Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing linear alpha-olefins (LAO) by oligomerization of ethylene in the presence of a solvent and homogeneous catalyst, comprising the steps of: (i) feeding ethylene, solvent and catalyst into an oligomerization reactor, (ii) oligomerizing the ethylene in the reactor, (iii) removing a reactor outlet stream comprising solvent, linear alpha-olefins, optionally unreacted ethylene and catalyst from the reactor via a reactor outlet piping system, (iv) dosing at least one additive selected from the group consisting of alcohols, poly-ethylene glycols, polyethylene glycol monoethers, polyethylene glycol diethers, polyamines, amines, amino alcohols and surfactants, (v) transferring the reactor outlet stream containing the additive to a catalyst deactivation and removal section, and (vi) deactivating the catalyst with caustic and removing the deactivated catalyst from the reactor outlet stream, wherein the residence time of the additive in the reactor outlet stream pri

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying a crude PNPNH compound by metalation and re-protonation.

Abstract: A method for purifying a crude PNPNH compound of the general structure R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—H wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently halogen, amino, trimethylsilyl, C1-C10-alkyl, substituted C1-C10-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl and substituted C6-C20-aryl, or any cyclic derivative wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN—H structure is a member of a ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of the PNPNH-structure by substitution, the method comprising the steps: A. a) dissolving the crude PNPNH-compound in a C1-C10 alcohol or mixture thereof under heating; b) cooling the solution obtained in step a), c) precipitating the PNPNH compound, separating and optionally drying, or B. (i) washing the crude PNPNH compound with C1-C10 alcohol or a mixture thereof, (ii) separating the PNPNH compound and optionally drying thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst composition comprising: (a) a binuclear chromium(II) complex; (b) a ligand of the general structure (A) R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—H or (B) R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—PR6R7, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from halogen, amino, trimethylsilyl, C1-C10-alkyl, aryl and substituted aryl, wherein the PNPN- or PNPNP-unit is optionally part of a ring system; and (c) an activator or co-catalyst, as well as to a process for oligomerization of ethylene.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process for di-, tri- and/or tetramerization of ethylene, wherein the catalyst composition comprises a chromium compound, a ligand of the general structure R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—PR6R7, or any cyclic derivatives thereof, wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPNP-unit is member of a ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of the ligand by substitution, and a co-catalyst or activator.

Abstract: A process to accelerate growth and regenerate lawns whereby the lawn (2) is at least partially surrounded on the top by a space (4) that is open downward and surrounded on all sides and whereby CO2 is fed into the space (4) and the space (4) covered by the lawn (2) is outfitted with a lighting system (14) and is subjected to light and a device for executing this process are disclosed.

Abstract: A dosing device for outputting bulk goods from a dosing container is described. An exemplary embodiment includes at least one discharge arm, arranged above the bottom of the dosing container so as to be driven about an axis of rotation. The arm supplies bulk goods in the lower section of the dosing container to at least one output opening. The wall in the lower section of the dosing container extends from a cylindrical section above in a truncated cone-shaped manner and encompasses at least a part of the output opening. The output opening extends to the bottom of the dosing container. The at least one discharge arm includes a blade having a distal edge located opposite the axis of rotation, the edge is shaped to correspond to the cone-shaped wall of the dosing container, and a peripheral speed at the edge is below 1 m/s during normal operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst composition and a process for di-, tri- and/or tetramerization of ethylene, wherein the catalyst composition comprises a chromium compound, a ligand of the general structure (A) R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—H or (B) R1R2P—N(R3)—P(R4)—N(R5)—PR6R7, or any cyclic derivatives of (A) and (B), wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN-unit or PNPNP-unit is member of a ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of structures (A) or (B) by substitution and a co-catalyst or activator.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a gas blender for blending at least two different gases, the gas blender comprising a first gas control valve (10) for supplying a first gas, a second gas control valve (20) for supplying a second gas, a pressure vessel (40) in fluid communication with the first and second gas control valves (10, 20) to receive and store the first and second gases at above atmospheric pressure, and an output gas control valve (50) in fluid communication with an output of the pressure vessel for supplying the blended gas from the pressure vessel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for generating a synthesis gas (SG) from biomass (BM) by entrained-flow gasification. The device comprises a treatment plant (1), in which the biomass (BM) is supplied to a coarse crushing device (2), which is connected downstream via a first lock (3) to a pressurized carbonization plant (4) for the hydrothermal generation of carbonization char (KK) from the biomass (BM). The carbonization plant (4) comprises at least one preheating device (5) and a carbonization reactor (6) arranged downstream of the preheating device (5) and is connected downstream via a second lock (11) to at least one solid-liquid separation device (12, 13) for providing a fuel. A drying device (16) for drying the fuel is provided downstream of the solid-liquid separation device (12, 13), with a crushing device (18) for crushing the fuel to form pulverized fuel (BS) having particle sizes in the range of 55 ?m to 500 ?m being connected downstream of the drying device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for generating synthetic gas, comprising a POX reactor with a first reaction chamber, into which a carbon-containing gaseous feedstock, as well as an oxidizing agent, can be introduced via a feeding system, and a discharge system, whereby a gasification product can be withdrawn from the reaction chamber. The apparatus further contains at least one further, i.e., a second, reaction chamber with a second feeding system, which is connected to the first reaction chamber via the discharge system.

Abstract: In the case of a method for molecular evaporation of fragrance substances and/or active substances (FA substances) and their dissemination by way of air streams in the surrounding air, in closed rooms, in ducts of ventilation and air conditioning systems, or the like, wherein FA substance, before its dissemination, is applied, in liquid form, in targeted manner, to a strip-shaped FA-substance carrier (6), it is provided that the strip-shaped FA-substance carrier (6) is moved to circulate at least partly within a dissemination zone for FA substance, and that the FA substance to be evaporated is heated, directly or indirectly, to a temperature that promotes molecular evaporation, during its circulation on the FA-substance carrier (6).

Abstract: An arrangement for generating oxygen in a facility is described, which arrangement has at least one unit for generating medical air (V, R), a vacuum system (VS), and a PSA unit (A), which serves to generate an oxygen product stream. According to the invention, the PSA unit (A) and the vacuum system (VS) are interconnected in such a way that the adsorber or adsorbers of the PSA unit (A) can be regenerated by means of the vacuum system (VS), and/or the unit for generating medical air (V, R) is connected to the PSA unit (A) in such a way that at least a subsidiary stream (2) of the generated medical air is delivered as feed gas to the PSA unit (A).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purification of a hydrocarbon stream containing linear alpha olefins, isomers thereof and at least one organic amine, the linear alpha olefins, isomers and the amine having boiling points under atmospheric pressure which differ by at most 5° C., comprising the step of removing a major amount of the organic amine from the hydrocarbon stream by distillation, wherein the distillation is carried out to that, together with the amine, between 5% and 95 wt % of the isomers, based on the total amount of the isomers in the hydrocarbon stream, are removed from the hydrocarbon stream in an amine/isomer-rich fraction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for converting a gas mixture comprising CO and H2 to olefins, comprising (1) providing a gas mixture (G0) comprising CO and H2; (2) providing a catalyst (C1) for conversion of CO and H2 to dimethyl ether; (3) contacting the gas mixture (G0) with the catalyst (C1) to obtain a gas mixture (G1) comprising dimethyl ether and CO2; (4) providing a catalyst (C2) for conversion of dimethyl ether to olefins; (5) contacting the gas mixture (G1) comprising dimethyl ether with the catalyst (C2) to obtain an olefin-comprising gas mixture (G2).

Abstract: The disclosed process and apparatus provide for air separation and steam generation in a combined system that comprises a steam system (10) and an air separation plant (9), wherein a feed air stream (1) is introduced into a multistage air compression system (101, 102, 103) having n stages (n>=3) and compressed to a first high pressure that is equal to the final pressure of the air compression system, and, at this final pressure, is introduced (8) into the air separation plant (9). An intercooler is arranged between an i-th stage (102) (1<=i<n) and an i+1-th stage (103) of the air compression system; there, the feed air stream (4) is cooled in indirect heat exchange with a feed water stream (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for generating hydrogen (5), wherein an input (1) comprising carbon is fed longitudinally through a tube-shaped reaction chamber (Z), together with water steam (2), and is thereby converted by steam reforming, and hydrogen (4) formed during steam reforming is continuously drawn off out of the reaction chamber (Z) through a separating wall (T), said wall being selectively hydrogen-permeable at least in segments, and at a pressure less than the pressure in the reaction chamber (Z) and greater than the ambient pressure, having greater purity than product (5), characterized in that a separating wall (T) is used, the selectively hydrogen-permeability segments thereof being disposed such that a hydrogen partial pressure drop exists over the entire surface of each of such segments between the reaction chamber side and the hydrogen extraction side (W).

Abstract: Methods for arc welding unalloyed or low-alloy steels with consumable electrode under protective gas are suggested, in which the protective gas is a mixture comprising at least helium and an active gas as well as a further inert gas. In the general case, the proportion of the active gas in the total volume of the protective gas is to be in the range from more than 0.5% to approximately 1.5% and the proportion of helium in the total volume of the protective gas is to be more than 30%. In case an electrode having a lowered or medium Si content of approximately 0.2% to approximately 0.4% is used, the proportion of the active gas in the total volume of the protective gas is to be approximately 1% to approximately 5%. If an electrode with a low Si content of approximately 0.05% to approximately 0.1% is used, the proportion of the active gas in the total volume of the protective gas is to be approximately 3% to approximately 10%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of operating a converter, in particular a Peirce-Smith converter or a converter with similar design or mode of operation, and to an apparatus, for instance a plant, for carrying out the method. The method comprises the step of: loading the converter with a starting material comprising said metal, the metal in the starting material being chemically bound at least in part to at least one compound substance, in particular sulphur; maintaining a temperature within the converter interior space, which is above the melting temperature of the starting material; and supplying an oxygen-containing process gas into the converter interior space through injection nozzles arranged in the wall of the converter, the gas supplied through the injection nozzles comprising carbon dioxide, preferably very cold, technically pure carbon dioxide, as well as oxygen gas and/or air.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for generating a synthesis gas (SG) from biomass (BM) by entrained-flow gasification. The device comprises a treatment plant (1), in which the biomass (BM) is supplied to a coarse crushing device (2), which is connected downstream via a first lock (3) to a pressurized carbonization plant (4) for the hydrothermal generation of carbonization char (KK) from the biomass (BM). The carbonization plant (4) comprises at least one preheating device (5) and a carbonization reactor (6) arranged downstream of the preheating device (5) and is connected downstream via a second lock (11) to at least one solid-liquid separation device (12, 13) for providing a fuel. A drying device (16) for drying the fuel is provided downstream of the solid-liquid separation device (12, 13), with a crushing device (18) for crushing the fuel to form pulverized fuel (BS) having particle sizes in the range of 55 ?m to 500 ?m being connected downstream of the drying device.