, a variable delay section that delays the carrier wave, and a delay amount setting section that sets a delay amount by which the variable delay section delays the carrier wave based on transmission data being transmitted by the carrier wave. The variable delay section may include a multi-stage delay buffer circuit in which delay buffers that delay an input signal by a unit shift amount are connected in a cascade connection, the multi-stage delay buffer circuit may receive the carrier wave at a first-stage delay buffer as input, and the delay amount setting section may include a multiplexer that selects either an output from the carrier wave output section or an output from each stage of the multi-stage delay buffer circuit.

Abstract: A testing method or apparatus utilizes multiple frequencies applied to a device under test for measuring newly discovered frequency modulation effects. An embodiment may include a lower frequency signal with a smaller amplitude higher frequency signal to test a dynamic change in frequency response, gain, and or phase. This dynamic test can reveal frequency modulation effects. Another embodiment may include the use of a multiple frequency signal to dynamically induce a time varying phase or frequency distortion for the device that has differential phase distortion. The device's output is then measured with an FM detector to measure a shift in one of the frequencies used in the test signal or to measure frequency modulation effects of any signals, including distortion products, from the device.

Abstract: Provided is a test apparatus for testing the jitter tolerance of a device under test which receives a data signal and a strobe signal indicating the timing at which the data signal should be received, and acquires the data signal at the timing indicated by the strobe signal, including a signal generating section which generates the data signal and the strobe signal to be supplied to the device under test, a jitter applying section which applies a combinational jitter obtained by combining a data jitter which should be tolerated for the data signal and a strobe jitter which should be tolerated for the strobe signal to the data signal or the strobe signal, and a signal supplying section which supplies the data signal and the strobe signal, to one of which the combinational jitter has been applied, to the device under test.

Abstract: A method for calculating a voltage spike value includes: predefining calculating requirements; inputting parameter values; analyzing whether inputted parameter values match with the calculating requirements; establishing a computing formula for calculating the voltage spike value if the inputted parameter values match with the calculating requirements; and calculating the voltage spike value by utilizing the inputted parameter values and the computing formula. A related system is also disclosed.

Abstract: Various methods are described to characterize interferometric modulators or similar devices. Measured voltages across interferometric modulators may be used to characterize transition voltages of the interferometric modulators. Measured currents may be analyzed by integration of measured current to provide an indication of a dynamic response of the interferometric modulator. Frequency analysis may be used to provide an indication of a hysteresis window of the interferometric modulator or mechanical properties of the interferometric modulator. Capacitance may be determined through signal correlation, and spread-spectrum analysis may be used to minimize the effect of noise or interference on measurements of various interferometric modulator parameters.

Abstract: A measurement and correction method provides for a complete full correction of a true-mode system using only the single ended error matrix developed for 4 port correction of single ended measurements. The degree of misalignment of the balanced sources may be determined from these measurements.

Abstract: A device for taking ultra-high frequency hydrometric measurements by generating sine wave trains of incident wave(s) at frequencies assuming several values in arithmetic progression between a few MHz and a few GHz, and has at least one ultra-high frequency cable. The cable includes at least two measuring stations (4) spaced along the cable a predetermined distance apart, each measuring station (4) having a measuring cell (14) and a separator device capable of only sampling a portion of the incident wave(s) with sufficient energy for each measuring cell to send back an echo measurable by electronic read-out device so that the sampling of the incident wave(s) by each measuring station occurs essentially simultaneously. Each measuring cell (14) consists of an ultra-high frequency line portion with its distal end terminated by a short circuit and with the line portion having a circumferential external wall which is either porous or provided with ports.

Abstract: A vector network analysis system and a method of measuring use offset stimulus signals to stimulate a balanced device under test (DUT) to determine performance parameters. The system includes an offset stimulus source that provides a plurality of stimulus signals and a vector network analyzer. At least one stimulus signal is offset from another stimulus signal of the plurality in one or both of frequency and time-varying phase. The offset stimulus source includes a first signal source and a second signal source that respectively provides the offset stimulus signals. The method of measuring includes generating the offset stimulus signals and applying the offset stimulus signals to a balanced port of the DUT to stimulate the DUT. The performance parameters are determined from measurements of the offset stimulus signals and one or more response signals from the stimulated DUT.

Abstract: A system for determining insertion loss of a telephone line under test (LUT) is responsive to electrical stimulation of an input of the LUT at each frequency of a first plurality of discrete frequencies for determining values of at least two of Rs, Cs, Rp and Cp at each frequency, wherein Rs and Cs represent an equivalent series RC input impedance of the LUT and Rp and Cp represent an equivalent parallel RC input impedance of the LUT. The system determines an insertion loss value of the LUT as a function of a value of one of Rs, Cs, Rp and Cp determined at one frequency of the first plurality of frequencies and a value of another one of Rs, Cs, Rp and Cp at another frequency of the first plurality of frequencies.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention is directed to a pulse measuring system that measures a characteristic of an input pulse under test, particularly the pulse shape of a single-shot, nano-second duration, high shape-contrast optical or electrical pulse. An exemplary system includes a multi-stage, passive pulse replicator, wherein each successive stage introduces a fixed time delay to the input pulse under test, a repetitively-gated electronic sampling apparatus that acquires the pulse train including an entire waveform of each replica pulse, a processor that temporally aligns the replicated pulses, and an averager that temporally averages the replicated pulses to generate the pulse shape of the pulse under test. An embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for measuring an optical or an electrical pulse shape. The method includes the steps of passively replicating the pulse under test with a known time delay, temporally stacking the pulses, and temporally averaging the stacked pulses.

Abstract: A current transformer detects a sine-wave alternating current having a maximum effective current value Imax(Arms) and a frequency f(Hz) and a half-sine-wave rectified current having a maximum peak value Ipeak(Aop) and a frequency f(Hz) in a primary winding, consisting of at least one magnetic core with one turn of primary winding and at least one multiple turns of secondary winding to which a detecting resistor is connected.

Abstract: A calibration apparatus for a quadrature modulation system with a quadrature modulation compensator and a logarithmic envelop detector, wherein a parameter update of the quadrature modulation compensator is derived by utilizing a transformed offset value and a transformed gain value of the logarithmic envelop detector as intermediate parameters, and the transformed offset and the transformed gain parameters are used in a training sequence of the quadrature modulation compensator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a signal recognition method provided that the signal is limited in time and is periodic, comprising obtaining the envelope, taking samples of the instantaneous value of its amplitude which, by means of several time parameters and their comparison with different reference matrixes, allows identifying the belonging thereof to one of said matrixes by means of the use of a low-cost microcontroller, given that the required computational power is to perform basic computation operations incorporated in the simplest microcontrollers.

Abstract: A frequency characteristic measuring circuit is disclosed, which includes a first diode element having differential input nodes and differential output nodes, thermally coupled to a resistance element of a differential amplifying circuit having the resistance element connected between the differential output nodes, and driven by a first constant current source, a second diode element for reference driven by a second constant current source, and a detection circuit which detects a potential difference between forward voltages of the first and second diode elements to output a signal in accordance with the detected potential difference.

Abstract: A method for analyzing the filling of a cigarette by using a sinusoidal mathematical model representing the density of tobacco along the longitudinal axis of the cigarette and by conducting experimental measurements of density and of moisture at a plurality of points along this longitudinal axis, calculating a regression determination coefficient from the measured values, calculating the position of the strengthened tip from the phase ? and the parameters of the model and from experimentally determined constants, calculating the shift of the strengthened tip relatively to the cut and calculating the strengthening index from the values of these constants.

Abstract: A radio-frequency (RF) measurement system for measuring a reflection coefficient an RF device under test (DUT) incorporates a reflection mode electro-absorption modulator (REAM) assembly coupled to the RF DUT. Also included in the measurement system, is a first optical fiber coupled to the REAM assembly, the first optical fiber configured to propagate a first optical signal into the REAM assembly and propagate a first reflected optical signal out of the REAM assembly. Furthermore, a second optical fiber is also coupled to the REAM assembly, the second optical fiber configured to propagate a second optical signal into the REAM assembly and propagate a second reflected optical signal out of the REAM assembly.

Abstract: A waveform measuring apparatus includes: a digital filter for removing a large-amplitude changing component from an input signal and for outputting a resultant output signal with a small-amplitude noise component left therein; a window generating section for receiving a differential signal between this input signal and the resultant output signal of the digital filter and for generating a window indicating a position of an edge portion of the differential signal; and a ringing measurement section for extracting, from the resultant output signal of the digital filter, a portion of waveform which is indicated by the window generated by the window generating section and for measuring at least a peak-to-peak amplitude of the portion of waveform.

Abstract: A device and a method for analyzing sound based on a biomorphic design are disclosed. The device comprises a plurality of amplification/filtering stages (S1, . . . , Sn) connected in a series configuration. Each amplification/filtering stage comprises at least one nonlinear amplification module (100a, . . . , 100c), preferably a Hopf amplifier, and at least one filter module (20Oa? . . . , 200c; 200a?, . . . 200c?) providing high-frequency attenuation.

Abstract: A waveform measuring apparatus includes: a digital filter for removing a large-amplitude changing component from an input signal and for outputting a resultant output signal with a small-amplitude noise component left therein; a window generating section for receiving a differential signal between this input signal and the resultant output signal of the digital filter and for generating a window indicating a position of an edge portion of the differential signal; and a ringing measurement section for extracting, from the resultant output signal of the digital filter, a portion of waveform which is indicated by the window generated by the window generating section and for measuring at least a peak-to-peak amplitude of the portion of waveform.

Abstract: A method of estimating an electrical characteristic of an electrical signal involves allocating a plurality of measurements amongst numerically sequential primary partitions. Each measurement is associated with a characteristic of an electrical signal. Each primary partition has a respective primary numerical range, and the value of each measurement is numerically within one of the primary numerical ranges. The measurements associated with one of the primary partitions are then allocated amongst numerically sequential secondary partitions. One of the measurements that is associated with the one primary partition has a desired rank. The secondary partitions are disposed numerically within the primary numerical range of the one primary partition. Each secondary partition has a respective secondary numerical range, and the value of each measurement that is associated with each secondary partition is within one of the secondary numerical ranges.

Abstract: A sinusoidal modulated signal and noise are applied to a system consisting of two oscillators of the so-called General Type, which can be, but are not limited to, the Van der Pol type, Rotator type, Tracking Force type, Linear type, or any other type of oscillator. The two oscillators in the system can also be of different types. The General Type oscillators are tuned for specific frequencies of the incoming sinusoidal modulated signal. The process of adjusting of oscillators to an incoming signal is known as Dynamic Synchronization. During the transitional period, because the noise is random, the noise pushes the frequencies of the General Type oscillators in opposite directions over time and thus self-eliminates its impact on such oscillators. The resulting signal is much less noisy, i.e., rectified, so that the sinusoidal modulated signal can be further evaluated by, for example, extracting and further analyzing its spectral peaks.

Abstract: A method for rapidly extracting data file samples with an a signal monitor and an automatically adjusted decimation ratio is provided to solve the long-standing problems caused by large data files and small buffers by reducing a large data segment to a smaller, more manageable size automatically so that a lower resolution version of the data segment will be loaded into a fixed-size small buffer in the computer's working space buffer for further data editing. In accordance with the methods of this invention, the segment size will vary during the operation of a means for zooming-in and the decimation ratio is updated and adjusted automatically based on the variation of segment size. The present invention insures that the best resolution of the data segment will be achieved when fitting the varying large size data segment into the fixed small size buffer.

Abstract: A method for operating a measuring device, in particular, a vectorial network analyzer, which can be connected via at least two ports to a device under test, with excitation units assigned to each port, wherein each excitation unit provides a signal generator, with which the assigned port can be supplied with an excitation signal, provides the following procedural stages: a measurement at measuring positions of the actual phase offset between the excitation signals output at the ports; and a variation of the frequency of at least one of the two signal generators during a correction interval so that a specified set phase offset is achieved at reference positions between the excitation signals output at the ports.

Abstract: A method for estimating a DC offset in a received signal, the method comprising: detecting a plurality of zero crossings of the signal (220); determining a variable time window (235) based upon a predetermined number of said detected zero crossings (230); estimating the DC offset (240) of the signal in the variable time window from at least one minimum amplitude and at least one maximum amplitude of the signal (215) in the variable time window.

Abstract: A system and method to evaluate characteristics of transient events in an electrical power system to determine the location of a transient source type, the source type of a transient event, and suggested mitigation measures that might reduce or eliminate the effects of the transient. The electrical power system has a plurality of monitoring devices that each may detect the occurrence of a transient event incident upon the power system. A controller is coupled to the monitoring devices. The monitoring devices measure signal parameter values associated with the transient event, and the location of the transient event is automatically determined by evaluating transient characteristics from each of the recording monitoring devices. Other measurements of signal parameters may be made to determine transient characteristics.

Abstract: A detector comprises an analog-to-digital converter. The analog-to-digital converter comprises an input for an analog receive signal and an output for a digital signal. The detector further comprises an edge detector. The edge detector comprises an input for a digital signal and an interface for an edge detection information. The edge detection information indicates the presence of an edge, if the digital signal indicates a change which is larger than or equal to a change threshold value.

Abstract: A logic analyzer that performs analog-type measurements on digital data includes circuitry in its acquisition system that is programmable to search through acquired data to detect analog-type signal characteristics. In a first embodiment, the logic analyzer includes a graphical user interface employing a drag-and-drop operation to apply one or more selected analog-type measurements to selected portions of the digital data record. In a second embodiment, a user may designate a particular waveform or data listing by means of a mouse-click. Each of the choices of analog-type measurements can be represented by an icon, or text, or both icon and text.