Abstract: Compounds are described that are active on PPARs, including pan-active compounds. Also described are methods for developing or identifying compounds having a desired selectivity profile.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing noise in at least one frame in an image sequence is disclosed. A minimum function is applied to the at least one frame to produce a plurality of minimum values. A mask is generated in accordance with the plurality of minimum values. The mask is applied to reduce the noise in the at least one frame. In one embodiment, impulse noise is reduced. In another embodiment wideband non-linear noise is reduced.

Abstract: An integration approach to improve electromigration resistance in a semiconductor device is described. A via hole is formed in a stack that includes an upper dielectric layer, a middle TiN ARC, and a lower first metal layer and is filled with a conformal diffusion barrier layer and a second metal layer. A key feature is that the etch process can be selected to vary the shape and location of the via bottom. A round or partially rounded bottom is formed in the first metal layer to reduce mechanical stress near the diffusion barrier layer. On the other hand, a flat bottom which stops on or in the TiN ARC is selected when exposure of the first metal layer to subsequent processing steps is a primary concern. Electromigration resistance is found to be lower than for a via structure with a flat bottom formed in a first metal layer.

Abstract: Inhibition of protein kinases having one or more cysteine residues within the ATP binding site is effected by contacting the kinase, per se or in a cell or subject, with an inhibitory-effective amount of a compound having a heterocyclic core structure comprised of two or more fused rings containing at least one nitrogen ring atom, and an electrophilic substituent that is capable of reacting with a cysteine residue within the ATP binding site of a kinase. Preferred compounds include certain pyrrolopyrimidines and oxindoles having such an electrophilic substituent and optionally an aromatic or heteroaromatic substituent that is capable of interacting with a threonine or smaller residue located in the gatekeeper position of the kinase. Kinases lacking such cysteine residues may be engineered or modified so that they are capable of being inhibited by such compounds by replacing a valine or other amino acid residue within the ATP binding site by a cysteine residue.

Abstract: An example embodiment is a method of curing a film over a semiconductor structure. We provide a semiconductor structure comprised of a substrate and an interconnect structure. We provide a film over the semiconductor structure. We provide an electron source, an anode grid between the electron source and the semiconductor structure. We cure the film by exposing the film to an electron beam from the electron source that passes through the anode grid. We control the electron beam by controlling the bias voltage between the anode grid and the semiconductor structure. Another embodiment is a tool for curing a film.

Abstract: A method for forming a semiconductor device is presented. The method includes providing a substrate prepared with a dielectric layer formed thereon. The dielectric layer having a conductive line disposed in an upper portion of the dielectric layer. The substrate is processed to produce a top surface of the dielectric layer that is not coplanar with a top surface of the conductive line to form a stepped topography.

Abstract: An integrated circuit system that includes: providing a substrate including front-end-of-line circuitry; forming a first conductive level including a first conductive trace over the substrate; forming a second conductive level spaced apart from the first conductive level and including a second conductive trace; and connecting the first conductive level to a third conductive level with a viabar that passes through the second conductive level without contacting the second conductive trace.

Abstract: An interactive whiteboard system includes a combination electrical writable and dry erase marker, an interactive whiteboard to receive writing on the interactive whiteboard with the combination electrical writable and dry erase marker, and a computer operatively coupled to the interactive whiteboard to capture writing on the interactive whiteboard with the combination electrical writable and dry erase marker.

Abstract: An integrated circuit system that includes: providing a substrate including front-end-of-line circuitry; forming a first metallization layer over the substrate and electrically connected to the substrate; forming a viabar or a via group over the first metallization layer; and forming a second metallization layer over the first metallization layer and electrically connected to the first metallization layer through either the viabar or the via group.

Abstract: A semiconductor processing system with ultra low-K dielectric is provided including providing a substrate having an electronic circuit, forming an ultra low-K dielectric layer, having porogens, over the substrate, blocking an incoming radiation from a first region of the ultra low-K dielectric layer, evaporating the porogens from a second region of the ultra low-K dielectric layer by projecting the incoming radiation on the second region, and removing the ultra low-K dielectric layer in the first region with a developer.

Abstract: Compounds active on phosphodiesterase PDE4B are provided. Also provided herewith are compositions useful for treatment of PDE4B-mediated diseases or conditions, and methods for the use thereof.

Abstract: Systems and methods can provide mirrored virtual targets and online synchronization and verification of the targets while avoiding deadlock, inconsistencies between members of the target, and false verification failures. A lock within the storage switch can limit the number of outstanding commands for a physical target to one during synchronization and verification operations. In one embodiment, a lock can be implemented as one or more resource tables maintaining an indication of the number of transfer ready signals available from physical targets. During typical write operations, deadlock can be avoided by determining whether each physical target for the mirrored operation can issue a transfer ready signal prior to issuing a command to the physical target. When a synchronization or verification operation begins, the maximum available number of transfer ready signals for each target can be decremented to one in order to limit the total number of outstanding commands for each target to one.

Abstract: Compounds are described that are active on PDE4. Also described are crystal structures of PDE4B determined using X-ray crystallography, the use of PDE4B crystals and structural information for identifying molecular scaffolds, for developing ligands that bind to and modulate PDE4B, and for identifying improved ligands based on known ligands.

Abstract: An integration approach to improve electromigration resistance in a semiconductor device is described. A via hole is formed in a stack that includes an upper dielectric layer, a middle TiN ARC, and a lower first metal layer and is filled with a conformal diffusion barrier layer and a second metal layer. A key feature is that the etch process can be selected to vary the shape and location of the via bottom. A round or partially rounded bottom is formed in the first metal layer to reduce mechanical stress near the diffusion barrier layer. On the other hand, a flat bottom which stops on or in the TiN ARC is selected when exposure of the first metal layer to subsequent processing steps is a primary concern. Electromigration resistance is found to be lower than for a via structure with a flat bottom formed in a first metal layer.

Abstract: Compounds active on phosphodiesterase PDE4B are provided. Also provided herewith are compositions useful for treatment of PDE4B-mediated diseases or conditions, and methods for the use thereof.

Abstract: Inhibition of protein kinases having one or more cysteine residues within the ATP binding site is effected by contacting the kinase, per se or in a cell or subject, with an inhibitory-effective amount of a compound having a heterocyclic core structure comprised of two or more fused rings containing at least one nitrogen ring atom, and an electrophilic substituent that is capable of reacting with a cysteine residue within the ATP binding site of a kinase. Preferred compounds include certain pyrrolopyrimidines and oxindoles having such an electrophilic substituent and optionally an aromatic or heteroaromatic substituent that is capable of interacting with a threonine or smaller residue located in the gatekeeper position of the kinase. Kinases lacking such cysteine residues may be engineered or modified so that they are capable of being inhibited by such compounds by replacing a valine or other amino acid residue within the ATP binding site by a cysteine residue.

Abstract: Compounds are described that are active on PPARs, including pan-active compounds. Also described are methods for developing or identifying compounds having a desired selectivity profile.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the reduction or complete prevention of Cu corrosion during a planarization or polishing process. In one aspect of the invention, RF signal is used to establish a negative bias in front of the wafer surface following polishing to eliminate Cu+ or Cu2+ migrations. In another aspect of the invention, a DC Voltage power supply is used to establish the negative bias.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to pyrazolo pyrimidine derivatives useful as, inter alia, inhibitors of short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family of NAD(P)(H) dependent oxido-reductases. More specifically, the invention relates to pyrazolo pyrimidine derivatives, including derivatives and analogs of SDR inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions containing derivatives and analogs of SDR inhibitors, methods of making derivatives and analogs of SDR inhibitors and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: A computer implemented method for fusing images taken by a plurality of cameras is disclosed, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of images of the same scene taken by the plurality of cameras; generating Laplacian pyramid images for each source image of the plurality of images; applying contrast normalization to the Laplacian pyramids images; performing pixel-level fusion on the Laplacian pyramid images based on a local salience measure that reduces aliasing artifacts to produce one salience-selected Laplacian pyramid image for each pyramid level; and combining the salience-selected Laplacian pyramid images into a fused image. Applying contrast normalization further comprises, for each Laplacian image at a given level: obtaining an energy image from the Laplacian image; determining a gain factor that is based on at least the energy image and a target contrast; and multiplying the Laplacian image by a gain factor to produce a normalized Laplacian image.