Abstract: A semiconductor light emitting device is disclosed in which a semiconductor multilayer structure including a light emitting layer is formed on a substrate and light is output from the opposite surface of the semiconductor multilayer structure from the substrate. The light output surface is formed with a large number of protrusions in the form of cones or pyramids. To increase the light output efficiency, the angle between the side of each protrusion and the light output surface is set to between 30 and 70 degrees.

Abstract: A photographic film cassette manufacturing apparatus, has a perforator for providing a long film with perforations and a cutter for cutting the long film into individual filmstrips to be contained in the film cassette driven synchronously with transport of the long film. A magnetic recording head for recording data on a magnetic recording layer of the long film is driven in synchronism with the perforator and the cutter. The long film is transported in a first direction before being cut into the individual filmstrips. In cooperation with the cutting, a trailing end of the individual filmstrip in the first direction is moved in a direction which is reverse to the first direction to secure the trailing end to the spool. A cassette shell consisting of a pair of shell halves is temporarily assembled by mating the shell halves together while containing a spool inside the shell halves, and thereafter opened to an extent that confining elements still confine the position of flanges of the spool.

Abstract: A photographic film cassette manufacturing apparatus, has a perforator for providing a long film with perforations and a cutter for cutting the long film into individual filmstrips to be contained in the film cassette driven synchronously with transport of the long film. A magnetic recording head for recording data on a magnetic recording layer of the long film is driven in synchronism with the perforator and the cutter. The long film is transported in a first direction before being cut into the individual filmstrips. In cooperation with the cutting, a trailing end of the individual filmstrip in the first direction is moved in a direction which is reverse to the first direction to secure the trailing end to the spool. A cassette shell consisting of a pair of shell halves is temporarily assembled by mating the shell halves together while containing a spool inside the shell halves, and thereafter opened to an extent that confining elements still confine the position of flanges of the spool.

Abstract: An extremely compact prism optical element, image observation apparatus and image display apparatus which are capable of providing an observation image that is clear and has minimal aberration and minimal distortion even at a wide field angle. Light rays emitted from an image display device (7) enter an ocular optical system (12) through a fourth surface (6) and are totally reflected toward an observer's pupil (1) by a third surface (5). The reflected light rays are reflected by a first surface (3) disposed immediately in front of the observer's pupil (1) and then reflected toward the observer's pupil (1) by a second surface (4). The reflected light rays pass through the first surface (3) and are projected into an observer's eyeball (15) with the observer's iris position as an exit pupil (1).

Abstract: A device for conveying a carrier tape by holding both sides with pressing rollers and drive rollers that rotate in opposite directions. The drive rollers have large-diameter portions and small-diameter portions so that the large-diameter portions are formed on inner sides of the circumferential surfaces of the drive rollers and the small-diameter portions are formed on outer sides thereof; and the pressing rollers have small-diameter portions and large-diameter portions so that the small-diameter portions are formed on inner sides of the circumferential surfaces of the pressing rollers and the large-diameter portions are formed on outer sides thereof. Both side edges of the carrier tape are pressure-held and conveyed by the pressing rollers and drive rollers with the large-diameter portions of the pressing rollers pressing the side edges onto the small-diameter portions of the drive rollers, thus curving the carrier tape in its width direction and preventing sagging of the carrier tape across the width.

Abstract: A photographic film cassette manufacturing apparatus, has a perforator for providing a long film with perforations and a cutter for cutting the long film into individual filmstrips to be contained in the film cassette driven synchronously with transport of the long film. A magnetic recording head for recording data on a magnetic recording layer of the long film is driven in synchronism with the perforator and the cutter. The long film is transported in a first direction before being cut into the individual filmstrips. In cooperation with the cutting, a trailing end of the individual filmstrip in the first direction is moved in a direction which is reverse to the first direction to secure the trailing end to the spool. A cassette shell consisting of a pair of shell halves is temporarily assembled by mating the shell halves together while containing a spool inside the shell halves, and thereafter opened to an extent that confining elements still confine the position of flanges of the spool.

Abstract: A load sensor is provided, which prevents defective printing of strain-sensing elements caused by the deflection of a pressure-receiving portion and provides stabilized quality and fabrication yields. The load sensor is provided with the strain-sensing elements printed on the pressure-receiving portion. The tip portion of the strain generating portions having a loading point is allowed to stay in advance below the plane containing the print surface of the strain generating portions in the direction of thickness. The tip portion of the pressure-receiving portion will never stay above the print surface of the strain generating portions even when the pressure-receiving portion is deflected in the heating process during fabrication. Therefore, this makes it possible to avoid defective printing of the strain-sensing elements caused by the deflection of the pressure-receiving portion.

Abstract: Exhaust gas is generated when various waste products are combusted. The generated exhaust gas is introduced into a heat exchanger to heat an intermediate gas such as air by heat exchange. The heated intermediate gas is then used to heat superheated steam, which is then supplied to a steam turbine coupled to a generator.

Abstract: A load sensor is assembled by screwing a nut on a bolt, sequentially fitting a washer and a tube spacer on the bolt, fitting a bore of a strain-generating member on the tube spacer, fitting another washer on the bolt, tightening another nut, and clamping a bobbin-shaped unit composed of the washers and the tube spacer between the nuts in the axial direction of the bolt. Since the strain-generating member having a thickness less than the height of a strain-generating member holding space formed between the washers is placed in the space with some clearance, even when the washers are fixed to the bolt by a strong pressing force, the pressing force will not directly act on the strain-generating member.

Abstract: A photographic film cassette manufacturing apparatus, has a perforator for providing a long film with perforations and a cutter for cutting the long film into individual filmstrips to be contained in the film cassette driven synchronously with transport of the long film. A magnetic recording head for recording data on a magnetic recording layer of the long film is driven in synchronism with the perforator and the cutter. The long film is transported in a first direction before being cut into the individual filmstrips. In cooperation with the cutting, a trailing end of the individual filmstrip in the first direction is moved in a direction which is reverse to the first direction to secure the trailing end to the spool. A cassette shell consisting of a pair of shell halves is temporarily assembled by mating the shell halves together while containing a spool inside the shell halves, and thereafter opened to an extent that confining elements still confine the position of flanges of the spool.

Abstract: In a single-point bonding apparatus that connects the end portions of leads or the cut end portions of leads to pads respectively by pressing such end portions of leads or cut end portions of leads with a tool, a cleaning stage that is used to clean the tool is additionally provided, and a cleaning chip is disposed on the surface of the cleaning stage.

Abstract: A compact, lightweight and bright image display apparatus which uses a non-telecentric optical system, or a decentered optical system and a reflection-type image display device, such as a reflection-type LCD, to have high optical performance. The image display apparatus comprises an image display device, and an ocular optical system which leads an image formed by the image display device to an eye point of an observer without forming an intermediate image so that the image can be observed as a virtual image. The ocular optical system comprises a decentered optical system having at least one decentered back-coated reflecting surface. The image display device is a reflection-type image display device which displays an image by reflection of illumination light. An illumination means for forming the illumination light is arranged outside an optical path between the reflection-type image display device and the eye point of the observer.

Abstract: The present invention is an optical apparatus, e.g. an image display apparatus, which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The optical apparatus has an image display device (6), and an ocular optical system (7) for leading an image of the image display device (6) to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (7) includes, in order from the image side, a third surface (5) which forms an entrance surface, a first surface (3) which forms both a reflecting surface and an exit surface, and a second surface (4) which forms a reflecting surface. The first to third surfaces (3 to 5) are integrally formed with a medium put therebetween which has a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: In a door-mounted button lock a stored condition or a non-stored condition is selected by rotating button bodies inserted in a case frame. A screwdriver notch 56 is slotted in one end of a button body 54 for optionally selecting the stored or non-stored condition; a lock flange 57 holds each button body in a locked condition when depressed; upper and lower fan-shaped stopper flanges 60 and 60′ have different phases in a 180° peripheral direction; a shank 55′ having a square cross section is integrally formed for sliding relative to a slide notch 37 of a key plate 40; and the lever handle can be rotated relative to the rotation shaft 77 via a snap washer 84 to prevent extraction. The stored or non-stored condition can be optionally selected in accordance with the button keyword by rotating the screwdriver notch 180°. The key plate can slide over a wide range of rotation angles of an engagement portion for permitting the key plate to slide to decreased wear.

Abstract: A photographic film cassette manufacturing apparatus, has a perforator for providing a long film with perforations and a cutter for cutting the long film into individual filmstrips to be contained in the film cassette driven synchronously with transport of the long film. A magnetic recording head for recording data on a magnetic recording layer of the long film is driven in synchronism with the perforator and the cutter. The long film is transported in a first direction before being cut into the individual filmstrips. In cooperation with the cutting, a trailing end of the individual filmstrip in the first direction is moved in a direction which is reverse to the first direction to secure the trailing end to the spool. A cassette shell consisting of a pair of shell halves is temporarily assembled by mating the shell halves together while containing a spool inside the shell halves, and thereafter opened to an extent that confining elements still confine the position of flanges of the spool.

Abstract: Improved positive photosensitive composition for application of the lift-off technique comprises (A) an alkali-soluble resin and (B) a mixture of two photosensitive agents in admixture with the alkali-soluble resin, one being (i) a photosensitive agent which shows the tendency to form a resist pattern of a feature profile having a micro-groove upon exposure and the other being (ii) a photosensitive agent which does not show the stated tendency but shows the tendency to form a resist pattern having a rectangular or tapered cross-sectional feature profile upon exposure and using the composition, one can form half-a-micron meter and even finer conducting patterns, electrodes or insulation patterns in a highly reproducible manner.

Abstract: A wire bonding apparatus comprising: a spool motor rotates a spool around which a wire is wound, a tension-applying device that is disposed beneath the spool, a wire pay-out sensor disposed away from a gas-jet-out side of the tension-applying device so as to sense that the supply of the wire is insufficient, a wire-end detection sensor disposed on the gas-jet-out side of the tension-applying device so as to sense that the supply of the wire from the spool has stopped, and a control device controls so that the spool motor is rotated by a predetermined fixed amount when the wire is sensed by the wire pay-out sensor.

Abstract: An image display apparatus which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The apparatus includes an image display device (6) and an ocular optical system (9) for leading an image of the display device (6) to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (9) has a first optical element (7) and a second optical element (8). The first optical element (7) has three surfaces, and a space formed by the surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: An image display apparatus which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight. The image display apparatus has an image display device (7) and an ocular optical system (8) for projecting the image of the image display device (7) and leading the projected image to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (8) has at least three optical surfaces, and a space formed by these surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1. The three optical surfaces are defined as a first surface (3), a second surface (4), and a third surface (5), respectively, in the order in which light rays pass in backward ray tracing from the observer's eyeball (1) to the image display device (7).

Abstract: An image display apparatus which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and fight in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The image display apparatus includes an image display device and an ocular optical system for projecting an image formed by the image display device and for leading the projected image to an observer's eyeball. The ocular optical system (3) has three surfaces, and a space formed by the three surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.