Abstract: A pulse width modulator for use in a digital amplifier, includes a pop noise reducer for reducing pop noise by controlling a width and a phase of a pulse of a PWM signal output from the pulse width modulator, wherein the pop noise reducer contains: a PWM pulse register for storing a width and a phase values of a pulse of the PWM signal; and a pulse generator for outputting the PWM signal according to the values stored in the PWM pulse register. The pulse width modulator reduces pop noise generated when power supply to a digital amplifier is started and interrupted.

Abstract: A transmitting station performs closed loop power control prior to a transmission pause. A closed loop transmission power level prior to the pause is determined. A reference signal is received and a received power level of the reference signal prior to and during the transmission pause is determined. The measured reference signal received power levels are compared to a transmit power level of the reference signals to produce a pathloss estimate of the reference signal prior to and during the transmission pause. A new transmit power level is determined by adjusting the closed loop transmission power level by a change between the prior to and during pathloss estimates. A transmission power level of the transmitting station is set to the determined new transmit power level. A communication is transmitted at the set transmission power level.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method and apparatus for automatic frequency correction of a local oscillator. The apparatus receives a carrier signal. The carrier signal includes a code sequence known to the apparatus. The apparatus downconverts the carrier signal to a baseband signal using the local oscillator. The apparatus performs a block correlation of the samples of the baseband signal with the known code sequence to generate a frequency error signal. The frequency error signal is fed back to the local oscillator to correct the frequency error.

Abstract: A data packet is provided for transmission having a first processing gain for reception at a first power level or higher. The data packet is modified prior to transmission such that the data packet has a preamble wherein data in the preamble has a second processing gain higher than the first processing gain for reception at a second power level lower than the first power level or higher. The user equipment unit transmits the modified data packet over the random access channel at a power level such that the modified data packet is initially received at the base station at at least the second power level. The transmission power level is adaptively controlled while the preamble data is transmitted such that the base station receives the data of the data packet having the first processing gain at least the first power level.

Abstract: An electromagnetic hydraulic valve (1), which including an electromagnet (2) with an armature (3) and of a valve housing (4) with an axial bore (5) and a piston valve (6) located therein is provided. The valve housing (4) includes several annular grooves (8, 9, 10) in which several radial openings (11, 12, 13) are located, which open into the axial bore (5), through which the hydraulic valve (1) has a fluid connection with a pressure connection (P), a tank connection (T) and two consumer connections (A, B). The piston valve (6) is acted upon by the armature (3) of electromagnet (2) and includes two ring-shaped control sections (14, 15), which connect alternatively the pressure connection (P) and the tank connection (T) with one of the consumer connections (A, B) through axial movement of piston valve (6). According to the invention, the radial openings (11, 12, 13) in valve housing (4) are provided as windows having a rectangular cross section.

Abstract: An image pickup system including a digital camera and a personal computer (PC) connected to each other. The camera includes a camera control unit for controlling picture-taking based on photographing conditions set either by the camera or the PC, and a communication unit for communicating with the PC.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method and apparatus for implementing space frequency block coding (SFBC) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communication system. The present invention is applicable to both a closed loop mode and an open loop mode. In the closed loop mode, power loading and eigen-beamforming are performed based on channel state information (CSI). A channel coded data stream is multiplexed into two or more data streams. Power loading is performed based on the CSI on each of the multiplexed data streams. SFBC encoding is performed on the data streams for each of the paired subcarriers. Then, eigen-beamforming is performed based on the CSI to distribute eigenbeams to multiple transmit antennas. The power loading may be performed on two or more SFBC encoding blocks or on each eigenmodes. Additionally, the power loading may be performed across subcarriers or subcarrier groups for weak eigenmodes.

Abstract: A switchable finger lever (1) for a valve drive of an internal combustion engine is provided. The inner lever (3) of the finger lever includes a piston (6) on one end thereof, that can be longitudinally displaced, and acts as a coupling element. The coupling element can be partially brought into contact with a driving surface (7) of an outer lever (2), and is provided, for example, with a rising radial profile (13) in the coupling region thereof, and from the front (12) in the coupling direction. The driving surface (7) of the outer lever (2) also has a conical contour which follows the profile (13). During coupling, a contact point (K) of the piston (6) is located on the driving surface (7) in a region of half a depth thereof. In this way, the formation of undesired edge supports is prevented during coupling.

Abstract: A method of producing a fuel substance by separating materials in a recycling operation based on BTU component content is provided. A stream of materials including non-sorted, heterogeneous, recycled materials is shredded. The stream of materials is separated into heavy and light materials with a separator that discharges the light and heavy materials in respective light and heavy material streams. Ferrous and non-ferrous materials are magnetically separated from the heavy material stream. The non-ferrous materials are discharged to a screen for further separation. The light materials are processed through a rotary trommel and a non-ferrous metal separator to separate the light materials into fine, coarse, and non-ferrous metal materials, the coarse materials having a BTU component content of at least four thousand BTU's per ton. Low density materials are separated from the coarse materials with a low density separator, thereby increasing the BTU component content of the coarse materials.

Abstract: A freewheel coupling (1) is provided having a gap (12) formed between a bearing inner ring (2) and a bearing outer ring (3). At least one of the bearing rings (1, 2) is constructed as a sleeve formed using a non-cutting method. Clamping bodies (6) are arranged in the gap (12) and have a throat (7). A spring band (13) with spring tongues (14), which are aligned tangentially, and which can be deflected in the radial direction, contact the clamping bodies (6) in the area of the throats (7). A cage (17) with recesses (18) that holds the clamping bodies (6) is arranged radially outside of the spring band (13) in the gap (12).

Abstract: Mobility management in a wireless network having a Radio Access Network Internet Protocol (RAN IP) gateway enabling connectivity to the public Internet is provided. The system may serve as a stand-alone system or be incorporated into a UMTS network with a conventional Core Network for providing concurrent wireless telecommunication services for multiple user equipments.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a system for digitally processing of frequently updated images from a camera. The system comprises at least one camera (2), at least one display unit, a network (6) for connecting the at least one camera with at least one display unit, and an image processing means (30). The image processing means comprises means for defining a first scaling area and a peripheral scaling area, which is enclosing the first scaling area, within an acquired digital image, and means for scaling the peripheral scaling area differently than the first scaling area so that the peripheral scaling area is downscaled in relation to the first scaling area, wherein the first scaling area is uniformly scaled in both a vertical and a horizontal direction.

Abstract: A beach umbrella stand is provided including a foot operated drive assembly. A pole of a beach umbrella stand has a hollow interior portion housing the foot operated drive assembly. The foot operated drive assembly includes a ratchet assembly operated by a foot pedal. The ratchet assembly further includes a an auger mounted at least partially within the pole, for driving into the sand. The ratchet assembly is positioned for operation of a pedal by a user's foot.

Abstract: An operating environment is capable of being abstracted to a plurality of operating systems. An operating environment is provided which is common to all the different operating systems. A plurality of operating system abstraction layers are provided. Each abstraction layer designed to abstract the operating environment to at least one targeted operating system.

Abstract: In a wireless local area network having an access point (AP) and at least one station, wherein data is prioritized by access categories, a method for admission control begins by calculating a transmission budget for each access category (AC) and a total transmission budget for all ACs requiring admission control. A traffic stream admission request is sent from a station to the AP. A medium time value for the traffic stream is calculated at the AP, based on information extracted from the admission request. The medium time value is compared to the transmission budget for the AC corresponding to the traffic stream and the total transmission budget. The traffic stream is accepted if the medium time value is not greater than both the transmission budget for the AC corresponding to the traffic stream and the total transmission budget; otherwise, the traffic stream is rejected.

Abstract: An improved system and method for estimating one or more parameters, such as amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio, of a received signal, such as an M-QAM or q-ASK signal, is set forth herein. The amplitude of an M-QAM signal is estimated based upon known or ascertainable phase information regarding a plurality of transmitted symbols. The amplitude of a q-ASK signal is estimated based upon known or ascertainable magnitude information regarding a plurality of transmitted symbols. In another embodiment, the amplitude of an M-QAM or q-ASK signal is estimated based on statistical knowledge of the amplitude of the transmitted symbols. Other embodiments of the present invention estimate amplitude, noise power, and signal-to-noise ratio of a received signal utilizing second-order and fourth-order moments of received samples, a maximum likelihood searching process, or a Kurtosis estimation process.

Abstract: A method for wireless communication that dynamically adjusts RF amplifier operating bias for the subscriber unit's transmitter in response to a power control signal. The invention provides high-efficiency RF power amplification for applications where the available power source is limited. The invention uses a power control signal resident in wireless communication system architectures with a detector and voltage to current converter to arrive at a dynamic amplifier operating bias.

Abstract: A system and the method for transport of microscopic objects/particles involving the use of laser source operatively connected to a microscope objective which is adapted to generate optical focal spots on said particle(s) with asymmetric intensity profile in transverse plane followed by varying the said asymmetry of the gradient optical forces on the micron sized object/particles to thereby transport the microscopic object(s). The system and the method can be used to transport microscopic objects including i) transportation of cells and intra-cellular organelles, ii) acceleration of microscopic objects along any direction in a plane transverse to the direction of propagation of laser beam, iii) optical channeling of objects through a micro-capillary from one micro-well to another and transfer to another channel after desired processing, iv) sorting of microscopic objects, v) optical control of micro-machines, micro-fluidic devices etc.

Abstract: In an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a channel is allocated to carry messages from each of multiple subscriber units to a base station. Selected messages generated by a subscriber unit that would otherwise be transmitted over an assigned reverse link traffic channel are instead encoded and transmitted to the base station over a shared reverse link channel. Preferably, the shared reverse link channel is time-slotted and each subscriber unit transmits information to the base station in an assigned time slot so that the base station receiving the messages can identify from which subscriber unit a message is sent. Certain bits in a time slot of the shared channel as set by a subscriber unit can be used to communicate a particular message to the base station. For instance, a single bit that is transmitted in a time slot can be encoded to transmit a substitute message from one of the multiple subscriber units to a base station, where the setting of the bit itself indicates a message type.

Abstract: The present invention provides for making code rate adjustments and modulation type adjustments in a pseudonoise (PN) encoded CDMA system. Coding rate adjustments may be made by changing the number of information bits per symbol, or Forward Error Code (FEC) coding rate. A forward error correction (FEC) block size is maintained at a constant amount. Therefore, as the number of information bits per symbol are increased, an integer multiple of bits per epoch is always maintained. The scheme permits for a greater flexibility and selection of effective data rates providing information bit rates ranging from, for example, approximately 50 kilobits per second to over 5 mega bits per second (Mbps) in one preferred embodiment.