Abstract: Illuminating light from a light source is reflected by a reflector and collimated by a condenser lens and then applied onto the back of a liquid crystal cell. The liquid crystall cell has attached on its light source side an optical sheet which consists of a large number of optical elements such as convex or concave lenses aligned with picture elements or pixels of the liquid crystal cell. The optical elements each converge the rays of light from the light source onto each of the pixels, so that the rays that would otherwise strike a matrix circuit section and a black matrix layer will be focused on and passed through the pixels. This enhances the brightness of an image formed on the front of the liquid crystal cell and also prevents temperature rise in the liquid crystal cell because the black matrix layer and the matrix circuit section, components of the liquid crystal cell, are not struck and heated by the incoming light rays.

Abstract: A linear FM waveform generator employs direct digital synthesis and includes a digital linear FM signal generator, a digital-analog converter, and a sampler means. The linear FM waveform generator includes a frequency slope register coupled to a first stage integrator which in turn is coupled to a second stage integrator, all of which operate off a system clock. The output signal from the second stage integrator represents phase as a quadratic function of time. A stored sine look-up table is referenced to generate an output digital signal representing amplitude as a function of time. The output digital signal is converted to an analog linear FM waveform which in turn is coupled to a sampler that includes a step recovery diode and a fast switch.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and its driving method of the present invention have a voltage application scheme to control a stable condition of a gap between pixels, by applying a voltage to a liquid crystal panel in which ferroelectric liquid crystal is sandwiched between substrates each having a plurality of electrodes. It is possible to implement the black matrix conditions with a simple configuration without a light shielding layer by controlling the stable condition of the gap, to display a grey tone with a combination of pixels and a gap, or to raise the opening ratio by making the condition between adjacent pixels and a gap the same condition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multiplier circuit which is constructed from two multiplier cells according to the prior art. The disadvantage of different signal transit times in the emitter followers and the differential stages for the two input signals to be treated identically is overcome by arranging the transmission paths symmetrically. The limiting frequency of the arrangement according to the invention is no longer limited by the phase error, but solely by the switching time of the bipolar transistors employed, and is therefore higher than in a multiplier circuit according to the prior art. For all frequencies below the limiting frequency, given a phase difference of 90.degree. the output signal lies exactly in the middle of the modulation range.

Abstract: A simulator comprises a dome on which are formed synthesized large-field images, the image-forming surface of the dome being "active", i.e., it is not used as a projection screen, but the images are formed directly by "cells". As a result of this arrangement, successive portions of the spherical surface, which are dark in the absence of excitation, make it possible to increase the contrast of the images obtained. According to one embodiment, these cells comprise encapsulated liquid crystals.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device incorporating ferroelectric liquid crystal medium having smectic layers between two supporting plates provided with electrodes, the smectic layers exhibiting a spread of angles with respect to at least one of the supporting plates, whereby a gradual transmission/voltage characteristic is achieved. The spread of angles can be obtained by any of several techniques, such as subjecting the device to a low frequency electric field, or a local thermal, mechanical, chemical or magnetic treatment.

Abstract: A digital noise eliminator whose noise elimination time (noise pulse width or noise frequency) can be determined by the shift time of a shift register activated in response to a reference clock comprises a shift circuit for transmitting an input signal at a second time of the up-edge of the clock as an output signal, only when at least two up-edges of the clock are included in the single input signal, after the input signal has been inputted, and for eliminating noise when only one up-edge of the clock is included in the single input signal; a setting circuit for setting the shift circuit when the input and output signal levels are both at high level; and a reset circuit for resetting the shift circuit when the input and output signal levels are both at low level.

Abstract: The disclosed deflector includes a thin film of liquid crystal on either side of which there is positioned at least one plane of electrodes, the assembly forming an array of elementary, quadripolar phase-shifters placed side by side, their electrodes being taken to different control potentials, generating a spatial modulation of the phase of the beam going through the deflector.

Abstract: A programmable digital signal delay device for delaying a digital serial input signal SIN by a period .tau.=M.H. (where M is an integer H is the bit rate) and transforms SIN into a delayed output signal SOUT having the same bit rate, the number M being programmable in steps. The device includes an input register (4), a RAM (6) whose r bit locations contain p bits, an output register (8) and means for controlling the RAM which are formed by a decoder (11) which receives the number M, a cyclic counter (12) which receives a programming number N (or n) from the decoder whereby it cyclically addresses the RAM, and a sequencer (13) which supplies the RAM with the write and read control signals.

Abstract: The projection system includes a light source, a lens for focussing the light rays, an active matrix LCD panel disposed and spaced between a pair of glass panels and a lens and mirror system for projecting the LCD image onto an enlarged surface. To minimize, eliminate or attenuate ghosting of the images caused by secondary reflections from the upper glass panel back onto the LCD, the undersurface of the upper glass panel is coated with a high-efficient, anti-reflecting material, such as including magnesium fluoride, whereby high-contrast ratio images are maintained and not degraded by secondary reflections in the optical system.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus is provided with a liquid crystal panel comprising a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode and a liquid crystal disposed between the pair of substrates. A supporting member having a frame supports the liquid crystal panel, and an elastic member for secures the liquid crystal panel in a floating state to the frame of the supporting member so as to define an almost closed space enclosed with the liquid crystal panel, the supporting member and the elastic member. A backlight illuminates the liquid crystal panel below the supporting member so as to define the almost closed space enclosed with the liquid crystal panel, the supporting member, the elastic member and the backlight.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device if formed by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of oppositely disposed electrodes, at least one of which has a laminated structure including a first layer of ITO (indium tin oxide), a second layer of Mo (molybdenum) or its alloy, and a third layer of Al (aluminum) or its alloy, disposed in the order named. Because of the Mo-based second layer, the ITO layer is protected during development of a photoresist layer formed on the Al-based third layer even if some pinholes are present in the Al-based third layer. The Mo-based second layer can be etched by an etchant for the Al-based third layer so that the entire process is not complicated because of the provision of the Mo-based second layer.

Abstract: The input nodes and output nodes of a plurality of storing circuits for storing plural-bit data are connected to one another to constitute a shift register. Each of the plurality of storing circuits includes a selection circuit for selecting 1-bit data from the plural-bit data according to a selection signal, a first latch circuit for latching the 1-bit data selected by the selection circuit in synchronism with a first clock signal, and a number of second latch circuits, which number corresponds to the number of bits of input data, for latching an output of the first latch circuit in synchronism with a plurality of second clock signals having phases different from that of the first clock signal. Data sequentially selected by the selection circuit is latched into the first latch circuit and then sequentially latched into the second latch circuit in a time-sharing fashion.

Abstract: A tunable liquid-crystal etalon filter comprising two dielectric stack mirrors defining an optical cavity into which is filled a liquid crystal. Electrodes disposed on the outsides of the mirrors apply an electric field to the liquid crystal, changing its refractive index and thereby changing its optical length. Thereby, the optical pass band of the filter can be electrically changed in a low-powered, compact, rugged, and economical structure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell is prepared by bonding a pair of oppositely disposed electrode plates with a sealant of a one-pack type epoxy adhesive to define a space to be filled with a liquid crystal. In advance of the use, the one-pack type epoxy adhesive is modified with an amine-type room temperature hardener to selectively reduce a low-molecular weight fraction in the epoxy adhesive so as to avoid a sealant flow at an elevated temperature. This is particularly advantageous when the sealant is used in combination with a particulate adhesive which is disposed in the liquid crystal space and activated at such an elevated temperature to bond the electrode plates while keeping an accurate gap between the electrode plates.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus is provided with a negative lens, a variable focussing lens unit including a material with an electrooptic effect, a light blocking unit, including the material with the electrooptic effect, capable of changing an aperture diameter, and a switch, interlocked with each other, capable of supplying electric power to the variable focussing lens unit and the light blocking unit which are arranged in order on an optical axis from an object side to an image side. When the switch is turned off, the variable focussing lens unit is set to bring an object at a far point into focus and the light blocking unit is set so that an aperture is determined by an aperture stop, while on the other hand, when the swtich is turned on, the variable focussing lens unit is set so that an object at a near point is in focus and the light blocking unit is set to be smaller in aperture.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a plurality of laminated liquid crystal layers and a transparent substrate interposed between the liquid crystal layers, the transparent substrate being formed of an aggregate of optical fibers arranged so that a ray may be introduced between main and back surfaces of the substrate, whereby aberration of a display image of adjacent liquid crystal layers caused by a difference of a viewing angle can be prevented.

Abstract: Two p-channel MOS transistors are inserted in series between the positive power supply and the output terminal, whereas two n-channel MOS transistors are inserted in series between the output terminal and the negative power supply. Across the source and drain of one of the p-channel MOS transistors, a first diode is connected in parallel in the forward direction. Similarly, across the source and drain of one of the n-channel MOS transistors, a second diode is connected in parallel in the forward direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates disposed to face each other, first and second electrodes formed on the both substrates to opposed to each other and forming a display region, signal leads formed on the second substrate and connected to the second electrodes, a seal surrounding the display region between the substrates and connecting together the substrates, a driving circuit provided between outer edges of the display region and those of the seal and connected to the leads, for generating a driving signal and supplying the signal to the wires in response to externally input display data, and a liquid crystal material sealed in a space surrounded by the substrates and seal.

Abstract: A data latching circuit includes a standard clock qualified transparent latch cell which receives an input data signal and an enable signal. The input data signal is also asserted at the input of a first transistor gate circuit which is controlled by the enable signal. The output of the transparent latch is asserted at the input of a second transistor gate circuit which is controlled by an inverted enable signal. The outputs of the two transistor gate circuits, only one of which is active at any time, are combined and buffered for output.