Abstract: The present invention is an optical apparatus, e.g. an image display apparatus, which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The optical apparatus has an image display device (6), and an ocular optical system (7) for leading an image of the image display device (6) to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (7) includes, in order from the image side, a third surface (5) which forms an entrance surface, a first surface (3) which forms both a reflecting surface and an exit surface, and a second surface (4) which forms a reflecting surface. The first to third surfaces (3 to 5) are integrally formed with a medium put therebetween which has a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: A bump bonding apparatus comprising: a loader section that holds trays which accommodate semiconductor pellets and an unloader section that holds trays which accommodate semiconductor pellets to which bumps have been applied, the loader and unloader sections being provided next to each other on one side of a bonding stage; a buffer station and a supply and holding station provided so as to positionally correspond to the loader section and unloader section, respectively; a first pusher for sending trays from the loader section to the buffer station, a second pusher for sending trays from the supply and holding station to the unloader section, a third pusher for sending trays from the buffer station to the supply and holding station, and a pellet transfer mechanism for picking up a semiconductor pellet in the tray in the supply and holding station, transferring it to the bonding stages and then returning the semiconductor pellets to which bumps have been applied on the bonding stages back to the tray in which t

Abstract: In a bonding apparatus such as a bump bonding apparatus, tape bonding apparatus or the like, a positioning claw which is used for positioning a semiconductor pellet on a bonding stage of the bonding apparatus is provided on a bonding head or on an XY table on which the bonding head is installed.

Abstract: A photographic film cassette manufacturing apparatus, has a perforator for providing a long film with perforations and a cutter for cutting the long film into individual filmstrips to be contained in the film cassette driven synchronously with transport of the long film. A magnetic recording head for recording data on a magnetic recording layer of the long film is driven in synchronism with the perforator and the cutter. The long film is transported in a first direction before being cut into the individual filmstrips. In cooperation with the cutting, a trailing end of the individual filmstrip in the first direction is moved in a direction which is reverse to the first direction to secure the trailing end to the spool. A cassette shell consisting of a pair of shell halves is temporarily assembled by mating the shell halves together while containing a spool inside the shell halves, and thereafter opened to an extent that confining elements still confine the position of flanges of the spool.

Abstract: An image display apparatus that presents an observer an image of higher resolution than the original resolution of an image display device used, thereby allowing the observer to view a clear and beautiful image. An illuminating optical system (5) illuminates an image display device with illuminating light from a light source (1). The image display device displays an image by transmission or reflection of the illuminating light. A viewing optical system leads the image to an observer's eyeball (10). The apparatus has two image display devices (9a and 9b). An optical coupling/separating element having a light-coupling or light-separating action is provided between the image display devices (9a and 9b) and the observer's eyeball (10) to superimpose images of the two image display devices on one another. The optical coupling/separating element has an optical coupling/separating surface (40) tilted at an angle of approximately 45 degrees with respect to each of the image display devices (9a and 9b).

Abstract: An image display apparatus using a modified prism as an ocular optical system, in which unwanted light caused by reflection or transmission at an area outside the effective area of a reflecting or transmitting surface is reduced to provide a favorable image of high resolution, which is free from flare or ghost. The prism member (10), which is used as an ocular optical system, includes a first surface (1) having an action through which a light beam enters the prism member, a second surface (2) having an action by which the light beam is reflected in the prism member, and a third surface (3) having an action through which the light beam exits from the prism member. A black coating (12), which is an antireflection member having a flare- or ghost-preventing action, is provided over a part of a non-effective reflecting area of at least the second surface (2), exclusive of an effective reflecting area (an area reflecting an effective light beam that forms the virtual image).

Abstract: An optical system for use, for example, in a head-mounted image display apparatus, which provides an observation image that is clear and has minimal distortion even at a wide field angle. The head-mounted image display apparatus has an image display device (6), and an optical system (9) that leads an image formed by the image display device (6) to an observer's eyeball position (1), without forming an intermediate image, so that the image can be observed as a virtual image. The optical system (9) includes a reflecting surface (4) performing only one reflection, and one or two transmitting surfaces (3). The space between the reflecting surface (4) and the transmitting surfaces (3) is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1. At least the reflecting surface (4) is a non-rotationally symmetric surface configuration having no axis of rotational symmetry in nor out of the surface.

Abstract: An image display apparatus capable of providing a clear observation image at a wide field angle by using an ocular optical system including an optical element having a minimal number of constituent surfaces. The apparatus includes an image display device (5) which displays an image, and an ocular optical system (4) which projects the image formed by the image display device (5) and leads the image to an observer's eyeball (3). The ocular optical system (4) has two surfaces, i.e. a first surface (11) and a second surface (12). A space formed by the two surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1. At least one surface of the ocular optical system (4) is a non-rotationally symmetric aspherical surface decentered or tilted with respect to an observer's visual axis (2).

Abstract: The present invention is an optical apparatus, e.g. an image display apparatus, which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The optical apparatus has an image display device (6), and an ocular optical system (7) for leading an image of the image display device (6) to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (7) includes, in order from the image side, a third surface (5) which forms an entrance surface, a first surface (3) which forms both a reflecting surface and an exit surface, and a second surface (4) which forms a reflecting surface. The first to third surfaces (3 to 5) are integrally formed with a medium put therebetween which has a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: An image display apparatus which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The image display apparatus has an image display device (7) and an ocular optical system for projecting the image of the image display device and leading the projected image to an observer's eyeball (1) The ocular optical system has, in the order of backward ray tracing, a first surface (3) which is a refracting surface, a second surface (4) which is a decentered reflecting surface of positive power, a third surface (5) which is a decentered reflecting surface, and a fourth surface (6) which is a refracting surface. At least two of the four surfaces have a finite curvature radius. A space formed by the first to fourth surfaces (3 to 6) is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: A head-mounted visual display apparatus which uses two or more two-dimensional display devices and which is compact, lightweight and enables an image which is clear as far as the periphery of the observation image field to be observed at a wide field angle and high resolution. The apparatus has a first two-dimensional display device (4) and a second two-dimensional display device (5). An ocular optical system (3) includes a first surface (11) having both reflecting and transmitting actions, a second surface (12) having at least reflecting action, and a third surface (13) having at least reflecting action. The first surface (11) is disposed to face an observer's eyeball (6). The second surface (12) is disposed to face the first surface (11). The third surface (13) is disposed to face the first surface (11) in a side-by-side relation to the second surface (12). Thus, images displayed by the first and second two-dimensional display devices (4 and 5) are led to the observer's eyeball (6).

Abstract: There are proposed an air/fuel ratio sensor which can detect a wide range of an air/fuel ratio and provides a simple structure, a superior mechanical strength or durability and a reduced manufacture cost, and a method of detecting the air/fuel ratio using the air/fuel ratio sensor. An air/fuel ratio sensor 1 is formed of a detecting portion 2 and a heater portion 3 laminated via a porous body 16. In the detecting portion 2, on an inner face of a plate-like solid electrolytic body 5, a reference electrode 7 is provided for controlling an oxygen gas diffusion rate, and on an outer face of the solid electrolytic body 5, a measurement electrode 6 is provided. A surface of the measurement electrode 6, on which the diffusion rate is not controlled, is covered with a protective layer 14 having an ventilation property to a degree to which the diffusion rate is not substantially controlled. A lead portion 7b of the reference electrode 7 is a porous layer which substantially controls the diffusion rate.

Abstract: An image display apparatus which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The image display apparatus includes an image display device (6) for displaying an image, and an ocular optical system (7) for projecting the image displayed by the image display device (6) and for leading the projected image to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (7) has at least three surfaces, and a space formed by the at least three surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: A transparent heater panel having a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive layer formed on the transparent substrate, electrodes formed on the transparent conductive layer and a transparent protective layer formed on the transparent conductive layer except portions reserved for the electrodes with the end faces of the transparent conductive layer corrosion treated with a transparent protective plastic member or an anticorrosive; and a process for producing the same. The heater panel has improved durability against pollutants, environmental durability, reliability and light transmission.

Abstract: An ocular optical system suitable for a head- or face-mounted image display apparatus which is compact, lightweight and satisfactorily corrected for aberrations, and in which no intermediate image is formed. The image display apparatus includes an image display unit (9) and an optical system (10) for projecting a displayed image into an eyeball (7). The optical system (10) is arranged such that light rays which are emitted from the image display unit (9) and enter the eyeball (7) are reflected at least three times by surfaces (12, 13 and 14) having power in backward ray tracing.

Abstract: An image display apparatus which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The apparatus includes an image display device (6) and an optical system (5) for projecting an image displayed by the image display device (6) and for leading the projected image to an observer's eyeball (7). The optical system (5) includes a first optical element (3) filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1. The first optical element (3) has, in the sequence of backward ray tracing, a first surface (11) serving as both a refracting surface and an internally reflecting surface; a second surface (12) which is a reflecting surface decentered or tilted with respect to an observer's visual axis (2); and a third surface (13) which is a refracting surface closest to the image display device (6).

Abstract: A copolymer, which comprises about 30 to about 70% by weight of perfluoroalkylethyl (meth)acrylate represented by the following general formula:CH.sub.2 .dbd.CRCOOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Rfwhere R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Rf is a perfluoroalkyl group having 4 to 16 carbon atoms; about 25 to about 60% by weight of stearyl (meth)acrylate; about 1 to about 15% by weight of 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether; and (d) about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, sum total being 100% by weight, is novel and can form a water- and oil-repellent agent having a good resistance to yellowing of textiles, etc. and capable of shorter curing and low temperature curing.

Abstract: The present invention is an optical apparatus, e.g. an image display apparatus, which enables observation of a clear image at a wide field angle with substantially no reduction in the brightness of the observation image, and which is extremely small in size and light in weight and hence unlikely to cause the observer to be fatigued. The optical apparatus has an image display device (6), and an ocular optical system (7) for leading an image of the image display device (6) to an observer's eyeball (1). The ocular optical system (7) includes, in order from the image side, a third surface (5) which forms an entrance surface, a first surface (3) which forms both a reflecting surface and an exit surface, and a second surface (4) which forms a reflecting surface. The first to third surfaces (3 to 5) are integrally formed with a medium put therebetween which has a refractive index larger than 1.

Abstract: A device-isolating trench having a taper at its upper portion is formed in a silicon semiconductor substrate. Then, a silicon oxide film is formed on the inner wall of the trench and the surface of the semiconductor substrate near the trench by an oxidizing method, and polycrystalline silicon is buried in the trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor manufacturing apparatus includes a furnace having a tubular body with inner and outer tubular members. A boat having wafers mounted thereon is positioned inside the inner tubular member. Temperature control inside the tubular body is provided by a thermocouple device located between the inner and outer tubular members. A mixture of dichlorosilane gas and ammonium gas formed by a mixing nozzle at a temperature which is lower than the temperature in the tubular body is supplied to the wafers from positions juxtaposed with the wafers mounted on the boat.