Abstract: A method of prefetching data in a hard disk drive includes searching for a logic block address (LBA) of data requested by an external apparatus in a history of a non-volatile cache of the hard disk drive, and if the LBA of the data is stored in the history, storing data recorded in a LBA stored after the LBA of the data requested by the external apparatus from among LBAs stored in the history in a buffer of the hard disk drive.

Abstract: A recording medium for archiving data, a recording method, a recording apparatus, a reproducing method, and a reproducing apparatus are disclosed. The recording medium includes a data area for recording user data and a management area for managing information recorded on the recording medium. The management information includes data archiving information.

Abstract: Disclosed is a test pattern for analyzing capacitances of interconnection lines that accounts for parasitic capacitance components. The test pattern includes a first metal line having a comb-type structure including a plurality of tines, a second metal line having a comb-type structure including a plurality of tines engaged with the tines of the first metal line, a first probe pad switchably connected to the first metal line, and a second probe pad switchably connected to the second metal line. Switchable connections between the first metal line and the first probe pad and between the second metal line and the second probe pad may be provided by first and second switch terminals, respectively. The test pattern enables a capacitance measurement that accounts for parasitic capacitance components of pads and portions of interconnection lines leading from the pads, which otherwise interfere with accurate measurement of capacitances of the interconnection lines.

Abstract: A hardware apparatus for receiving a packet for a TCP offload engine (TOE), and receiving system and method using the same are provided. Specifically, information required to protocol processing by a processor is stored in the internal queue included in the packet receiving hardware. Data to be stored in a host memory is transmitted to the host memory after the data is stored in an external memory and protocol processing is performed by the processor. With these techniques, it is possible that a processor can operate asynchronously with a receiving time of a practical packet and it is possible to reduce an overhead that processor deals with unnecessary information.

Abstract: An audio system and a method to control the output of the audio system are provided. The audio system includes a source unit having an audio signal, a receiver to receive the audio signal and generate a cancellation signal to cancel the audio signal, a first speaker to output the audio signal, and a second speaker to output the cancellation signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for searching a socket ID of a received packet in a transmission control protocol (TCP) and a user datagram protocol (UDP) is provided. The apparatus includes: a master module, a branch table module and a tree table module. The master module analyzes command information from a processor, transfers commands to the branch table module and to the tree table module, receives results from the branch table module and from the tree table module, and reports the received results to the processor. The branch table module receives commands from the master module and manages a branch table by using only the lower 10 bits of a simple internet protocol (IP) address of the commands. The tree table module is coupled to the master module and to the branch table module, in which the tree table module manages a binary tree.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to a semiconductor technology, and more particularly, to a modeling structure for simulation of a trapezoidal metal line. The modeling structure for simulation of a trapezoidal metal line includes a top step with a width A, a bottom step with a width B, a middle step with a width equal to an average of the width A and the width B, and a total height C, wherein the middle step has a height equal to a value obtainable by subtracting both a height of the top step and a height of the bottom step from the total height C.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the characteristics of a semiconductor device is disclosed. The measuring apparatus may include first to M-th (wherein M is a positive integer not less than 1) starved devices each being biased in response to a bias voltage varying in accordance with a variable first supply voltage, thereby varying an amount of current flowing through a semiconductor device included in the starved device. Interconnect lines may interconnect the first to M-th starved devices. A measuring unit measures at least one of a delay time caused by the semiconductor devices of the starved devices themselves, and a compound delay time caused by the semiconductor devices of the starved devices themselves plus a delay time caused by the interconnect lines. The measured results can be analyzed under conditions more approximate to diverse situations exhibited in practical chips in accordance with development of manufacturing processes and techniques.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: an active region defined by a device isolation layer on and/or over a substrate; a second conductive well on and/or over the active region; an extended drain formed at one side of the second conductive well; a gate electrode on and/or over the second conductive well and the extended drain; and a source and a drain formed at both sides of the gate electrode, in which extended regions are formed at the corners of the second conductive well under the gate electrode.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst for a fuel cell and a fuel cell including an electrode having the electrode catalyst, include a non-platinum (Pt) catalyst, and a cerium (Ce) metal catalyst, both of which are supported on a carbon-based catalyst support having an improved catalytic activity at a decreased cost. The non-Pt catalyst may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Pd, Ir, Au, Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Ru, WC, W, Mo, Se, any alloys thereof, and any mixtures thereof, and the Ce metal catalyst may be a Ce oxide.

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes for use in a fuel cell, a method for fabricating the same, and a fuel cell using the carbon nanotubes for its electrode are provided. The internal and external walls of the carbon nanotubes are doped with nano-sized metallic catalyst particles uniformly to a degree of 0.3-5 mg/cm2. The carbon nanotubes are grown over a carbon substrate using chemical vapor deposition or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Since the carbon nanotubes have a large specific surface area, and metallic catalyst particles are uniformly distributed over the internal and external walls thereof, the reaction efficiency in an electrode becomes maximal when the carbon nanotubes are used for the electrode of a fuel cell. The carbon nanotubes fabricated using the method can be applied to form a large electrode. The carbon nanotubes grown over the carbon substrate can be readily applied to an electrode of a fuel cell, providing economical advantages and simplifying the overall electrode manufacturing process.

Abstract: A gas distribution plate that is installed in a chamber providing a reaction space and supplies a reaction gas onto a substrate placed on a substrate placing plate, wherein the gas distribution plate includes: first and second surfaces opposing to each other, wherein the second surface faces the substrate placing plate and has a recess shape; and a plurality of injection holes each including: an inflow portion that extends from the first surface toward the second surface; a diffusing portion that extends from the second surface toward the first surface; and an orifice portion between the inflow portion and the diffusing portion, wherein the plurality of inflow portions of the plurality of injection holes decrease in gas path from edge to middle of the gas distribution plate, and wherein the plurality of diffusing portions of the plurality of injection holes have substantially the same gas path.

Abstract: A test pattern for analyzing a delay characteristic of an interconnection line and a method of analyzing a delay characteristic of an interconnection line using the test pattern are provided. The test pattern for analyzing a delay characteristic of an interconnection line includes: a first metal line formed as a snake shaped structure having a plurality of concave-convex sections each having the same width; a second metal line having a comb shape formed on the same layer as the first metal line such that a plurality of teeth portions of the second metal line are respectively formed between the concave-convex sections at one side of the first metal line; and a third metal line having a comb shape formed on the same layer as the first metal line such that a plurality of teeth portions of the third metal line are respectively formed between the concave-convex sections at the other side of the first metal line.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for detection timeout of each channel, which is a socket connection, in a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Offload Engine (TOE) using TCP accelerating hardware, and a method thereof. The timer managing apparatus of the TOE using the TCP accelerating hardware, including: a command register for receiving a command for a retransmission timer or a delayed ACK timer from an embedded processor of the TOE; a finite state machine (FSM) for storing information of a timer in operation by analyzing the command for the retransmission timer or the delayed ACK timer stored in the command register and controlling an entire operation of the timer managing apparatus; and a timeout checker for checking timeout of a timer in operation by using the stored timer information and notifying the timeout to the FSM.

Abstract: A method for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to receive a user command on a touch screen, and a multimedia apparatus using the same. The method for providing a GUI includes determining whether an enlargement command for a GUI item is received, and enlarging the GUI item. Therefore, it is possible to enable a user to operate the GUI item more correctly, and to provide the superior visual effect when the GUI item is operated.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a test pattern for a semiconductor device includes the steps of forming, on a semiconductor substrate, a moat mask pattern including plural moat lines patterned in a comb-shape and etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate exposed by the moat mask pattern, to form a trench. The method further includes gap-filling the trench with an insulation material to form a field separator, planarizing the semiconductor substrate having the field separator formed thereon, and forming a poly comb pattern on the planarized semiconductor substrate. The poly comb pattern is formed such that the moat lines are arranged between lines of the poly comb pattern.

Abstract: A capacitor according to an embodiment can include a first dielectric layer; a first metal layer disposed below the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed below the first metal layer; a second metal layer disposed below the second dielectric layer; a third dielectric layer disposed below the second metal layer; and a third metal layer disposed below the third dielectric layer and electrically connected to the first metal layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a test pattern for analyzing capacitances of interconnection lines that accounts for parasitic capacitance components. The test pattern includes a first metal line having a comb-type structure including a plurality of tines, a second metal line having a comb-type structure including a plurality of tines engaged with the tines of the first metal line, a first probe pad switchably connected to the first metal line, and a second probe pad switchably connected to the second metal line. Switchable connections between the first metal line and the first probe pad and between the second metal line and the second probe pad may be provided by first and second switch terminals, respectively. The test pattern enables a capacitance measurement that accounts for parasitic capacitance components of pads and portions of interconnection lines leading from the pads, which otherwise interfere with accurate measurement of capacitances of the interconnection lines.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for defragmenting files on a hybrid hard disk are provided. The apparatus includes a nonvolatile memory located within the hybrid hard disk, a loading unit reading data of a fragmented cluster and temporarily storing the read data in the nonvolatile memory, and a writing unit writing the temporarily stored data in contiguous clusters.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to a method for reproducing digital media content, and more particularly but without limitation, to a method and apparatus for reading a boot code and digital media content from a non-volatile storage medium other than a conventional hard disk drive. In embodiments of the invention, power is limitedly supplied to an apparatus required for reproducing digital media content. Additionally, in embodiments of the invention, the digital media content is reproduced using a non-volatile storage medium other than a conventional hard disk drive (HDD); in particular, embodiments of the invention utilize a solid state drive (SSD) such as a non-volatile cache memory inside a hybrid hard drive (HDD) or an on-board cache memory. Embodiments of the invention also provide an apparatus for performing the method.