Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process for di-, tri- and/or tetramerization of ethylene, wherein the catalyst composition comprises a chromium compound, a ligand of the general structure R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—PR6R7, or any cyclic derivatives thereof, wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPNP-unit is member of a ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of the ligand by substitution, and a co-catalyst or activator.

Abstract: The disclosed process and apparatus provide for air separation and steam generation in a combined system that comprises a steam system (10) and an air separation plant (9), wherein a feed air stream (1) is introduced into a multistage air compression system (101, 102, 103) having n stages (n>=3) and compressed to a first high pressure that is equal to the final pressure of the air compression system, and, at this final pressure, is introduced (8) into the air separation plant (9). An intercooler is arranged between an i-th stage (102) (1<=i<n) and an i+1-th stage (103) of the air compression system; there, the feed air stream (4) is cooled in indirect heat exchange with a feed water stream (11).

Abstract: A catalyst composition including: (a) a chromium compound; (b) a ligand of the general structure (A) R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—NR5R6 or (B) R1R2P—N(R3)—P(XR7)R8 or R1R2P—N(R3)—P(XR7)2, with X=O or S, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or trialkylsilyl, or any cyclic derivatives of (A) and (B), wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN-unit or PNP-unit is a member of the ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of structures (A) or (B) by substitution; and (c) an activator or co-catalyst; and a process for tri- and/or tetramerization.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for producing a plate heat exchanger 1. Wavy profiled sheets 9 and separating sheets 10, together with sidebars 11, are stacked one above the other, provided with solder and soldered together in such a way that a block 2 is obtained. The block is closed off outwardly by means of the cover sheets 12. The contours of the intermediate pieces 3 are milled out at the respective positions 4 on the block 2 thus obtained. In a refinement of the invention, frames are used as intermediate pieces 3. The frames 3 are positioned in the milled-out portions at the positions 4, provided with solder and tacked on by means of spot welding. Subsequently, in a second step, the frames 3 are soldered onto the heat exchanger block 2. The headers 5a and 5b are in each case welded onto the frames 3.

Abstract: A process for oligomerization of ethylene, comprising subjecting a catalyst composition to a gas phase of ethylene and conducting an oligomerization, wherein the catalyst composition comprises (a) a chromium compound, (b) a metalated ligand, and (c) an activator or cocatalyst; and catalyst composition as well as a metalated ligand.

Abstract: The device according to the invention is designed for growth acceleration and regeneration of lawn areas (2). It comprises a housing (3) which is open towards the bottom and can be placed on a lawn area (2) and delimits a space (6) above the lawn area (2), the housing (3) being formed so as to be transparent and/or comprising an illumination device (32) for illuminating the lawn area (2). The housing (3) is realized with a moving equipment (17) for automatically moving the housing (3) over the lawn area (2).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purification of a hydrocarbon stream containing linear alpha olefins, isomers thereof and at least one organic amine, the linear alpha olefins, isomers and the amine having boiling points under atmospheric pressure which differ by at most 5° C., comprising the step of removing a major amount of the organic amine from the hydrocarbon stream by distillation, wherein the distillation is carried out to that, together with the amine, between 5% and 95 wt % of the isomers, based on the total amount of the isomers in the hydrocarbon stream, are removed from the hydrocarbon stream in an amine/isomer-rich fraction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for utilizing a hydrocarbon-comprising and/or carbon dioxide-comprising coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas, wherein hydrocarbon-comprising and/or carbon dioxide-comprising coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas is introduced into a reaction space and the multicomponent mixture comprised in the coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas is converted in a high-temperature zone at temperatures of more than 1000° C. and in the presence of a carrier into a product gas mixture which comprises more than 95% by volume of CO, CO2, H2, H2O, CH4 and N2 and optionally into a carbon-comprising solid which is deposited to an extent of at least 75% by weight, based on the total mass of the carbon-comprising solid, on the carrier where the flow velocity of the gas mixture of coproduct gas, accompanying gas and/or biogas in the reaction zone is less than 20 m/s.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying a crude PNPNH compound by metalation and re-protonation.

Abstract: A method for purifying a crude PNPNH compound of the general structure R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—H wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently halogen, amino, trimethylsilyl, C1-C10-alkyl, substituted C1-C10-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl and substituted C6-C20-aryl, or any cyclic derivative wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN—H structure is a member of a ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of the PNPNH-structure by substitution, the method comprising the steps: A. a) dissolving the crude PNPNH-compound in a C1-C10 alcohol or mixture thereof under heating; b) cooling the solution obtained in step a), c) precipitating the PNPNH compound, separating and optionally drying, or B. (i) washing the crude PNPNH compound with C1-C10 alcohol or a mixture thereof, (ii) separating the PNPNH compound and optionally drying thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of carrying out heat-consuming processes, wherein the total energy required averaged over a year for the heat-consuming process originates from at least two different energy sources, where one of the energy sources is an electric energy source whose power varies in the range from 0 to 100% of the total power required, and three different energy modes can individually provide the total power required for the heat-consuming process: (i) exclusively electric energy, (ii) a mixture of electric energy and at least one further nonelectric energy source or (iii) exclusively nonelectric energy, where the changeover time in which the change from one energy mode to another energy mode is completed is not more than 30 minutes.

Abstract: A cold rolled strip (3) of aluminum is continuously transported along a transport path where a ramp of Direct Flame Impingement (DFI) burners (1) are located, for heating the strip. The ramp (1) is located perpendicular, or substantially perpendicular, to the direction of movement of the strip (3), the DFI burners (1) are mutually located such that the whole width of the strip (3) is heated to the same, or substantially the same, temperature. The velocity of the strip (3) passing the ramp and the heating power of the burners (1) are adapted to heat treat the strip (3) such that annealing of the strip is carried out and the heat treated strip is wound to a coil (5).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for the oligomerization of ethylene, comprising a transition metal compound of the general formula MXm(OR?)4-m or MXm(OOCR?)4-m, wherein R? is an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl group, X is chlorine or bromine and m is from 0 to 4 and a reaction product of an organoaluminium compound and a cyclic amide, as well as to a process for preparing linear alpha-olefins utilizing this catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for oligomerization of ethylene, comprising a chromium compound; a ligand of the general structure R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—H, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from halogen, amino, trimethylsilyl, C1-C10-alkyl, aryl and substituted aryl; a modifier containing organic or inorganic halide; and an activator or co-catalyst; and a process for oligomerization utilizing that catalyst.

Abstract: A process for removing impurities, in particular oxides of sulphur (SOx) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from oxygen-containing gas streams by scrubbing with at least one washing agent is described. In order to achieve effective gas purification in an economical manner even in the case of so-called large “oxyfuel” furnaces which operate with oxygen as fuel gas, it is proposed to convert the impurities at an elevated pressure of at least 2 bar with at least one basic constituent of the washing agent into salts and to wash out said impurities as dissolved salts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing linear alpha-olefins by oligomerizing of ethylene in the presence of a first organic solvent and a homogenous catalyst in a reactor, characterized in that the reactor overhead is cooled by means of a refrigerant.

Abstract: Method for combustion of a fuel uses an existing air burner (1), including a first supply opening (5) for fuel and a second supply opening (7) for air, which supply openings (5,7) open out into a combustion zone (3). The method is characterised in that a gaseous fuel with an LHV (Lower Heating Value) of less than 7.5 MJ/Nm3 is supplied through the second supply opening (7), in that an oxidant including at least 85 percent by weight oxygen is also supplied to the combustion zone (3) through a supply device for oxidant, and in that the gaseous fuel is caused to be combusted with the oxidant in the combustion zone (3).

Abstract: The present application relates to a metering device and a dense phase conveying system for the steady, continuous, dosed supply of a bulk material in powder form made of light, polydisperse particles to a consumer arranged downstream. Furthermore, the present application relates to a method for the continuous, dosed supply of the bulk material in powder form using the dense phase conveying system, which comprises the metering device according to the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for separating off solid particles, in particular coke particles, from a water phase by means of gravity in a plant for generating hydrocarbons by cracking a hydrocarbonaceous feed, and also to a device for carrying out the process. In contrast to the prior art, the water phase is taken off predominantly from a point above the column bottom B via the outlet A. The first gravity separator 2 which is constructed as a multistage settling tank 2 is situated not beneath, but next to, the scrubbing water column 1. The bottom phase of the scrubbing water column 1 already acts as a part of the first gravity separator 2. Thus, via the outlet 5 in the column bottom B, a heavy water phase which is loaded with coke particles is already taken off and passed into the second gravity separator 3. This heavy water phase is further treated, together with the heavy water phase which is loaded with coke particles from the recesses 6 of the multistage settling tank 2.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a cover (3) for a valve cap (2) of a gas cylinder (1), wherein the cover (3) includes a cavity (340, 342) which is dimensioned to receive portions of the valve cap (2) of the gas cylinder (1), wherein the cover (3) is made from a substantially rigid material.