Abstract: A calibration equipment for calibrating an analog-to-digital converter, which calibration equipment comprises means for supplying control codes to the analog-to-digital converter, whereupon a digital value is obtained as the output of the converter, means for calculating a residual of the voltage sector to be calibrated as a difference of the second and the first digital value, means for calculating a correction term related to the voltage sector by adding the correction term of the adjacent calibrated voltage sector to the residual of the voltage sector and means for using the correction term in correcting the digital value obtained from the analog-to-digital converter when the analog-to-digital converter is used to convert a signal included in the voltage sector from an analog into a digital form.

Abstract: In telecommunications networks the problem with call forwarding restriction according to prior art is that access through call forwarding to numbers with ensuring an answer rather than possible further forwarding is not possible. The invention is based on the idea that call forwarding is allowed despite call forwarding restriction when the number to be used in forwarding the call meets special conditions set beforehand. The number is thus compared with the preset conditions and depending on the result of this comparison the call is either forwarded or not.

Abstract: Simplifying functions representing raised sine or cosine curves to functions representing simple sine or cosine curves makes it possible to implement an electrical equivalent circuit for a ramp generator. The core of the ramp generator with an output power level controller is second-order direct-form feedback structure (60), which forms a digital sinusoidal oscillator. The initial values of two state variables x2(n), x2(n+1) of the oscillator are chosen so that they both contain a predetermined first constant value. This first constant value will emerge as the amplitude value of the pure sine wave generated by the oscillator. Particularly the first constant value is equal to the desired nominal level A of the ramp minus the starting level. A second constant value (A+dc) is added to the oscillator output. The added result is scaled (66) so that the nominal power level is A. A multiplexer (67) keeps the power level between the ramps constant.

Abstract: A method of communication between a first node and a second node for a system where a plurality of different channels is provided between said first and second node. The method comprises the step of calculating an integrity output. The integrity output is calculated from a plurality of values, some of said values being the same for said different channels. At least one of said values is arranged to comprise information relating to the identity of said channel, each channel having a different identity. After the integrity output has been calculated, Information relating to the integrity output is transmitted from one of said nodes to the other.

Abstract: In the method in accordance with the present invention, the subscriber identifier to be sent to the transmission network is encrypted using a cipher key common to a specific group of subscribers, and a random number is attached to the identifier to be sent to the network. For example, a subscriber group may consist of the subscribers to a single given operator. The section of the identifier specifying the subscriber group is sent to the network in a non-encrypted format, in which case the network is able to direct the encrypted message to such a network element where it can be deciphered.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of physical channel power control in a radio system and to a radio system. The method comprises (458) establishing a physical channel with at least one spreading code, (452) placing at least one service in the physical channel, and (464) performing physical channel power control according to the carrier/interference target set for the physical channel. According to the invention one service is (460) selected from among the active services placed in the physical channel, and the carrier/interference target of the one selected service is (462) set to lead physical channel power control.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for implementing a queue, particularly a FIFO queue, in a memory (MEM) and to a memory arrangement. In order to enable reducing the amount of copying particularly in a functional environment, at least part of the queue is formed with a tree-shaped data structure (A, B) known per se, having nodes at several different hierarchy levels, wherein an individual node can be (i) an internal node (N1-N3) containing at least one pointer pointing to a node lower in the tree-shaped hierarchy or (ii) a leaf node (N4-N6) containing at least one pointer to data unit (1 . . . 6) stored in the memory or at least one data unit. A given maximum number of pointers that an individual node can contain is defined for the nodes.

Abstract: In a telecommunication system comprising a telephone exchange (LE), an access node (AN) connected to the telephone exchange via a standard V5 interface and a data network (DN), a procedure for setting up a direct data connection between the access node and the data network from a terminal device. According to the invention, a data network subscriber is created in the access node (AN), and when the data network subscriber starts call setup, this is not signalled to the local exchange (LE) according to the normal V5 practice. The data network subscriber's call setup request is handled locally in the access node, where also a dial tone is generated for the data network subscriber. A data connection between the data network subscriber and the data network is set up directly from the access node on the basis of the dialing given by the data network subscriber.

Abstract: In a communication device that includes an antenna array including multiple antennas, a method and apparatus is provided for optimizing the usage of an antenna array beamforming technique. The communication device determines a bearing from the communication device to the communication unit and a direction of arrival for a signal received from the communication unit by the communication device via each of the multiple antennas. In addition, the communication device determines a distance from the communication device to the communication unit, and also determines multiple signal quality metrics based on multiple signals received by the communication device from the communication unit. The communication device then determines whether to employ an antenna array beamforming technique based on any one or more of the determined bearing and the determined direction of arrival, the determined distance, or the determined signal quality metrics, thereby optimizing the usage of the antenna array beamforming technique.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for configuring cross-connections of a radio system, and to a radio system implementing the method. The radio system comprises network elements and a network management system managing the network elements. The network elements are operatively interconnected by means of a transmission network realized by transmission circuits. Information between the network elements is transmitted in frames that are divided into time slots. The radio system comprises at least one cross-connection unit between at least two network elements for realizing the cross-connections needed to establish the transmission circuits. The method comprises the following operations: uploading a transmission network topology of the radio system, and utilizing labeled transmission circuits in analyzing the fragmentation of the cross-connections, and optimizing the capacity by reconfiguring the cross-connections when fragmentation of the capacity exceeds an agreed percentage of the total capacity of a circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to the implementation of multiplexing and demultiplexing of optical signals. The multiplexing and demultiplexing are carried out by using the same waveguide phased array component (WGA). On the first side, the component comprises at least an input port and an output port (IG, OG), and on its second side a first group of ports that constitute the demultiplexer function output ports, and a second group of ports that constitute the multiplexer function input ports. An optical input signal is applied to the input port, such an input signal comprising a number of signals each at its own wavelength, the input signal is demultiplexed in the component and the demultiplexed signals are coupled to ports of the first group. The signals to be multiplexed are applied to ports of the second group and the multiplexed signal is coupled to the output port (OG).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of generating a control signal and to an arrangement comprising a D/A converter for receiving a digital signal and converting the received signal into an analog control signal. The arrangement comprises measuring means for measuring the operating voltage of the D/A converter, means for generating a difference signal from the measurement result obtained from the measurement of the operating voltage, and the nominal value of the operating voltage, whereby the difference signal is used to change the control signal when the operating voltage differs from a nominal value preset for the operating voltage of the D/A converter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for amplifying an optical signal and to an amplifier unit (OFA) to which an optical input signal comprising a plurality of wavelength channel signals each at its dedicated wavelength is supplied. In the method, (a) demultiplexing is carried out to separate each wavelength channel signal from the input signal, (b) a first multiplexing is carried out, combining each separated wavelength channel signal with a separate pump signal, (c) each combination of a wavelength channel signal and pump signal is guided to its dedicated amplifier means (FA1 . . . FA4), and (d) the pump signals are separated from the amplified wavelength channel signals obtained from the amplifier means and a second multiplexing is carried out, combining the amplified wavelength channel signals into an outgoing WDM signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of implementing macrodiversity in a cellular radio network having in each cell at least one base station which communicates with subscriber terminals within its area. Packet switched connections are provided between the base station and the terminals, the connections comprising an actual traffic channel and a separate control channel. In signal transmission, the terminals use IQ modulation in which the traffic and control channels are multiplexed to be transmitted on different branches, and the terminals can communicate with more than one base station simultaneously. To enable macrodiversity in packet switched connections, the actual traffic channel connection is also maintained between the terminal and only one base station, and the control channel connection is maintained between the terminal and more than one base station simultaneously.

Abstract: This invention relates to the protection against over-voltage situations in a telecommunications network. Especially, the invention relates to fault situations that are generated by a power distribution network. The idea of the invention is to protect the telecommunication equipment against any overvoltage caused by an external source. The invention uses a detector core around cables through which a common mode fault current goes. The subscriber line cables or the power & ground cables form a primary coil in a transformer. The transformer's secondary coil forms an output current, preferably for converting equipment that converts the fault current information into a suitable form for operational devices that perform a desired protection action.

Abstract: The invention disclosed here relates to a method and arrangement for limiting the starting current in a switching power supply. As the operating voltage is switched on in the power supply an uncharged capacitor (C1) in the power supply represents a short circuit, generating a large starting current which is limited by a limiting element (16) to a desired value. To ensure uninterrupted operation of the switching power supply the limiting element (16) should be bypassed as soon as possible after the switching-on of the operating voltage. Therefore, in parallel with the limiting element (16) there is provided a bypass unit (14) via which the bypass current can be conducted. The limiting element bypass unit (14) is controlled by a control signal which is generated by means of a capacitive voltage divider circuit from the primary voltage.

Abstract: An assembly for supporting a substrate of an integrated circuit and forming a cavity resonator with the substrate. The assembly includes a baseplate in which a cavity for the cavity resonator is integrally formed. A substrate is mounted over the cavity resonator in the baseplate and an excitation coupling extends into the cavity of the cavity resonator.

Abstract: The objective of the invention is a backplane bus especially for equipment cabinets which allows an increase of the bus transmission capacity and this way a considerable increase in the number of plug-in units connected to the bus. The bus is divided physically into two bus segments A and B. The segments are combined into one logical bus by bridging, but so that the bridging function is not performed on the bus but with a plug-in unit (4A, 4B) which is connected to the bus at the point of division and which performs the bridging functions. The plug-in unit makes sure that when a plug-in unit located in the first half of the bus is transmitting to a plug-in unit located in the second half of the bus, the transmission time slot will be properly mapped into the reception time slot of the target plug-in unit in the second bus and vice versa.

Abstract: A filter according to an embodiment of the invention actively adapts terminal equipment and a subscriber line to each other by conforming to the electric properties of the subscriber line. Then the filter virtually changes the electric properties of the subscriber line more advantageous for the terminal equipment.

Abstract: A modulation detection method and apparatus, comprising taking a sample from a received signal, determining reference constellation points, calculating path-specific error metrics from a sample point to the reference constellation points, and applying the path-specific error metrics corresponding to the reference constellation points to a modulation detector. Out of the reference constellation points the constellation points, preferably two of them, having the smallest error metrics are selected, and only the error metrics corresponding thereto are applied to the modulation detector.