Abstract: A mechanism is provided for backing up metadata in a data storage system. Given metadata stored on the data storage system is implemented by way of a tree structure operable by fixed mapping. A stream of snapshots is taken of leaves in the metadata tree structure of given metadata stored on persistent data storage. The metadata tree structure of the given metadata stored on the persistent data storage is reconstructed on a basis of the stream of snapshots taken for backing up the given metadata stored on the persistent data storage. A journal over the reconstructed metadata tree structure is then replayed. In response to a given status discrepancy being flagged in respect of any given metadata, the status of a given leaf corresponding thereto in the reconstructed data tree structure is modified for consistency with the corresponding journal entry in the journal for that given metadata.

Abstract: For communication pattern recognition, an apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a baseline analysis module that samples predefined sources associated with a user and generates a baseline fingerprint for the user. The apparatus includes an active analysis module that re-samples the predefined sources associated with the user after a predefined time interval and generates an active fingerprint for the user. The apparatus includes a verification module that compares the active fingerprint to the baseline fingerprint and determines whether the active fingerprint closely matches the baseline fingerprint. If the active fingerprint closely matches the baseline fingerprint, then the verification module replaces the baseline fingerprint with the active fingerprint. If the active fingerprint does not match the baseline fingerprint, then the verification module performs a predefined action to rectify differences between the baseline fingerprint and the active fingerprint.

Abstract: A method and a computer system for maintaining synchronization between primary data stored in a primary volume and secondary data stored in a secondary volume. The primary volume and the secondary volume having respective address spaces divided into address blocks, each comprising a range of addresses. The computer system determines a start condition in which the secondary data has been checked as being a mirror of the primary data, transmits writes of the primary data that have occurred since the start condition to the secondary volume, and maintains an incremental record of current differences between the primary and secondary volumes on a per address block basis. The computer system operates a garbage collection algorithm on the secondary volume to clean up the address space.

Abstract: B-Tree data is serialized to existing data for all types of workloads. Each of an identified data range is encoded with frequency encoding, wherein a first value in a frequency encoded identified data range is a first value in original data and all subsequent values in the frequency encoded identified data range are equal to a difference between a corresponding value in an input file and a previous value in the input file.

Abstract: B-Tree data is serialized to existing data for all types of workloads by converting a B-Tree data structure into a format capable of being stored and resurrected while containing all data stored in the B-Tree data structure and information relating to the B-Tree data structure. The serialized B-Tree data is divided into a plurality of sections. The serialized B-Tree data is stored into a plurality of buffers, where storing the B-Tree information section in a first binary buffer, the B-Tree key section in a second binary buffer, and the B-Tree data section in a third binary buffer. In the B-Tree data section, B-Tree data elements stored in the B-Tree data structure are saved, where a size of the B-Tree data section is equal to a total number of the B-Tree data elements in the B-Tree data structure multiplied by a size of each of the B-Tree data elements.

Abstract: A data storage system comprises physical storage, cache memory and a processor connected to the physical storage and the cache memory. The processor is arranged to maintain a set of active regions in the cache memory, each active region having a size equal to an integer multiple of an update size of a flash chip within the physical storage, where the integer could be 1. The processor receives requests for one or more blocks of the cache memory from components within the storage system and allocates one or more blocks from an active region in response to a received request. If the processor determines that all blocks in an active region have been allocated and that all allocated blocks within this region have been written to, then the processor destages the content of this region to the physical storage.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds acting as Insulin/IGF signaling modulators useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds, and methods of using these compounds and compositions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular neurodegenerative diseases caused by proteotoxicity such as Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: A method for replicating data from a primary site to a secondary site is disclosed. In one embodiment, such a method includes tracking, at a primary site, updates to storage elements of a primary volume over a specified period of time. The method further calculates a size associated with the updates and communicates the size from the primary site to a secondary site. At the secondary site, using the size received from the primary site, the method determines an amount of storage space required to accommodate the updates in a secondary volume. In certain embodiments, this may include taking into account compression or deduplication algorithms at the secondary site. The method allocates the storage space to the secondary volume and replicates, from the primary site to the secondary site, the updates to the secondary volume. A corresponding system and computer program product are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method including reacting a solution of a salt of a biocidal metal with an active layer of water purification membrane, discarding the biocidal metal salt solution such that a thin layer of the biocidal metal salt solution remains on the membrane surface, reacting a reducing agent solution with the active layer of the membrane and the thin layer of the biocidal metal salt solution thereby forming a biocidal metal nanoparticle-modified membrane, removing the reducing agent solution, and rinsing the biocidal metal nanoparticle-modified membrane.

Abstract: Prioritizing virtual volumes to take offline in a thin provisioning system with garbage collection. The method categorizes virtual volumes based on garbage collection properties of their write behavior and adds metadata indicating a category of a virtual volume. The method schedules virtual volumes to be taken offline by predicting virtual volume space utilization of active virtual volumes for a defined time period in combination with estimated garbage collection in that period to determine a need to take virtual volumes offline. The method selects virtual volumes to take offline by their category to ensure that the virtual volumes producing the most garbage collection unfriendly workloads are taken offline first.

Abstract: Prioritizing virtual volumes to take offline in a thin provisioning system with garbage collection. The method categorizes virtual volumes based on garbage collection properties of their write behavior and adds metadata indicating a category of a virtual volume. The method schedules virtual volumes to be taken offline by predicting virtual volume space utilization of active virtual volumes for a defined time period in combination with estimated garbage collection in that period to determine a need to take virtual volumes offline. The method selects virtual volumes to take offline by their category to ensure that the virtual volumes producing the most garbage collection unfriendly workloads are taken offline first.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of determining modified portions of a RAID storage array for use in resynchronizing said RAID storage array after a failure, the computer-implemented method comprising: resolving areas in the RAID storage array that represent space allocated to volumes; resolving which of said allocated volumes comprise gathered writes; and for said allocated volumes that comprise gathered writes, resolving a set of writes that potentially have incomplete parity updates at the time of the failure.

Abstract: A method for maintaining I/O statistics in a tiered storage environment is disclosed. In one embodiment, such a method includes maintaining, by a tiered storage layer, I/O statistics for data storage elements within a storage system. The tiered storage layer migrates data between storage tiers in accordance with the I/O statistics. A data services layer, separate from the tiered storage layer, alters selected data within the storage system and generates a message to the tiered storage layer describing the alteration. The tiered storage layer receives this message and modifies its internal I/O statistics in accordance with the alteration described in the message. A corresponding system and computer program product are also disclosed.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for backing up metadata in a data storage system. Given metadata stored on the data storage system is implemented by way of a tree structure operable by fixed mapping. A stream of snapshots is taken of leaves in the metadata tree structure of given metadata stored on persistent data storage. The metadata tree structure of the given metadata stored on the persistent data storage is reconstructed on a basis of the stream of snapshots taken for backing up the given metadata stored on the persistent data storage. A journal over the reconstructed metadata tree structure is then replayed. In response to a given status discrepancy being flagged in respect of any given metadata, the status of a given leaf corresponding thereto in the reconstructed data tree structure is modified for consistency with the corresponding journal entry in the journal for that given metadata.

Abstract: Links between data regions are intelligently formed, based on up-to-date popularity statistics, including a number of times a particular one of the data regions was a target for a potential link with another one of the data regions. An owner manages a popularity index incorporating the popularity statistics, where over time, the popularity index is subjected to an aging mechanism pursuant to a decaying algorithm. An owner one of the data regions decides whether to accept the one of the intelligently formed links based on at least one of a plurality of predetermined factors. If the one of the intelligently formed links is accepted by the owner one of the data regions, a potential referrer creates one of the data regions using one of the intelligently formed links. If the one of the intelligently formed links is rejected by the owner one of the data regions, data is written.

Abstract: A transistor structure is configured as a vertical type transistor. The transistor structure has a patterned electrode located between a gate electrode and a channel region of the transistor structure. The patterned electrode has one or more regions of discontinuity of the electrode. The patterned source electrode has at least two layers having at least a first and second barriers for injection of charge carriers into the channel region. The patterned electrode is configured such that a second layer having a second, higher, barrier for injection of charge carriers is configured to provide a physical barrier for flow of charge carriers from the electrode into the channel region.

Abstract: For communication pattern recognition, an apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a baseline analysis module that samples predefined sources associated with a user and generates a baseline fingerprint for the user. The apparatus includes an active analysis module that re-samples the predefined sources associated with the user after a predefined time interval and generates an active fingerprint for the user. The apparatus includes a verification module that compares the active fingerprint to the baseline fingerprint and determines whether the active fingerprint closely matches the baseline fingerprint. If the active fingerprint closely matches the baseline fingerprint, then the verification module replaces the baseline fingerprint with the active fingerprint. If the active fingerprint does not match the baseline fingerprint, then the verification module performs a predefined action to rectify differences between the baseline fingerprint and the active fingerprint.

Abstract: The invention provides carbazole derivatives for the treatment of fibrotic diseases (pathological collagen deposition) in tissues and organs, and related symptoms, and conditions thereof.

Abstract: Various embodiments for optimizing deduplication in a computing storage environment by a processor. Links between data regions are intelligently formed, based on up-to-date popularity statistics, including a number of times a particular one of the data regions was a target for a potential link with another one of the data regions.

Abstract: An electronic device is presented; the device comprises an electrode structure located in electrical contact with a semiconducting element. The electrode structure is configured with two or more groups of regions comprising regions of a first group having first charge injection properties and regions of a second group having second charge injection properties being lower than the first charge injection properties. The regions of the second group are configured to provide barrier for injection of charge carriers from regions of the first group into the semiconductor element to thereby allow tailoring of desired electronic properties of the device.